心脏肌球蛋白重链基因c.1273G〉A突变与肥厚型心肌病的关联分析

为研究中国人家族性肥厚型心肌病(HCM)的致病基因突变位点,分析基因型与临床表型的相互关系,文章在1个中国汉族HCM家系中进行心脏肌钙蛋白T(TNNT2)基因、心脏肌球蛋白结合蛋白C(MYBPC3)基因和心脏β-肌球蛋白重链(MYH7)基因的突变筛查,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增基因功能区外显子片段并对PCR产物进行测序分析.结果表明:在该家系接受调查的7名成员中有4名成员携带MYH7基因c.1273G>A杂合突变,该突变位点位于MYH7基因的14号外显子并使425位的甘氨酸(Gly)转换为精氨酸(Arg).该突变首次在国内HCM家系中发现,突变携带者的临床表型在家系内部呈现明显的异质性.该家系成员TNNT2及MYBPC3基因未发现突变且正常对照组相同位置未发现异常.MYH7基因是我国家族性HCM的致病基因之一,携带c.1273G>A突变的肥厚型心肌病患者临床表型差异明显,提示可能有其它因素参与了肥厚型心肌病的发展过程.     

心脏肌球蛋白重链基因c.1273G>A突变与肥厚型心肌病的关联分析

为研究中国人家族性肥厚型心肌病(HCM)的致病基因突变位点, 分析基因型与临床表型的相互关系, 文章在1个中国汉族HCM家系中进行心脏肌钙蛋白T (TNNT2) 基因、心脏肌球蛋白结合蛋白C (MYBPC3) 基因和心脏β-肌球蛋白重链 (MYH7) 基因的突变筛查, 聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增基因功能区外显子片段并对PCR产物进行测序分析。结果表明: 在该家系接受调查的7名成员中有4名成员携带MYH7基因c.1273G>A杂合突变, 该突变位点位于MYH7基因的14号外显子并使425位的甘氨酸(Gly)转换为精氨酸(Arg)。该突变首次在国内HCM家系中发现, 突变携带者的临床表型在家系内部呈现明显的异质性。该家系成员TNNT2及MYBPC3基因未发现突变且正常对照组相同位置未发现异常。MYH7基因是我国家族性 HCM的致病基因之一, 携带c.1273G>A突变的肥厚型心肌病患者临床表型差异明显, 提示可能有其它因素参与了肥厚型心肌病的发展过程。     

May-Hegglin异常的分子机理

遗传性May-Hegglin异常是由人类第22条染色体上基因MYH9突变所引起的,是一种罕见的人体常染色体显性遗传病。该病的临床突出特征为巨大血小板、白细胞包涵体和血小板减小症。MYH9基因突变如何引起、发展、最终形成May-Hegglin异常的分子病理机制,有待进一步深入研究。     

FoxO1抑制猪骨骼肌MyHC Ⅰ的表达

为研究FoxO1与骨骼肌纤维类型之间的关系,本试验以大白猪为实验材料,利用RT-PCR和Western印迹技术,检测了FoxO1与肌纤维类型标志基因MyHCⅠ、MyHCⅡa、MyHCⅡb和MyHCⅡx在特定骨骼肌中的表达规律,以及调控肌纤维类型关键基因Mef2c和NFAT的表达,并用Wortmannin处理原代培养的猪骨骼肌成肌细胞,检测了FoxO1与肌纤维类型相关基因的表达.结果显示,FoxO1在不同骨骼肌类型中mRNA表达差异不显著(P0.05),其蛋白表达与MyHC各亚型显著相关.Wortmannin处理结果显示,在处理的第3和5d,FoxO1蛋白与MyHCⅡb,MyHCⅡx和NFAT表达显著正相关,而与MyHCⅠ,MyHCⅡa和Mef2c表达显著负相关.结果表明,FoxO1通过抑制MyHCⅠ的表达调控肌纤维类型.     

山新杨LTP家族基因生物信息学及表达模式分析

以山新杨（Populus davidiana×P. alba var. pyramidalis）LTP家族基因为研究对象,初步分析该家族基因的序列特征和表达模式,筛选材性和抗性相关PdbLTP基因,为LTP基因的分子调控机制研究及林木遗传改良提供候选基因。通过蛋白性质分析、多序列比对分析、进化树分析初步分析LTP家族基因的序列特征。利用荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）分析重力、NaCl及PEG胁迫处理下山新杨LTP家族基因的表达模式。查找获得8条 PdbLTP基因序列,2条亚家族PdbGLTP基因序列。CDS序列长度在294~396 bp。LTP家族蛋白为疏水性蛋白且具有8个半胱氨酸的保守结构。qRT-PCR结果显示,PdbLTP1、PdbLTP3、PdbLTP5、PdbLTP7基因在应拉木中表达上调;PdbLTP1、PdbLTP2、PdbLTP3、PdbLTP5基因在茎中表达量最高;除PdbLTP5外,其它基因均受盐胁迫诱导;PdbLTP1、PdbLTP2、PdbLTP3、和PdbLTP5受干旱胁迫诱导。PdbLTP基因家族成员在调控山新杨木质部发育和抵抗非生物胁迫中发挥作用。     

敲减DTX4表达抑制C2C12细胞成肌分化

DTX4（Deltex 4 homolog）蛋白属于Deltex家族成员|Deltex家族是Notch信号通路的调节因子. 已知Notch信号通路在成肌分化中发挥重要作用. 然而,DTX4是否参与调控肌肉发育尚未有报道. 本研究探索DTX4对成肌分化的影响及作用机制. 实时定量PCR和蛋白质印迹分析揭示,伴随小鼠C2C12成肌细胞（myoblast）分化为肌管（myotube）过程,成肌分化标志蛋白肌球蛋白重链（myosin heavy-chain,MyHC）、肌细胞生成素(myogenin)表达逐渐升高,DTX4 mRNA及蛋白质表达水平也逐渐升高. 通过顺序专一的siRNA敲减DTX4表达后,C2C12成肌细胞肌管面积和肌管融合指数明显减少|MyHC、肌细胞生成素蛋白表达水平明显降低|但ERK信号通路未见明显变化.上述结果表明,敲减DTX4表达抑制C2C12细胞成肌分化.我们的结果提示,DTX4可能参与C2C12细胞成肌分化.     

非肌肉肌球蛋白重链ⅡA（NMHCⅡA）生理病理功能研究进展

非肌肉肌球蛋白重链ⅡA（NMHCⅡA）是Ⅱ型非肌肉肌球蛋白的主要亚型,近年来NMHCⅡA基因及蛋白功能的研究日益增多,引起国内外学者的广泛重视。已证实NMHCⅡA基因突变导致多种遗传性疾病,临床多见巨大血小板减少,并逐渐发展为伴有听力障碍、白内障和肾功能损伤;NMHCⅡA参与胞质分裂、细胞吞噬、细胞运动、血栓形成、炎症、肿瘤转移、视网膜变性、听力、肾脏功能调节等病理生理过程。MYH9不同位点的基因突变,NMHCⅡA蛋白构象的变化,表达量的改变,在细胞内分布的变化,磷酸化的强弱以及其结合蛋白的改变都可能成为影响肿瘤、心血官疾病发生发展的重要机制之一。本文就近年来NMHCⅡA主要生理病理功能做一综述。     

不同训练方式对大鼠骨骼肌纤维类型转化和CaMK II/MEF2传导途径的影响*

目的: 探讨间歇速度训练和耐力训练对大鼠骨骼肌纤维类型转化及钙调蛋白激酶/肌细胞增强因子2(CaMK II/MEF2)信号传导通路的影响。方法: 成年雄性SD大鼠(8周龄)18只,随机分成间歇速度训练组(IST),耐力训练组(ET),设空白组(C),每组6只,IST组采用75 m/min×1 min、20 m/min×1 min的交替训练6次,跑台坡度15,持续时间12 min/d;ET组采用速度30 m/ min、跑台坡度7、持续时间90 min/d的耐力训练。干预8周后,分别取小鼠右侧胫骨前肌、比目鱼肌,酶联免疫吸附法检测骨骼肌琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,ATP酶染色法观察I、Ⅱ型肌纤维面密度、数密度变化情况,SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳技术观察骨骼肌MHC亚型百分比含量、骨骼肌mRNA表达谱测序分析及qRT-PCR技术检测CaN、CaMKII、MEF2水平。结果: 相比C组,ET组SDH活性显著上升,LDH活性降低(P＜0.05);IST组胫骨前肌中LDH活性值升高(P＜0.01)。ET组胫骨前肌MHCIIa%升高,MHCIIb%降低(P＜0.05),比目鱼肌MHCI% 和MHCIIa%升高,MHCIIb%均降低(P＜0.05)。相比IST组,ET组胫骨前肌MHCIIx%升高(P＜0.05)。相比C组,ET组胫骨前肌 I、II 型纤维纤维密度上升,IST组II型纤维纤维密度提高,IST组、ET组比目鱼肌I型纤维纤维密度上升(P＜0.05)。相比C组,ET组骨骼肌CaN、CaMKII、MEF2 mRNA表达水平增高,IST组CaN、CaMKII、MEF2 mRNA表达水平下降(P＜0.01)。Illumina高通量测序筛选骨骼肌纤维转化相关因子及关联分析,运动干预促使骨骼肌纤维转化相关因子表达变化富集于TGF-β/Smad3、CaN/MEF2、AdipoQ等信号通路,而耐力训练显著提高骨骼肌纤维转化、干细胞功能相关信号通路的富集。结论: 耐力训练促进向氧化型肌纤维转化(慢肌),而间歇速度训练向酵解型肌纤维转化(快肌),并伴随着CaMK II/MEF2传导途径中CaN、CaMKII、MEF2基因的高表达。     

miR-143-3p促进C2C12成肌细胞分化

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) 是一类小非编码RNA,近年研究发现其在骨骼肌发育调控中发挥重要作用.为探明miR-143-3p在C2C12成肌细胞分化中的调控作用,采用 real-time PCR 检测了miR-143-3p在小鼠各组织及C2C12成肌细胞分化过程中的表达;使用miR-143-3p 的模拟物和特异性抑制剂分别处理细胞,采用 real-time PCR 和 Western印迹分别检测成肌因子 MyoG和成肌标志基因 MyHC mRNA和蛋白水平的变化;用免疫荧光染色的方法观察肌管的形成.结果显示,miR-143-3p在小鼠各组织中均有表达,并且随着细胞分化表达量逐渐增加;C2C12成肌细胞过表达 miR-143-3p,与对照组相比,成肌调控因子MyoG和成肌标志基因MyHC 的mRNA和蛋白表达均显著升高,肌管数量明显增多;抑制剂处理结果显示,细胞分化被显著抑制.检测miR-143-3p对MyHC各亚型表达的影响发现,miR-143-3p表达的变化并不直接影响MyHC各亚型的表达.以上结果说明, miR-143-3p在骨骼肌和成肌细胞中均有表达,能够促进C2C12成肌细胞分化,但并不直接调控MyHCs的表达.     

Myostatin基因突变激发骨骼肌发育机制研究进展

肌肉生长抑制素基因（myostatin,MSTN）是骨骼肌发育的负调节因子,在不同物种中具有高度保守性。自然突变或通过基因编辑技术对该基因进行操作,均可以获得肌肉异常发达的动物个体。研究表明,MSTN基因突变可以通过多种调控途径影响肌肉发育过程。因此,从成肌细胞增殖、分化、蛋白质合成分解代谢、组蛋白修饰以及巨噬细胞极化等5个方面对MSTN突变促进肌肉发育的机理进行综述,以期为农业动物育种新材料生产及重大恶病质的治疗提供借鉴。     

Mutations in the slow skeletal muscle fiber myosin heavy chain gene (MYH7) cause laing early-onset distal myopathy (MPD1)

We previously linked Laing-type early-onset autosomal dominant distal myopathy (MPD1) to a 22-cM region of chromosome 14. One candidate gene in the region, MYH7, which is mutated in cardiomyopathy and myosin storage myopathy, codes for the myosin heavy chain of type I skeletal muscle fibers and cardiac ventricles. We have identified five novel heterozygous mutations--Arg1500Pro, Lys1617del, Ala1663Pro, Leu1706Pro, and Lys1729del in exons 32, 34, 35, and 36 of MYH7--in six families with early-onset distal myopathy. All five mutations are predicted, by in silico analysis, to locally disrupt the ability of the myosin tail to form the coiled coil, which is its normal structure. These findings demonstrate that heterozygous mutations toward the 3' end of MYH7 cause Laing-type early-onset distal myopathy. MYH7 is the fourth distal-myopathy gene to have been identified.     

Expression of the Myosin Heavy Chain IIB Gene in Porcine Skeletal Muscle: The Role of the CArG-Box Promoter Response Element

Due to its similarity to humans, the pig is increasingly being considered as a good animal model for studying a range of human diseases. Despite their physiological similarities, differential expression of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIB gene (MYH4) exists in the skeletal muscles of these species, which is associated with a different muscle phenotype. The expression of different MyHC isoforms is a critical determinant of the contractile and metabolic characteristics of the muscle fibre. We aimed to elucidate whether a genomic mechanism was responsible for the drastically different expression of MYH4 between pigs and humans, thus improving our understanding of the pig as a model for human skeletal muscle research. We utilized approximately 1 kb of the MYH4 promoter from a domestic pig and a human (which do and do not express MYH4, respectively) to elucidate the role of the promoter sequence in regulating the high expression of MYH4 in porcine skeletal muscle. We identified a 3 bp genomic difference within the proximal CArG and E-box region of the MYH4 promoter of pigs and humans that dictates the differential activity of these promoters during myogenesis. Subtle species-specific genomic differences within the CArG-box region caused differential protein-DNA interactions at this site and is likely accountable for the differential MYH4 promoter activity between pigs and humans. We propose that the genomic differences identified herein explain the differential activity of the MYH4 promoter of pigs and humans, which may contribute to the differential expression patterns displayed in these otherwise physiologically similar mammals. Further, we report that both the pig and human MYH4 promoters can be induced by MyoD over-expression, but the capacity to activate the MYH4 promoter is largely influenced by the 3 bp difference located within the CArG-box region of the proximal MYH4 promoter.     

Comparative sequence analysis of the complete human sarcomeric myosin heavy chain family: implications for functional diversity.

The conventional myosin motor proteins that drive mammalian skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction include eight sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms. Six skeletal MyHCs are encoded by genes found in tightly linked clusters on human and mouse chromosomes 17 and 11, respectively. The full coding regions of only two out of six mammalian skeletal MyHCs had been sequenced prior to this work. In an effort to assess the extent of sequence diversity within the human MyHC family we present new full-length coding sequences corresponding to four additional human genes: MyHC-IIb, MyHC-extraocular, MyHC-IIa and MyHC-IIx/d. This represents the first opportunity to compare the full coding sequences of all eight sarcomeric MyHC isoforms within a vertebrate organism. Sequence variability has been analyzed in the context of available structure/function data with an emphasis on potential functional diversity within the family. Results indicate that functional diversity among MyHCs is likely to be accomplished by having small pockets of sequence diversity in an otherwise highly conserved molecule.     

Effects of pathogenic proline mutations on myosin assembly

Laing distal myopathy (MPD1) is a genetically dominant myopathy characterized by early and selective weakness of the distal muscles. Mutations in the MYH7 gene encoding for the β-myosin heavy chain are the underlying genetic cause of MPD1. However, their pathogenic mechanisms are currently unknown. Here, we measure the biological effects of the R1500P and L1706P MPD1 mutations in different cellular systems. We show that, while the two mutations inhibit myosin self-assembly in non-muscle cells, they do not prevent incorporation of the mutant myosin into sarcomeres. Nevertheless, we find that the L1706P mutation affects proper antiparallel myosin association by accumulating in the bare zone of the sarcomere. Furthermore, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay shows that the α-helix containing the R1500P mutation folds into homodimeric (mutant/mutant) and heterodimeric [mutant/wild type (WT)] myosin molecules that are competent for sarcomere incorporation. Both mutations also form aggregates consisting of cytoplasmic vacuoles surrounding paracrystalline arrays and amorphous rod-like inclusions that sequester WT myosin. Myosin aggregates were also detected in transgenic nematodes expressing the R1500P mutation. By showing that the two MPD1 mutations can have dominant effects on distinct components of the contractile apparatus, our data provide the first insights into the pathogenesis of the disease.     

Isolation and mapping of two porcine skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms

The present paper describes the isolation and linkage mapping of two isoforms of skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain in pig. Two partial cDNAs (pAZMY4 and pAZMY7), coding for the porcine myosin heavy chain-2B and -β respectively, have been isolated from a pig skeletal muscle cDNA library. Four RFLPs were detected with the putative porcine skeletal myosin heavy chain-2B probe (pAZMY4) and one RFLP was identified with the putative myosin heavy chain-β probe (pAZMY7). Two myosin heavy chain loci were mapped by linkage analysis performed with the five RFLPs against the PiGMaP linkage consortium ResPig database: the MYH1 locus, which identifies the fast skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain gene cluster, was located at the end of the map of porcine chromosome 12, while the MYH7 locus, which identifies the myosin heavy chain-α/-β gene cluster, was assigned to the long arm of porcine chromosome 7.     

Characterization and expression of a myosin heavy–chain isoform in juvenile walleye Sander vitreus

In this study, myosin, the major component of myofibrillar protein in the skeletal muscle, was characterized and its expression was monitored during growth in juvenile walleye Sander vitreus. First, the coding region of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) from the fast skeletal muscle of walleye was amplified by long-distance PCR using a full-length cDNA. Phylogenetic analysis was used to determine the evolutionary relationship of this S. vitreus myosin sequence to other vertebrate myosin sequences. Next, it was established that the myosin isoform was most prevalent in the white muscle, compared with the red and cardiac muscle. Myosin expression was monitored over a series of experiments designed to influence growth. Specifically, change in MyHC mRNA was monitored after acute changes in feeding. Fish exposed to a one-week fasting period showed significant decreases in MyHC mRNA levels by the end of the fast. The effect of feeding was also examined more closely over a 24 h period after feeding, but results showed no significant change in myosin expression levels through this time period. Finally, fish with higher growth rates had higher MyHC mRNA and protein expression levels. This study indicates that MyHC mRNA expression is sensitive to the factors that may influence growth in juvenile S. vitreus .