CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术在癌症研究中的应用

CRISPR/cas9基因组编辑技术因其设计简单以及操作容易,使其在基因编辑的研究中越来越受到欢迎。利用该技术,科研人员可以实现在碱基的水平对基因组进行定点修饰。CRISPR系统现已经被广泛地应用到多个物种的基因组编辑以及癌症的相关研究中。本文在最新研究进展的基础上,结合对癌症研究及基因组编辑技术的理解,对CRISPR/Cas9技术在癌症研究中的应用进行了综述。     

Recent Progress in CRISPR/Cas9 Technology

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/Cas9 system, a simple and efficient tool for genome editing, has experienced rapid progress in its technology and applicability in the past two years. Here, we review the recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9 technology and the ways that have been adopted to expand our capacity for precise genome manipulation. First, we introduce the mechanism of CRISPR/Cas9, including its biochemical and structural implications. Second, we highlight the latest improvements in the CRISPR/Cas9 system, especially Cas9 protein modifications for customization. Third, we review its current applications, in which the versatile CRISPR/Cas9 system was employed to edit the genome, epigenome, or RNA of various organisms. Although CRISPR/Cas9 allows convenient genome editing accompanied by many benefits, we should not ignore the significant ethical and biosafety concerns that it raises. Finally, we discuss the prospective applications and challenges of several promising techniques adapted from CRISPR/Cas9.     

CRISPR/Cas9系统在培育抗病毒植物新种质中的应用

随着CRISPR/Cas9系统在基因组编辑技术上的开发和完善,CRISPR/Cas9系统在应用于动物病毒感染性疾病防治并取得相当成效的同时,也逐步被应用到对植物病毒基因组进行高效靶向修饰的研究中。CRISPR/Cas9系统对基因组靶向修饰作用不仅实现了对植物DNA病毒基因组序列的编辑,还展示了其有效作用于植物RNA病毒基因组的潜力,同时CRISPR/Cas9系统还能在基因转录和转录后调控水平发挥作用,说明该系统具有通过多种途径调控植物病毒复制的潜能。相对其他植物病毒病防治策略,该系统对病毒基因组的编辑更精准、对基因表达的调控更稳定,对病毒病的抗性也更为广谱。本文将CRISPR/Cas9系统与其他植物病毒病防治策略进行了比较,概述了该系统在培育植物抗病毒病新种质中的优势,分析了其具体应用在该领域中面临的主要问题,讨论了该系统在培育抗病毒植物新种质应用中的发展趋势。     

Genome Editing by CRISPR/Cas9: A Game Change in the Genetic Manipulation of Protists

Genome editing by CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR‐associated gene 9) system has been transformative in biology. Originally discovered as an adaptive prokaryotic immune system, CRISPR/Cas9 has been repurposed for genome editing in a broad range of model organisms, from yeast to mammalian cells. Protist parasites are unicellular organisms producing important human diseases that affect millions of people around the world. For many of these diseases, such as malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and cryptosporidiosis, there are no effective treatments or vaccines available. The recent adaptation of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to several protist models will be playing a key role in the functional study of their proteins, in the characterization of their metabolic pathways, and in the understanding of their biology, and will facilitate the search for new chemotherapeutic targets. In this work we review recent studies where the CRISPR/Cas9 system was adapted to protist parasites, particularly to Apicomplexans and trypanosomatids, emphasizing the different molecular strategies used for genome editing of each organism, as well as their advantages. We also discuss the potential usefulness of this technology in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.     

CRISPR/Cas植物基因组编辑技术及其在玉米中的应用*

CRISPR/Cas 系统具有操作简单、效率高等优势,为植物功能基因研究和作物遗传改良提供了重要支撑。介绍了CRISPR/Cas植物基因组编辑技术的研究进展,并对CRISPR/Cas系统及其衍生技术进行了详细比较;结合案例综述了CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术在玉米产量、品质、抗逆性改良,以及雄性不育系创制和单倍体诱导等方面的应用;同时针对CRISPR/Cas系统未来需要迫切解决的一些问题进行了分析和展望。     

Plant genome editing: ever more precise and wide reaching

Genome-editing technologies consisting of targeted mutagenesis and gene targeting enable us to modify genes of interest rapidly and precisely. The discovery in 2012 of CRISPR/Cas9 systems and their development as sequence-specific nucleases has brought about a paradigm shift in biology. Initially, CRISPR/Cas9 was applied in targeted mutagenesis to knock out a target gene. Thereafter, advances in genome-editing technologies using CRISPR/Cas9 developed rapidly, with base editing systems for transition substitution using a combination of Cas9 nickase and either cytidine or adenosine deaminase being reported in 2016 and 2017, respectively, and later in 2021 bringing reports of transversion substitution using Cas9 nickase, cytidine deaminase and uracil DNA glycosylase. Moreover, technologies for gene targeting and prime editing systems using DNA or RNA as donors have also been developed in recent years. Besides these precise genome-editing strategies, reports of successful chromosome engineering using CRISPR/Cas9 have been published recently. The application of genome editing to crop breeding has advanced in parallel with the development of these technologies. Genome-editing enzymes can be introduced into plant cells, and there are now many examples of crop breeding using genome-editing technologies. At present, it is no exaggeration to say that we are now in a position to be able to modify a gene precisely and rearrange genomes and chromosomes in a predicted way. In this review, we introduce and discuss recent highlights in the field of precise gene editing, chromosome engineering and genome engineering technology in plants.     

Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for therapeutic genome editing

The clustered, regularly‐interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)‐associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) is emerging as a promising genome‐editing tool for treating diseases in a precise way, and has been applied to a wide range of research in the areas of biology, genetics, and medicine. Delivery of therapeutic genome‐editing agents provides a promising platform for the treatment of genetic disorders. Although viral vectors are widely used to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 elements with high efficiency, they suffer from several drawbacks, such as mutagenesis, immunogenicity, and off‐target effects. Recently, non‐viral vectors have emerged as another class of delivery carriers in terms of their safety, simplicity, and flexibility. In this review, we discuss the modes of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery, the barriers to the delivery process and the application of CRISPR/Cas9 system for the treatment of genetic disorders. We also highlight several representative types of non‐viral vectors, including polymers, liposomes, cell‐penetrating peptides, and other synthetic vectors, for the therapeutic delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system. The applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in treating genetic disorders mediated by the non‐viral vectors are also discussed.     

基于CRISPR/Cas9的激活系统研究进展

基因编辑技术自问世以来就一直作为生物技术领域的研究热点。基因编辑工具成簇的规律间隔短回文重复序列及其相关系统(CRISPR/Cas系统)具有特异性、简便性和灵活性等优点,为研究人员提供了丰富的遗传操作工具,也让CRISPR/Cas系统的应用在多种生物中得到了飞速发展。特别是将转录激活因子与失活的Cas蛋白结合,可在RNA转录水平实现基因表达特异性调控,为生物技术在医学研究及农业领域的发展做出了重要的贡献。外源基因的过表达是验证基因功能和基因调控的常用方法,然而由于载体容量的限制难以实现多基因过表达。基于CRISPR/Cas9激活系统可在不同向导RNA的引导下对多个基因进行调控,实现调控水平验证基因功能。本文通过对CRISPR/Cas9激活系统组成及不同激活策略进行总结,整理针对过度激活的解决方案,为CRISPR/Cas9激活系统应用于棉花遗传改良及除草剂抗性研究提供更多参考。     

CRISPR/Cas9系统的分子机制及其在人类疾病基因治疗中的应用

CRISPR/Cas系统是广泛存在于细菌和古生菌中的适应性免疫系统,用来抵抗外来病毒或质粒的入侵。近几年,由Ⅱ型CRISPR/Cas适应性免疫系统改造而来的CRISPR/ Cas9基因组编辑技术蓬勃发展,被广泛地应用于生命科学研究的各个领域,并取得了革命性的变化。文章主要综述了CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术的起源与发展及在生命科学各研究领域的应用,重点介绍了该系统在人类疾病基因治疗方面的最新应用及脱靶效应,以期为相关领域的科研人员提供参考。     

机器学习方法在CRISPR/Cas9系统中的应用

基于CRISPR/Cas9系统介导的第三代基因组定点编辑技术,已被广泛应用于基因编辑和基因表达调控等研究领域。如何提高该技术对基因组编辑的效率与特异性、最大限度降低脱靶风险一直是该领域的难点。近年来,机器学习为解决CRISPR/Cas9系统所面临的问题提供了新思路,基于机器学习的CRISPR/Cas9系统已逐渐成为研究热点。本文阐述了CRISPR/Cas9的作用机理,总结了现阶段该技术面临的基因组编辑效率低、存在潜在的脱靶效应、前间区序列邻近基序(PAM)限制识别序列等问题,最后对机器学习应用于优化设计高效向导RNA (sgRNA)序列、预测sgRNA的活性、脱靶效应评估、基因敲除、高通量功能基因筛选等领域的研究现状与发展前景进行了展望,以期为基因组编辑领域的研究提供参考。     

基于CRISPR/Cas系统的生物传感策略研究进展

CRISPR/Cas9系统是继锌指核酸内切酶、类转录激活因子效应物核酸酶之后的第三代基因组定点编辑工具,因其具有特异性切割双链DNA的能力,被广泛应用于基因编辑、生物传感等领域。Cas12a(Cpf1)、Cas13a(C2c2)等蛋白"附属切割"活性的发现,拓展了CRISPR/Cas系统在生物传感中的应用。近年来,研究人员开发出一系列快速、超敏、高特异性的生物传感系统用于分子检测,如SHERLOCK,DETECTR等。本文主要综述了基于CRISPR/Cas系统的生物传感策略的研究进展,并展望了其未来发展的方向。     

基于CRISPR/Cas9技术的基因敲入/敲除策略

成簇的规律间隔性短回文序列(CRISPR)基因编辑系统,因其设计简单操作方便和无种属限制,已成为一种广泛应用的基因组定点编辑工具,在复杂的基因组编辑,例如基因的人源化改造以及条件等位基因的构建中有所应用。在自然界中,CRISPR系统拥有多种类别。其中,CRISPR/Cas9系统是研究最深入、应用最成熟的一种。本文针对CRISPR/Cas9系统,分别从基因敲入/敲除片段的大小、同源臂长短、构型即递送方式等技术环节进行综述,阐述不同设计及操作条件下由CRISPR/Cas9系统介导的基因敲入/敲除的效率差异。     

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated correction of human genetic disease

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated(Cas) protein 9 system(CRISPR/Cas9) provides a powerful tool for targeted genetic editing. Directed by programmable sequence-specific RNAs,this system introduces cleavage and double-stranded breaks at target sites precisely. Compared to previously developed targeted nucleases, the CRISPR/Cas9 system demonstrates several promising advantages, including simplicity, high specificity,and efficiency. Several broad genome-editing studies with the CRISPR/Cas9 system in different species in vivo and ex vivo have indicated its strong potential, raising hopes for therapeutic genome editing in clinical settings. Taking advantage of non-homologous end-joining(NHEJ) and homology directed repair(HDR)-mediated DNA repair, several studies have recently reported the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to successfully correct disease-causing alleles ranging from single base mutations to large insertions. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent preclinical studies involving the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated correction of human genetic diseases.     

基于CRISPR/Cas9的精准基因编辑技术研究进展

基因编辑技术是一种可以在基因组水平上对DNA序列进行改造的遗传操作技术。基于CRISPR/Cas9系统的精准编辑技术是一个操作方便、应用广泛的基因编辑技术,与传统的CRISPR/Cas9不同,精准基因编辑技术可以在不需要DNA模板的情况下对基因进行定点突变。本文重点介绍了近年来基于CRISPR/Cas9介导的精准基因编辑技术的发展,并深入分析了基因精准编辑技术面临的挑战和机遇。     

CRISPR/Cas9 system: a powerful technology for in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy

CRISPR/Cas9 is a versatile genome-editing tool which is widely used for modifying the genome of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms for basic research and applications. An increasing number of reports have demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing is a powerful technology for gene therapy. Here, we review the recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene therapy in animal models via different strategies and discuss the challenges as well as future prospects.     

CRISPR/CAS9, the king of genome editing tools

The discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 brought a hope for having an efficient, reliable, and readily available tool for genome editing. CRISPR/Cas9 is certainly easy to use, while its efficiency and reliability remain the focus of studies. The review describes the general principles of the organization and function of Cas nucleases and a number of important issues to be considered while planning genome editing experiments with CRISPR/Cas9. The issues include evaluation of the efficiency and specificity for Cas9, sgRNA selection, Cas9 variants designed artificially, and use of homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining in DNA editing.     

CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术在农业动物中的应用

CRISPR(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas(CRISPR associated proteins)是在细菌和古细菌中发现的一种用来抵御病毒或质粒入侵的获得性免疫系统.目前已发现的CRISPR/Cas系统包括Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅲ型,其中Ⅱ型系统的组成较简单,由其改造成的CRISPR/Cas9技术已成为一种高效的基因组编辑工具.自2013年CRISPR/Cas9技术成功用于哺乳动物基因组定点编辑以来,应用该技术进行基因组编辑的报道呈现出爆发式的增长.农业动物不仅是重要的经济动物,也是人类疾病和生物医药研究的重要模式动物.本文综述了CRISPR/Cas9技术在农业动物中的研究和应用进展,简述了该技术的脱靶效应及减少脱靶的主要方法,并展望了该技术的应用前景.