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1.
The history of domestic sheep (Ovis aries) in Africa remains largely unknown. After being first introduced from the Near East, sheep gradually spread through the African continent with pastoral societies. The eastern part of Africa was important either for the first diffusion of sheep southward or for putative secondary introductions from the Arabian Peninsula or southern Asia. We analysed mitochondrial DNA control region sequences of 91 domestic sheep from Kenya and found a high diversity of matrilines from the widespread haplogroup B, whereas only a single individual from haplogroup A was detected. Our phylogeography analyses of more than 500 available mitochondrial DNA sequences also identified ancestral haplotypes that were probably first introduced in Africa and are now widely distributed. Moreover, we found no evidence of an admixture between East and West African sheep. The presence of shared haplotypes in eastern and ancient southern African sheep suggests the possible southward movement of sheep along the eastern part of Africa. Finally, we found no evidence of an extensive introduction of sheep from southern Asia into Africa via the Indian Ocean trade. The overall findings on the phylogeography of East African domestic sheep set the grounds for understanding the origin and subsequent movements of sheep in Africa. The richness of maternal lineages in Kenyan breeds is of prime importance for future conservation and breeding programmes. 相似文献
2.
Fadhlaoui-Zid K Rodríguez-Botigué L Naoui N Benammar-Elgaaied A Calafell F Comas D 《American journal of physical anthropology》2011,145(1):107-117
Human population movements in North Africa have been mostly restricted to an east-west direction due to the geographical barriers imposed by the Sahara Desert and the Mediterranean Sea. Although these barriers have not completely impeded human migrations, genetic studies have shown that an east-west genetic gradient exists. However, the lack of genetic information of certain geographical areas and the focus of some studies in parts of the North African landscape have limited the global view of the genetic pool of North African populations. To provide a global view of the North African genetic landscape and population structure, we have analyzed ~2,300 North African mitochondrial DNA lineages (including 269 new sequences from Libya, in the first mtDNA study of the general Libyan population). Our results show a clinal distribution of certain haplogroups, some of them more frequent in Western (H, HV0, L1b, L3b, U6) or Eastern populations (L0a, R0a, N1b, I, J) that might be the result of human migrations from the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, and Europe. Despite this clinal pattern, a genetic discontinuity is found in the Libyan/Egyptian border, suggesting a differential gene flow in the Nile River Valley. Finally, frequency of the post-LGM subclades H1 and H3 is predominant in Libya within the H sequences, highlighting the magnitude of the LGM expansion in North Africa. 相似文献
3.
Mwacharo JM Bjørnstad G Mobegi V Nomura K Hanada H Amano T Jianlin H Hanotte O 《Molecular phylogenetics and evolution》2011,58(2):374-382
Chicken were possibly domesticated in South and Southeast Asia. They occur ubiquitously in East Africa where they show extensive phenotypic diversity. They appeared in the region relatively late, with the first undisputed evidence of domestic chicken in Sudan, around ~ 700 BC. We reveal through a detailed analysis of mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence diversity of 512 domestic village chickens, from four East African countries (Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda), the presence of at least five distinct mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. Phylogeographic analyses and inclusion of reference sequences from Asia allow us to address the origin, ways of introduction and dispersion of each haplogroup. The results indicate a likely Indian subcontinent origin for the commonest haplogroup (D) and a maritime introduction for the next commonest one (A) from Southeast and/or East Asia. Recent introgression of commercial haplotypes into the gene pool of village chickens might explain the rare presence of two haplogroups (B and C) while the origin of the last haplogroup (E) remains unclear being currently observed only outside the African continent in the inland Yunnan Province of China. Our findings not only support ancient historical maritime and terrestrial contacts between Asia and East Africa, but also indicate the presence of large maternal genetic diversity in the region which could potentially support genetic improvement programmes. 相似文献
4.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) nucleotide sequences of African origin have been found at low frequency (1%, in average) in different European populations. In the present study, data on mtDNA variability in populations of Eurasia and Africa are analyzed and search of African-specific lineages present in Europeans is conducted. The results of analysis indicate that, despite a high diversity of African mtDNA haplotypes found in Europeans, monophyletic clusters of African mtDNA lineages, arisen in Europe and characterized by long-term diversity, are nearly absent in Europe. Only two respective clusters (belonging to haplogroups L1b and L3b), which evolutionary age does not exceed 6.5 thousands years, were revealed. Comparative analysis of distribution of frequencies of autosomal microsatellite alleles found in Russian individuals, carrying the African-specific mitochondrial haplotypes, in populations of Europe and Africa has indicated that autosomal genotypes of those Russian individuals are characterized by the presence of alleles characteristic mostly for Europeans. 相似文献
5.
The genetic diversity in 13 stocks and clones of Trypanosoma vivax from East and West Africa was compared by isoenzyme analysis. The Ugandan and West African stocks and clones showed a very high degree of genetic similarity to each other but they differed from the Kenyan stocks and clones. Two haemorrhagic stocks, IL 2337 (Galana, Kenya) and IL 3067 (Bamburi, Kenya), showed a high degree of similarity in enzyme banding patterns in electrophoresed preparations. One of the Kenyan stocks, M1D 627, differed in most of its enzyme banding patterns from all the other stocks and clones used. 相似文献
6.
Cerný V Hájek M Bromová M Cmejla R Diallo I Brdicka R 《Human biology; an international record of research》2006,78(1):9-27
Despite the large size of the contemporary nomadic Fulani population (roughly 13 million people), the genetic diversity and degree of differentiation of Fulanis compared to other sub-Saharan populations remain unknown. We sampled four Fulani nomad populations (n = 186) in three countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Chad, Cameroon, and Burkina Faso) and analyzed sequences of the first hypervariable segment of the mitochondrial DNA. Most of the haplotypes belong to haplogroups of West African origin, such as L1b, L3b, L3d, L2b, L2c, and L2d (79.6% in total), which are all well represented in each of the four geographically separated samples. The haplogroups of Western Eurasian origin, such as J1b, U5, H, and V, were also detected but in rather low frequencies (8.1% in total). As in African hunter-gatherers (Pygmies and Khoisan) and some populations from central Tunisia (Kesra and Zriba), three of the Fulani nomad samples do not reveal significant negative values of Fu's selective neutrality test. The multidimensional scaling of FST genetic distances of related sub-Saharan populations and the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) show clear and close relationships between all pairs of the four Fulani nomad samples, irrespective of their geographic origin. The only group of nomadic Fulani that manifests some similarities with geographically related agricultural populations (from Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria) comes from Tcheboua in northern Cameroon. 相似文献
7.
Bayesian coalescent inference of major human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup expansions in Africa 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Atkinson QD Gray RD Drummond AJ 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2009,276(1655):367-373
Past population size can be estimated from modern genetic diversity using coalescent theory. Estimates of ancestral human population dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa can tell us about the timing and nature of our first steps towards colonizing the globe. Here, we combine Bayesian coalescent inference with a dataset of 224 complete human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences to estimate effective population size through time for each of the four major African mtDNA haplogroups (L0-L3). We find evidence of three distinct demographic histories underlying the four haplogroups. Haplogroups L0 and L1 both show slow, steady exponential growth from 156 to 213kyr ago. By contrast, haplogroups L2 and L3 show evidence of substantial growth beginning 12-20 and 61-86kyr ago, respectively. These later expansions may be associated with contemporaneous environmental and/or cultural changes. The timing of the L3 expansion--8-12kyr prior to the emergence of the first non-African mtDNA lineages--together with high L3 diversity in eastern Africa, strongly supports the proposal that the human exodus from Africa and subsequent colonization of the globe was prefaced by a major expansion within Africa, perhaps driven by some form of cultural innovation. 相似文献
8.
Ding ZL Oskarsson M Ardalan A Angleby H Dahlgren LG Tepeli C Kirkness E Savolainen P Zhang YP 《Heredity》2012,108(5):507-514
Global mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data indicates that the dog originates from domestication of wolf in Asia South of Yangtze River (ASY), with minor genetic contributions from dog-wolf hybridisation elsewhere. Archaeological data and autosomal single nucleotide polymorphism data have instead suggested that dogs originate from Europe and/or South West Asia but, because these datasets lack data from ASY, evidence pointing to ASY may have been overlooked. Analyses of additional markers for global datasets, including ASY, are therefore necessary to test if mtDNA phylogeography reflects the actual dog history and not merely stochastic events or selection. Here, we analyse 14,437 bp of Y-chromosome DNA sequence in 151 dogs sampled worldwide. We found 28 haplotypes distributed in five haplogroups. Two haplogroups were universally shared and included three haplotypes carried by 46% of all dogs, but two other haplogroups were primarily restricted to East Asia. Highest genetic diversity and virtually complete phylogenetic coverage was found within ASY. The 151 dogs were estimated to originate from 13-24 wolf founders, but there was no indication of post-domestication dog-wolf hybridisations. Thus, Y-chromosome and mtDNA data give strikingly similar pictures of dog phylogeography, most importantly that roughly 50% of the gene pools are shared universally but only ASY has nearly the full range of genetic diversity, such that the gene pools in all other regions may derive from ASY. This corroborates that ASY was the principal, and possibly sole region of wolf domestication, that a large number of wolves were domesticated, and that subsequent dog-wolf hybridisation contributed modestly to the dog gene pool. 相似文献
9.
Ancient DNA reveals a migration of the ancient Di‐qiang populations into Xinjiang as early as the early Bronze Age
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Shi‐Zhu Gao Ye Zhang Dong Wei Hong‐Jie Li Yong‐Bin Zhao Yin‐Qiu Cui Hui Zhou 《American journal of physical anthropology》2015,157(1):71-80
Xinjiang is at the crossroads between East and West Eurasia, and it harbors a relatively complex genetic history. In order to better understand the population movements and interactions in this region, mitochondrial and Y chromosome analyses on 40 ancient human remains from the Tianshanbeilu site in eastern Xinjiang were performed. Twenty‐nine samples were successfully assigned to specific mtDNA haplogroups, including the west Eurasian maternal lineages of U and W and the east Eurasian maternal lineages of A, C, D, F, G, Z, M7, and M10. In the male samples, two Y chromosome haplogroups, C* and N1 (xN1a, N1c), were successfully assigned. Our mitochondrial and Y‐chromosomal DNA analyses combined with the archaeological studies revealed that the Di‐qiang populations from the Hexi Corridor had migrated to eastern Xinjiang and admixed with the Eurasian steppe populations in the early Bronze Age. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:71–80, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
10.
《遗传学报》2016,(3)
Africa is the cradle of all human beings, and although it has been the focus of a number of genetic studies, there are many questions that remain unresolved. We have performed one of the largest and most comprehensive meta-analyses of mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA)lineages carried out in the African continent to date. We generated high-throughput mtDNA single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) data(230 SNPs) from 2024 Africans, where more than 500 of them were additionally genotyped for the control region. These data were analyzed together with over 12,700 control region profiles collected from the literature, representing more than 300 population samples from Africa. Insights into the African homeland of humans are discussed. Phylogeographic patterns for the African continent are shown at a high phylogeographic resolution as well as at the population and regional levels. The deepest branch of the mtDNA tree, haplogroup L0,shows the highest sub-haplogroup diversity in Southeast and East Africa, suggesting this region as the homeland for modern humans.Several demographic estimates point to the coast as a facilitator of human migration in Africa, but the data indicate complex patterns,perhaps mirroring the effect of recent continental-scaled demographic events in re-shaping African mtDNA variability. 相似文献
11.
L. D. Bertola W. F. van Hooft K. Vrieling D. R. Uit de Weerd D. S. York H. Bauer H. H. T. Prins P. J. Funston H. A. Udo de Haes H. Leirs W. A. van Haeringen E. Sogbohossou P. N. Tumenta H. H. de Iongh 《Journal of Biogeography》2011,38(7):1356-1367
Aim In recent decades there has been a marked decline in the numbers of African lions (Panthera leo), especially in West Africa where the species is regionally endangered. Based on the climatological history of western Africa, we hypothesize that West and Central African lions have a unique evolutionary history, which is reflected by their genetic makeup. Location Sub‐Saharan Africa and India, with special focus on West and Central Africa. Method In this study 126 samples, throughout the lion’s complete geographic range, were subjected to phylogenetic analyses. DNA sequences of a mitochondrial region, containing cytochrome b, tRNAPro, tRNAThr and the left part of the control region, were analysed. Results Bayesian, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses consistently showed a distinction between lions from West and Central Africa and lions from southern and East Africa. West and Central African lions are more closely related to Asiatic lions than to the southern and East African lions. This can be explained by a Pleistocene extinction and subsequent recolonization of West Africa from refugia in the Middle East. This is further supported by the fact that the West and Central African clade shows relatively little genetic diversity and is therefore thought to be an evolutionarily young clade. Main conclusions The taxonomic division between an African and an Asian subspecies does not fully reflect the overall genetic diversity within lions. In order to conserve genetic diversity within the species, genetically distinct lineages should be prioritized. Understanding the geographic pattern of genetic diversity is key to developing conservation strategies, both for in situ management and for breeding of captive stocks. 相似文献
12.
Asmahan Bekada Rosa Fregel Vicente M. Cabrera José M. Larruga José Pestano Soraya Benhamamouch Ana M. González 《PloS one》2013,8(2)
North Africa is considered a distinct geographic and ethnic entity within Africa. Although modern humans originated in this Continent, studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome genealogical markers provide evidence that the North African gene pool has been shaped by the back-migration of several Eurasian lineages in Paleolithic and Neolithic times. More recent influences from sub-Saharan Africa and Mediterranean Europe are also evident. The presence of East-West and North-South haplogroup frequency gradients strongly reinforces the genetic complexity of this region. However, this genetic scenario is beset with a notable gap, which is the lack of consistent information for Algeria, the largest country in the Maghreb. To fill this gap, we analyzed a sample of 240 unrelated subjects from a northwest Algeria cosmopolitan population using mtDNA sequences and Y-chromosome biallelic polymorphisms, focusing on the fine dissection of haplogroups E and R, which are the most prevalent in North Africa and Europe respectively. The Eurasian component in Algeria reached 80% for mtDNA and 90% for Y-chromosome. However, within them, the North African genetic component for mtDNA (U6 and M1; 20%) is significantly smaller than the paternal (E-M81 and E-V65; 70%). The unexpected presence of the European-derived Y-chromosome lineages R-M412, R-S116, R-U152 and R-M529 in Algeria and the rest of the Maghreb could be the counterparts of the mtDNA H1, H3 and V subgroups, pointing to direct maritime contacts between the European and North African sides of the western Mediterranean. Female influx of sub-Saharan Africans into Algeria (20%) is also significantly greater than the male (10%). In spite of these sexual asymmetries, the Algerian uniparental profiles faithfully correlate between each other and with the geography. 相似文献
13.
Taha Rhouda Diana Martínez-Redondo Aurora Gómez-Durán Noureddine Elmtili Mouhamed Idaomar Carmen Díez-Sánchez Julio Montoya Manuel José López-Pérez Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini 《Mitochondrion》2009,9(6):402-407
Migrations into Africa from the Levant have greatly determined the mitochondrial genetic landscape of North Africa. After analyzing samples from North Morocco to Spain, we show that three fourths of the Moroccan individuals belong to Western Eurasian haplogroups and the frequencies of these are much more similar to those of the Iberian Peninsula than to those of the Middle East. This is particularly true for the mitochondrial haplogroups H1, H3 and V, which experienced a late-glacial expansion from this region, that repopulated much of Central and Northern Europe. Iberian Peninsula was also a source for prehistoric migrations to North Africa. 相似文献
14.
Chima SC Ryschkewitsch CF Fan KJ Stoner GL 《Human biology; an international record of research》2000,72(5):837-850
The human polyomavirus JC (JC virus), a small, circular, double-stranded DNA virus, has a worldwide distribution and is excreted harmlessly in urine by 20% to 70% of adults. DNA sequence analysis has identified seven distinct genotypes that likely coevolved with modern humans, although the mode of virus transmission is unknown. Type 1 is European in its distribution. Types 2 and 7 are Asian, while Types 3 and 6 are African. Type 4, closely related to Type 1, is of uncertain origin, having been found in population groups in parts of Europe and in the United States, but not in Africa. Here we have studied the JCV partial genomic DNA sequences amplified by polymerase chain reaction techniques from urines of an urban, mainly African American population cohort from Washington, D.C. The predominant genotype identified was Type 4 (32/78 JCV strains, 41%). Type 1 strain was found in 32% of African Americans, while JCV Type 3 strain was found in 18% of African Americans. These African strains have persisted in modern African Americans after 200 to 400 years of minority existence and genetic admixture in the New World. An ancient West African genotype, Type 6, was absent in this African American cohort. However, one Type 6 strain was found in a patient from Sierra Leone (West Africa), domiciled in the United States for 20 years. Type 2A, the most common subtype in Native Americans, was seen in only two African-Americans (3%). A Type 7 strain, previously reported only in Taiwan and South China, was identified in a Vietnamese immigrant. These data support the history of African origin, migration, and genetic admixture of modern African Americans. Analysis of JCV strains in the present American populations provides a novel tool for reconstructing human migrations and genetic admixture in the New World. 相似文献
15.
Genetic diversity in Puerto Rico and its implications for the peopling of the Island and the West Indies
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Miguel G. Vilar Carlalynne Melendez Akiva B. Sanders Akshay Walia Jill B. Gaieski Amanda C. Owings Theodore G. Schurr The Genographic Consortium 《American journal of physical anthropology》2014,155(3):352-368
Puerto Rico and the surrounding islands rest on the eastern fringe of the Caribbean's Greater Antilles, located less than 100 miles northwest of the Lesser Antilles. Puerto Ricans are genetic descendants of pre‐Columbian peoples, as well as peoples of European and African descent through 500 years of migration to the island. To infer these patterns of pre‐Columbian and historic peopling of the Caribbean, we characterized genetic diversity in 326 individuals from the southeastern region of Puerto Rico and the island municipality of Vieques. We sequenced the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of all of the samples and the complete mitogenomes of 12 of them to infer their putative place of origin. In addition, we genotyped 121 male samples for 25 Y‐chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism and 17 STR loci. Approximately 60% of the participants had indigenous mtDNA haplotypes (mostly from haplogroups A2 and C1), while 25% had African and 15% European haplotypes. Three A2 sublineages were unique to the Greater Antilles, one of which was similar to Mesoamerican types, while C1b haplogroups showed links to South America, suggesting that people reached the island from the two distinct continental source areas. However, none of the male participants had indigenous Y‐chromosomes, with 85% of them instead being European/Mediterranean and 15% sub‐Saharan African in origin. West Eurasian Y‐chromosome short tandem repeat haplotypes were quite diverse and showed similarities to those observed in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. These results attest to the distinct, yet equally complex, pasts for the male and female ancestors of modern day Puerto Ricans. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:352–368, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
16.
Chiara Barbieri Mário Vicente Jorge Rocha Sununguko?W. Mpoloka Mark Stoneking Brigitte Pakendorf 《American journal of human genetics》2013,92(2):285-292
Among the deepest-rooting clades in the human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogeny are the haplogroups defined as L0d and L0k, which are found primarily in southern Africa. These lineages are typically present at high frequency in the so-called Khoisan populations of hunter-gatherers and herders who speak non-Bantu languages, and the early divergence of these lineages led to the hypothesis of ancient genetic substructure in Africa. Here we update the phylogeny of the basal haplogroups L0d and L0k with 500 full mtDNA genome sequences from 45 southern African Khoisan and Bantu-speaking populations. We find previously unreported subhaplogroups and greatly extend the amount of variation and time-depth of most of the known subhaplogroups. Our major finding is the definition of two ancient sublineages of L0k (L0k1b and L0k2) that are present almost exclusively in Bantu-speaking populations from Zambia; the presence of such relic haplogroups in Bantu speakers is most probably due to contact with ancestral pre-Bantu populations that harbored different lineages than those found in extant Khoisan. We suggest that although these populations went extinct after the immigration of the Bantu-speaking populations, some traces of their haplogroup composition survived through incorporation into the gene pool of the immigrants. Our findings thus provide evidence for deep genetic substructure in southern Africa prior to the Bantu expansion that is not represented in extant Khoisan populations. 相似文献
17.
Salas A Richards M De la Fe T Lareu MV Sobrino B Sánchez-Diz P Macaulay V Carracedo A 《American journal of human genetics》2002,71(5):1082-1111
Africa presents the most complex genetic picture of any continent, with a time depth for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages >100,000 years. The most recent widespread demographic shift within the continent was most probably the Bantu dispersals, which archaeological and linguistic evidence suggest originated in West Africa 3,000-4,000 years ago, spreading both east and south. Here, we have carried out a thorough phylogeographic analysis of mtDNA variation in a total of 2,847 samples from throughout the continent, including 307 new sequences from southeast African Bantu speakers. The results suggest that the southeast Bantu speakers have a composite origin on the maternal line of descent, with approximately 44% of lineages deriving from West Africa, approximately 21% from either West or Central Africa, approximately 30% from East Africa, and approximately 5% from southern African Khoisan-speaking groups. The ages of the major founder types of both West and East African origin are consistent with the likely timing of Bantu dispersals, with those from the west somewhat predating those from the east. Despite this composite picture, the southeastern African Bantu groups are indistinguishable from each other with respect to their mtDNA, suggesting that they either had a common origin at the point of entry into southeastern Africa or have undergone very extensive gene flow since. 相似文献
18.
Magee DA Meghen C Harrison S Troy CS Cymbron T Gaillard C Morrow A Maillard JC Bradley DG 《The Journal of heredity》2002,93(6):429-432
Seventy-eight cattle samples from three Creole Caribbean islands and one Brazilian breed were analyzed for sequence variation in the hypervariable segment of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Seventy-three samples displayed Bos taurus haplotypes, and five samples exhibited haplotypes that were of Bos indicus ancestry. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sampled B. taurus sequences fell into two distinct clusters with separate African and European origins. European sequences were encountered in each population; however, the distribution of African haplotypes was uneven, with the highest proportion of African influence found in the Guadeloupe Creole. The reduced levels of African haplotypic variation within the Caribbean and Brazilian are consistent with prior founder effects. Additionally, genetic variation at three microsatellite loci illustrated African influence uniquely in the Guadeloupe Creole. Collectively, the data suggest that this African influence is, at least in part, attributable to the historical importation of African cattle to the Americas. Furthermore, alleles of B. indicus ancestry were detected at appreciable frequencies in all Caribbean Creole populations and may reflect zebu introgressions from either West Africa or the Indian subcontinent. 相似文献
19.
Shimada MK Hayakawa S Humle T Fujita S Hirata S Sugiyama Y Saitou N 《American journal of primatology》2004,64(3):261-275
The chimpanzee populations of the Bossou and Nimba regions in West Africa were genetically surveyed to 1) reveal the genetic relationship between the Bossou and Nimba populations, and 2) elucidate the evolutionary relationship between the Bossou-Nimba and other West African populations. The chimpanzee group at Bossou is characterized by its small population size, no evidence of contact with neighboring populations, and no female immigration. It is believed that most females and adolescent males emigrate from this population. To reveal the genetic signature of these characteristics, we examined the genetic diversity of Bossou and two neighboring populations (Seringbara and Yealé) in the Nimba Mountains by sequencing approximately 605 bp of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. A total of 20 distinct mtDNA variants were observed from 56 sequences of noninvasively collected, anonymous samples. Nucleotide diversity in the Nimba Mountain populations was 0.03-0.04, and did not differ significantly from that in the Bossou population. Very few mitochondrial variants are shared among the sites sampled, which suggests that there is little gene flow involving mtDNA. Nevertheless, no clear population structures were revealed in either population. A comparison with published sequences from West African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) indicates that the variants observed in the Bossou and Nimba regions are scattered throughout the subspecies, rather than clustered according to geographic region. This suggests that the Bossou-Nimba populations derived only recently from the common ancestral population of the West African chimpanzees, and did not pass through a bottleneck. 相似文献
20.
Emily A. Wright Rachael C. Wiedmeier Emma K. Roberts David R. Pipkin Froyln Hernndez Joseph P. Bayouth Warren C. Conway Robert D. Bradley 《Ecology and evolution》2022,12(4)
Translocation records indicate aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) populations in the United States are a product of multiple human‐mediated introductions. Two mitochondrial markers (cytochrome b, cytb; displacement loop, D loop) and one nuclear gene (prion protein gene exon 3, PRNP) were used to determine: (1) genetic variation, (2) if genetic units correspond to taxonomic designations, (3) the number and geographic origin of translocations, and (4) divergence times. Three phylogenetic analyses (Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and parsimony) produced similar topologies with two clades (I and II). Clade I contained progeny of individuals resulting from introductions to Texas and Spain, and individuals from Algeria. Individuals in Clade II were progeny of past introductions to the United States and Europe, and northern Algeria. Clade II was subdivided into two subclades (A and B) representing two haplogroups. No genetic variation was detected in the PRNP sequences. Three haplogroups appeared to correspond to the subspecies A. l. lervia and A. l. sahariensis whose native distribution includes northwestern Africa. Network analyses assigned haplogroups to two major groups similar to those depicted in the phylogenetic analyses. Genetic distances ranged from 0.80% to 5.17% and 2.99% to 15.42% for cytb and D loop, respectively; and were higher than normally recovered for caprids, warranting a reexamination of subspecific status. Divergence dates indicated a major split between A. l. lervia and A. l. sahariensis circa 2.38 mya. Together, the high level of genetic divergences among US populations and apparent presence of two subspecies of aoudad in the United States support the hypothesis of multiple introductions from multiple sources. 相似文献