MST1/2调控先天免疫的功能和机制

Hippo信号通路通过一系列激酶级联反应,实现对细胞增殖、器官大小以及组织再生等方面的调控。其中,MST1/2是核心激酶Hippo蛋白在哺乳动物中的同源物,对于下游信号通路的激活至关重要。此外,MST1/2在细胞分化、形态和细胞骨架重排等方面也发挥重要作用。近期多项研究工作指出,MST1/2参与调控免疫T细胞的粘附、迁移、归巢和抑制性Treg细胞的成熟与功能,以及心肌细胞自噬等过程。有趣的是,这一功能是不依赖经典的Hippo信号通路的,被称为“非经典Hippo信号通路”。最新的研究结果揭示了MST1/2通过非经典Hippo信号通路调控先天免疫巨噬细胞对病原菌或病毒的免疫应答,包括巨噬细胞的吞噬、细胞因子(炎症因子、趋化因子、Ⅰ型干扰素等)和线粒体活性氧的产生,从而在机体抵抗细菌病毒感染、炎症相关癌症、动脉粥样硬化等疾病中发挥重要功能。本文对MST1/2调控先天免疫功能、相关分子机制和疾病进行了总结和讨论。     

Hippo信号通路调控免疫细胞的功能

Hippo信号通路最初是在果蝇(Drosophila)中被发现的,是在进化上高度保守并能调控器官大小的信号转导通路。在哺乳动物多种组织器官中,Hippo信号通路的关键激酶MST1和MST2(果蝇Hippo激酶的同源分子)通过抑制下游的转录共激活分子YAP(果蝇中为Yorki)的活性来实现对细胞增殖和凋亡的调控。在这些组织器官中条件性敲除Mst1和Mst2或过表达Yap大都会造成细胞过度增殖或肿瘤的发生。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,Hippo信号通路不依赖于YAP的非经典功能也逐渐被发现。其中,Hippo信号通路多个成员在免疫系统中的调控功能逐渐成为该领域的研究热点,特别是在免疫细胞发育分化、机体自身免疫性疾病及应对病毒和细菌入侵等过程中所发挥的调控作用。本文重点阐述了Hippo信号通路在T淋巴细胞中发育、分化、活化和迁移等方面及在部分天然免疫细胞抗感染过程中的功能和调控。     

Hippo信号通路与海洋无脊椎动物天然免疫

Hippo信号通路是一条在进化上保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶级联信号通路，主要参与调控器官大小、组织再生、胚胎发育和肿瘤发生。在果蝇中，经典的Hippo信号通路主要由Hippo(Hpo)、Salvador(Sav)、Warts(Wts)、MOB as tumor suppressor (Mats)、Yorkie(Yki)和Scalloped(Sd)组成。其不仅可通过Fat(Ft)和Crumbs(Crb)等上游分子进行调控，而且还能与NF-κB途径、IFN途径、ROS途径、cGAS-STING信号通路以及Wnt信号通路发生交联，共同调控天然免疫过程。海洋无脊椎动物缺乏获得性免疫，主要依靠天然免疫抵御病原体的侵害。Hippo信号通路作为与生长发育和天然免疫密切相关的信号通路，对海洋无脊椎动物的研究中有着重要的意义。目前，对于海洋无脊椎动物Hippo信号通路所知甚少，关于其在天然免疫中的研究更是寥寥无几。开展Hippo信号通路在海洋无脊椎动物天然免疫过程中功能机制的研究，将为深入了解海洋无脊椎动物的天然免疫调控提供一种新思路。本文通过对Hippo信号通路的组成、调控机制以及其在海洋无脊椎动物天然...     

SIK2参与TGFβ信号通路的调节

SIK2是调节糖脂代谢最重要的激酶之一.前期研究表明SIK2的同源家族成员SIK1可调控TGFβ信号通路的活性,但SIK2对TGFβ信号通路的调控作用尚无报导.本研究中我们检测了TGFβ通路对SIK2的调节作用以及SIK2对该通路活性的调控.结果表明,TGF β刺激可诱导SIK2的mRNA表达上调|转染结合报告酶活性分析显示,SIK2可反式激活含TGFβ信号通路反应元件（CAGA）的人工启动子驱动的Luc报告基因的表达|在有TGFβ存在时甚至增强其表达|Western印迹分析表明TGFβ1诱导下敲低SIK2 使p21蛋白表达水平下降.本研究结果显示SIK2可被TGFβ诱导表达,是一个新的TGFβ信号通路正调控因子.     

综述: Hippo通路在神经发育和神经系统疾病中的功能

Hippo通路是一个调控组织器官大小、细胞增殖、分化和凋亡的高度保守的信号通路.我们研究了氧化压力条件下Hippo通路在神经细胞中的作用,并发现哺乳动物STE20样的丝-苏氨酸蛋白激酶(MST1)可参与氧化应激诱导的神经细胞凋亡,其上游受非受体酪氨酸激酶c-Abl的调控.近期,我们研究发现MST1参与脑缺血引起的神经炎症,还发现Yes相关蛋白1(YAP)参与神经干细胞的自我更新.本文将介绍Hippo通路在中枢神经系统疾病和神经发育中的作用和机制研究的相关进展.     

Hippo信号通路在乳腺癌中的调控机制及作用

Hippo信号通路是调控器官大小和肿瘤发生发展的关键通路,近年来受到广泛的关注。TAZ/YAP作为哺乳动物中Hippo信号通路两个核心下游效应分子,通过Hippo信号通路依赖性和非依赖性的机制受到细胞内外信号的严密调控。除了参与正常乳腺组织发育,Hippo信号通路还在人乳腺癌细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡、迁移、侵袭、上皮-间质转化和干性维持等多个过程中起着关键性作用。本文总结了Hippo信号通路的调控机制和调节信号,阐述了Hippo信号通路异常在乳腺癌发生发展中的作用,并讨论了其在乳腺癌中作为治疗靶点的临床策略。     

Hippo信号通路结构生物学研究进展

生物体内存在多种信号转导通路参与发育调控和组织稳态维持等重要过程,其信号异常与多种疾病特别是癌症的发生和发展密切相关。进化上高度保守的Hippo信号通路在个体发育和稳态平衡中发挥极为关键的作用。Hippo信号通路主要通过一系列相关激酶的相互作用和级联磷酸化来传递信号,能抑制细胞增殖并促进凋亡,在很多组织器官中控制细胞数量和器官大小。Hippo信号通路在一系列恶性肿瘤中出现显著异常,被认为是癌症治疗和再生医学的重要靶标。目前,Hippo信号通路中大部分关键组分已经确定,而其具体信号调控机制及功能正在完善之中。本文总结了目前已知的Hippo信号通路各蛋白成员的结构信息,重点从结构生物学角度对其信号的转导与调控机制进行分析,并对已有的Hippo信号通路靶向小分子及多肽抑制剂进行梳理,以期深化人们对该通路关键蛋白质机器的理解,并进一步促进相关的功能研究和潜在的治疗干预研发。     

Hippo信号调控果蝇中肠稳态维持的机制研究

Hippo信号通路是近年来发现在进化上高度保守的肿瘤抑制信号通路,能通过协调细胞增殖与凋亡来控制组织、器官发育的大小,并在干细胞的自我更新及组织稳态维持中发挥着极其重要的作用。Hippo信号通路关键成员的活性异常可以导致包括癌症在内的多种疾病的发生。因此,Hippo信号通路成员的蛋白稳定性调控是Hippo信号通路研究的重点之一。果蝇中的研究表明,Hippo信号通路上游成员Pez的蛋白稳定性受NEDD4(neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4)家族泛素连接酶Su(dx)及Kibra的共同调节,进一步的研究揭示了该调控过程的具体分子机制。该调控在维持果蝇中肠干细胞(intestinal stem cell,ISC)稳态平衡中发挥了重要作用。在哺乳动物细胞中的研究则提示该调控机制存在进化上的保守性。这些研究成果不仅加深了我们对Hippo信号通路调控果蝇肠稳态功能的认识,还为我们研究相关肿瘤发生发展的机制和发掘潜在的肿瘤治疗靶点提供了新的思路。     

Hippo通路在神经发育和神经系统疾病中的功能

Hippo通路是一个调控组织器官大小、细胞增殖、分化和凋亡的高度保守的信号通路.我们研究了氧化压力条件下Hippo通路在神经细胞中的作用,并发现哺乳动物STE20样的丝-苏氨酸蛋白激酶(MST1)可参与氧化应激诱导的神经细胞凋亡,其上游受非受体酪氨酸激酶c-Abl的调控.近期,我们研究发现MST1参与脑缺血引起的神经炎症,还发现Yes相关蛋白1(YAP)参与神经干细胞的自我更新.本文将介绍Hippo通路在中枢神经系统疾病和神经发育中的作用和机制研究的相关进展.     

Regulators of mammalian Hippo pathway in cancer

Hippo pathway, originally discovered in Drosophila, is responsible for organ size control. The pathway is conserved in mammals and has a significant role in restraining cancer development. Regulating the Hippo pathway thus represents a potential therapeutic approach to treat cancer, which however requires deep understanding of the targeted pathway. Despite our limited knowledge on the pathway, there are increasing discoveries of new molecules that regulate and modulate the Hippo downstream signaling particularly in various solid malignancies, from extracellular stimuli or via pathway crosstalk. Herein, we discuss the roles of newly identified and key regulators that connect with core components (MST1/2, LATS1/2, SAV1, and MOB1) and downstream effector (YAP) in the Hippo pathway having an important role in cancer development and progression. Understanding of the mammalian Hippo pathway regulation may shed new insights to allow us selecting the right oncogenic targets and designing effective drugs for cancer treatments.     

Fat cadherin modulates organ size in Drosophila via the Salvador/Warts/Hippo signaling pathway

BACKGROUND: The atypical Fat cadherin has long been known to control cell proliferation and organ size in Drosophila, but the mechanism by which Fat controls these processes has remained elusive. A newly emerging signaling pathway that controls organ size during development is the Salvador/Warts/Hippo pathway. RESULTS: Here we demonstrate that Fat limits organ size by modulating activity of the Salvador/Warts/Hippo pathway. ft interacts genetically with positive and negative regulators of this pathway, and tissue lacking fat closely phenocopies tissue deficient for genes that normally promote Salvador/Warts/Hippo pathway activity. Cells lacking fat grow and proliferate more quickly than their wild-type counterparts and exhibit delayed cell-cycle exit as a result of elevated expression of Cyclin E. fat mutant cells display partial insensitivity to normal developmental apoptosis cues and express increased levels of the anti-apoptotic DIAP1 protein. Collectively, these defects lead to increased organ size and organism lethality in fat mutant animals. Fat modulates Salvador/Warts/Hippo pathway activity by promoting abundance and localization of Expanded protein at the apical membrane of epithelial tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Fat restricts organ size during Drosophila development via the Salvador/Warts/Hippo pathway. These studies aid our understanding of developmental organ size control and have implications for human hyperproliferative disorders, such as cancers.     

Hippo signaling: growth control and beyond

The Hippo pathway has emerged as a conserved signaling pathway that is essential for the proper regulation of organ growth in Drosophila and vertebrates. Although the mechanisms of signal transduction of the core kinases Hippo/Mst and Warts/Lats are relatively well understood, less is known about the upstream inputs of the pathway and about the downstream cellular and developmental outputs. Here, we review recently discovered mechanisms that contribute to the dynamic regulation of Hippo signaling during Drosophila and vertebrate development. We also discuss the expanding diversity of Hippo signaling functions during development, discoveries that shed light on a complex regulatory system and provide exciting new insights into the elusive mechanisms that regulate organ growth and regeneration.     

The Arabidopsis AGC kinases NDR2/4/5 interact with MOB1A/1B and play important roles in pollen development and germination

Pollen formation and pollen tube growth are essential for the delivery of male gametes into the female embryo sac for double fertilization. Little is known about the mechanisms that regulate the late developmental process of pollen formation and pollen germination. In this study, we characterized a group of Arabidopsis AGC kinase proteins, NDR2/4/5, involved in pollen development and pollen germination. The NDR2/4/5 genes are mainly expressed in pollen grains at the late developmental stages and in pollen tubes. They function redundantly in pollen formation and pollen germination. At the tricellular stages, the ndr2 ndr4 ndr5 mutant pollen grains exhibit an abnormal accumulation of callose, precocious germination and burst in anthers, leading to a drastic reduction in fertilization and a reduced seed set. NDR2/4/5 proteins can interact with another group of proteins (MOB1A/1B) homologous to the MOB proteins from the Hippo signaling pathway in yeast and animals. The Arabidopsis mob1a mob1b mutant pollen grains also have a phenotype similar to that of ndr2 ndr4 ndr5 pollen grains. These results provide new evidence demonstrating that the Hippo signaling components are conserved in plants and play important roles in sexual plant reproduction.     

Hippo pathway in intestinal homeostasis and tumorigenesis

The Hippo pathway plays a crucial role in controlling organ size by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell death. Recent findings implicate that this pathway is involved in the process of intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis. Here we summarize current studies for the function of the Hippo signaling pathway in intestinal homeostasis, regeneration and tumorigenesis, and the crosstalk between the Hippo signaling pathway and other major signaling pathways, i.e. Wnt, Notch and Jak/Stat signaling pathways in intestinal compartment.     

Coordinating developmental signaling: novel roles for the Hippo pathway

Genetic and biochemical studies have defined the Hippo pathway as a central mediator of developmental and pathogenic signals. By directing intracellular signaling events, the Hippo pathway fine-tunes cell proliferation, cell death, and cell-fate decisions, and coordinates these cues to specify animal organ size. Recent studies have revealed that Hippo pathway-mediated processes are interconnected with those of other key signaling cascades, such as those mediated by TGF-β and Wnt growth factors. Moreover, several reports have described a role for cell contact-mediated polarity proteins in Hippo pathway regulation. Emerging details suggest that crosstalk between these signals drives fundamental developmental processes, and deregulated intercellular communication influences disease progression, such as cancer. We review recent data with a focus on how the Hippo pathway integrates its activity with other signaling pathways.     

The dark side of hippo signaling: A cancer promoter role

The Hippo signaling pathway regulates organ size and tissue homeostasis. Given this role it is unsurprising that dysregulation of this pathway has implications for cancer progression. A convincing body of literature shows that the Hippo pathway serves a tumor suppressive function with its inactivation leading to massive overgrowth. However, additional studies have also shown that activation of Hippo signaling can promote tumor progression. It remains unknown how a single pathway can produce such diametrically opposed effects. This lack of knowledge is in part due to our inability to make meaningful comparisons from studies which have taken place in a variety of cell types, tissues, and organisms. Recently however, we have published 2 studies using the Drosophila wing disk to study the Hippo pathway and have found that Hippo pathway activation can promote cell migration and invasion while Hippo pathway inactivation leads to overgrowth. Thus we propose here that Drosophila can provide a research platform with which to begin addressing how the Hippo pathway can both enhance and suppress tumor progression due to published pro- and anti-tumor functionalities of the Hippo pathway in the same tissue.