非水介质中辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）催化酚类底物聚合反应速度的影响因素

利用荧光测活法研究了非水介质中不同的对位取代基团对酚类底物ＨＲＰ催合的反应速度的影响,发现反应速度既同对位取代基轩和的空产阻效应有关,又同反应中间态的自由基活性有关,两者共同影响反应速度。同时还考察了有机溶剂对反应速度的影响。     

新型N-取代吡咯类化合物的体外抗肿瘤活性研究

目的:研究37个新型N-取代吡咯类化合物的体外抗肿瘤活性,并探讨这些化合物的结构-活性关系。方法:运用MTT法来测试37个化合物对5种肿瘤细胞和1种正常细胞的体外细胞增殖抑制活性。结果:化合物3f活性最高,其对MGC80-3的IC50值为61.29μM。同时成功地总结了新型N-取代吡咯化合物的构效关系:(1)对于吡咯母核的3位,取代苯环上对位氯取代和对位叔丁基取代化合物的抗肿瘤活性差不多,并且没有明显的规律性。(2)对于吡咯母核的4位,取代基团的电子云密度对抗肿瘤活性的影响也没有明显的规律。(3)对于吡咯母核的1位,当3位为对叔丁基苯基取代时,其整体活性顺序为:(苄基,溴乙基)(甲基,乙基,丙基,丁基)乙烯基;当3位为对氯苯基取代时,其整体活性顺序为:(乙烯基,苄基)(甲基,乙基,丙基,丁基)。结论:为了得到更好的抗肿瘤活性化合物,吡咯母核的1号位置上应该接入苄基等大空间位阻基团、容易形成氢键的基团或者不接入任何取代基,从而为吡咯类化合物的进一步结构修饰以开发更高活性的抗肿瘤化合物提供指导。     

Phen-Cu-Vc-H_2O_2体系中DNA化学发光的碱基特异性

在Ｐｈｅｎ－Ｃｕ－Ｖｃ－Ｈ２Ｏ２体系中研究了ＤＮＡ损伤过程中化学发光的碱基特异性。结果表明,ＤＮＡ的发光强度随ＤＮＡ浓度增大而线性增大,五种常见碱基中只有鸟嘌呤可产生发光。鸟嘌呤环上不同位点的取代对发光有不同影响,Ｎ７,Ｏ６位甲基取代使发光减弱,Ｎ９位核糖磷酸取代使发光增强,并随所含磷酸基团数目的增多而增大。脱氧核糖鸟苷或鸟苷酸发光强度大于核糖鸟苷或鸟苷酸     

蛋白质功能基团的改变与其生物活力的关系——Ⅰ.用图解法求必需基团数并判断其性质

本文提供了一个方法,可以根据蛋白貭某些功能团的改变与其生物活力之間的定量关系;作图求得这些功能团中的必需基团数。当不只一种功能团为某一試剂破坏时,也可以据此判断必需基团的性貭。由于无需測定基团改变反应速度,在推理过程中一般也不包含反应速度为一級的假定,因而較Koshland的动力学方法,有更为广泛的应用。根据文献上記載的,有足够定量数据的一些实例計算获得了滿意的結果。从这些結果看来,在一些侧鏈功能团中的必需基团数常小于3。在討論中列举了这一类方法在应用中存在的一些限制,对于这些限制所可能采取的补救方法,以及在使用这些方法时的一些应注意之点。     

花旗松素衍生物的设计、合成及抗炎活性构效关系研究北大核心CSCD

以邻羟基苯乙酮衍生物和苯甲醛衍生物为原料,经缩合、氧化、水解生成A环和/或B环取代的花旗松素衍生物4a^4o。以邻氨基苯乙酮衍生物和苯甲醛衍生物为原料,经同样的方法得到C环改变的花旗松素衍生物4p^4r。共设计合成19个化合物,其结构经核磁共振氢谱、碳谱分析确证。测定所合成化合物对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264. 7的体外抗炎活性。结果表明:A环上的5,7位酚羟基是其发挥活性的关键性基团; B环4/位的卤素取代基对于活性影响极大,特别是氟原子的取代效果尤其显著;改变C环的结构都会使其炎症因子的抑制作用降低。     

花旗松素衍生物的设计、合成及抗炎活性构效关系研究

以邻羟基苯乙酮衍生物和苯甲醛衍生物为原料,经缩合、氧化、水解生成A环和/或B环取代的花旗松素衍生物4a~4o。以邻氨基苯乙酮衍生物和苯甲醛衍生物为原料,经同样的方法得到C环改变的花旗松素衍生物4p~4r。共设计合成19个化合物,其结构经核磁共振氢谱、碳谱分析确证。测定所合成化合物对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264. 7的体外抗炎活性。结果表明:A环上的5,7位酚羟基是其发挥活性的关键性基团; B环4/位的卤素取代基对于活性影响极大,特别是氟原子的取代效果尤其显著;改变C环的结构都会使其炎症因子的抑制作用降低。     

κ-卡拉胶邻苯二甲酰基化衍生物的抗氧化活性研究

对κ-卡拉胶进行酸降解得到三种卡拉胶低聚糖,并进一步与苯二甲酰基合成制得三种分子量分别为1450、2520和3430的κ-卡拉胶邻苯二甲酰衍生物(LA、LB和LC)。对产物进行IR表征并对其取代度(DS)进行测定,并检测了产物对羟基自由基.OH、DPPH自由基和过氧化氢的清除活性以及还原能力。结果表明,上述三种κ-卡拉胶邻苯二甲酰衍生物的抗氧化能力强弱顺序依次为:LC>LA>LB,这可能与衍生物的羟基含量、取代基团的性质以及取代度等因素有关。     

不同取代度N-马来酰低聚壳聚糖的抗氧化活性的研究

低聚壳聚糖(COS)酰化得到三种取代度(DS)不同的N-马来酰低聚壳聚糖衍生物NMCOSA、NMCOSB和NMCOSC,其DS分别为0.25、0.67和0.89。对其结构进行红外表征。并考察了NMCOSA、NMCOSB和NMCOSC对羟基自由基(.OH)、1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH)的清除活性以及还原能力。结果表明:N-马来酰衍生物有明显的抗氧化活性,随着取代度的升高,N-马来酰衍生物清除DPPH的能力以及还原能力增强,即NMCOSCNMCOSBNMCOSA;清除.OH的活性顺序为NMCOSBNMCOSANMCOSC,即取代度为0.67的表现出最强的活性。这可能与氨基和羟基的数目、取代基团的性质以及清除自由基的机理不同有关。     

κ-卡拉胶琥珀酰基化衍生物的抗氧化活性研究

对κ-卡拉胶进行酸降解得到三种卡拉胶低聚糖,并进一步琥珀酰基化得到分子量分别为2720、4000和5960的κ-卡拉胶琥珀酰衍生物(A、B和C)。对产物进行FT-IR表征,并测得其琥珀酰基取代度(DS)分别为0.61、0.29和0.83。检测了三种κ-卡拉胶琥珀酰衍生物对超氧阴离子自由基O2.-、DPPH自由基、羟基自由基.OH以及过氧化氢的清除活性。结果表明:随着取代度的增加,其清除超氧阴离子自由基O2.-和DPPH自由基的能力增强;随着分子量的增加,其清除羟基自由基.OH和过氧化氢的能力增强。这可能与衍生物的羟基含量、取代基团的性质以及取代度等因素有关。     

木瓜蛋白酶的研究 Ⅴ.活性中心的C~(14)-标记

木瓜蛋白酶与不同当量的1-C~(14)-溴代乙酸作用結果,后者虽远为过量时亦只有半当量与每克分子酶結合(假定酶分子量为21,000)。C~(14)-羧甲基木瓜蛋白酶氨基酸图譜的放射自显影中仅发現一个被标記了的衍生物,可能是羧甲基組氨酸。看来活性中心组氨酸殘基与溴代乙酸的反应速度远远大于其他可能与溴代乙酸結合的基团,初步計算結果表明反应速度常数比至少在八百万倍以上。     

Kinetics of phenolic polymerization catalyzed by peroxidase in organic media

Phenolic polymerization was carried out by enzymatic catalysis in organic media, and its kinetics was studied by using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phenols and aromatic amines with electron-withdrawing groups could hardly be polymerized by HRP catalysis, but phenols and aromatic amines with electron-donating groups could easily be polymerized. The reaction rate of either the para-substituted substrate or meta-substituted substrate was higher than that of ortho-substituted substrate. When ortho-position of hydroxy group of phenols was occupied by an electron-donating group and if another electron-donating group occupied para-position of hydroxy group, the reaction rate increased. Horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase could easily catalyze the polymerization, but chloroperoxidase and laccase failed to yield polymers. Metallic ions such as Mn(2+), Fe(2+), or Fe(3+), and Cu(2+) could poison horseradish peroxidase to various extents, but ions such as Co(2+), Cd(2+), Zn(2+), and K(+) were not found to inhibit the reaction. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Dechlorination and para-hydroxylation of polychlorinated phenols by Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus.

In this paper we show that a polychlorophenol degrader Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus PCP-I initially attacked polychlorinated phenols (pentachlorophenol, 2,3,4,5-, 2,3,4,6-, and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol, and 2,3,5- and 2,3,6-trichlorophenol) by tetra- or trichlorohydroquinone-producing para-hydroxylation. The novel hydroxyl group was set in position 4, whether or not a substrate had chlorine substituent in this position. The hydroxyl was in each case derived from water molecules, as was shown by following the incorporation of oxygen from H2(18)O into the reaction products. Nevertheless, the para-hydroxylation reaction required the presence of molecular oxygen, whereas further metabolism of the reaction product, tetrachlorohydroquinone, proceeded also in anaerobiosis. All polychlorinated phenols were readily transformed at 41 degrees C, but none were transformed at 44 degrees C. In contrast to this, tetrachlorohydroquinone was metabolized at a high rate at 50 degrees C, but was not metabolized at 55 degrees C. Polychlorinated phenols were specific inducers of the para-hydroxylating enzymes; para-hydroxylated reaction products did not induce these enzymes. On the other hand, the degradation of tri- and tetrachlorohydroquinone was induced by any of the chlorophenols and also by hydroquinones.     

Effect of phenols on the oxidation of estradiol by uterine peroxidase.

The effect of various phenols on the conversion of [4 -14C]estradiol to water-soluble products by estrogen-induced uterine peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) has been investigated. Evidence was provided that those phenols which enhanced the oxidation of estradiol exerted their effect by activating peroxidase or protecting the enzyme from inactivation by the products of the reaction rather than by inhibiting the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase (EC 1.11.1.6). It has also been shown that tyrosine acted both as an activator of uterine peroxidase and as a water-soluble acceptor for the metabolites of estradiol. The ability of tyrosyl peptides to form conjugates with estradiol was influenced by the other amino acids and decreased with the number of adjacent tyrosyl residues.     

Reactions between amino acid compounds and phenols during oxidation

Summary About 30 per cent of organic soil nitrogen can be hydrolized with HCl to amino acids; about 30 per cent is nonhydrolizable. In contrast to this high content of amino acid nitrogen is the small availability of the nitrogen to micro-organisms. In light of the theory proposing a reaction between the -amino group of amino acids or peptides and quinones formed during oxidation of lignin degradation products or other phenolic compound, different types of phenols were oxidized by phenolases in presence of amino acid compounds.It could be shown that the reaction of binding of nitrogen started at pH values higher than 6.5, and that only such phenols reacted which had no methoxylated hydroxyl groups. The reaction of some phenols during oxidation in presence of amino acids was accompanied by deamination and decarboxylation of the latter.The reaction products of phenols with amino acids were stable against hydrolysis. Using peptides it was found that all amino acids, except the N-terminal which is bound to oxidized phenols, could be hydrolyzed normally.With serum albumin it could be shown that there is a reaction with the amino group of the N-terminal amino acid and also with the -amino group of lysine residues with phenols during oxidation. The reacted protein seemed to be degraded normally with a protease ofBacillus subtilis.Guest Scientist as Fulbright Research Scholar from the Agronomy Department of the Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.     

Kinetic evaluation of catalase and peroxygenase activities of tyrosinase

Tyrosinase is a copper monooxygenase containing a coupled dinuclear copper active site (type-3 copper), which catalyzes oxygenation of phenols (phenolase activity) as well as dehydrogenation of catechols (catecholase activity) using O(2) as the oxidant. In this study, catalase activity (conversion of H(2)O(2) to (1/2)O(2) and H(2)O) and peroxygenase activity (H(2)O(2)-dependent oxygenation of substrates) of mushroom tyrosinase have been examined kinetically by using amperometric O(2) and H(2)O(2) sensors. The catalase activity has been examined by monitoring the initial rate of O(2) production from H(2)O(2) in the presence of a catalytic amount of tyrosinase in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at 25 degrees C under initially anaerobic conditions. It has been found that the catalase activity of mushroom tyrosinase is three-order of magnitude greater than that of mollusk hemocyanin. The higher catalase activity of tyrosinase could be attributed to easier accessibility of H(2)O(2) to the dinuclear copper site of tyrosinase. Mushroom tyrosinase has also been demonstrated for the first time to catalyze oxygenation reaction of phenols with H(2)O(2) (peroxygenase activity). The reaction has been investigated kinetically by monitoring the H(2)O(2) consumption rate in 0.5 M borate buffer (pH 7.0) under aerobic conditions. Similarity of the substituent effects of a series of p-substituted phenols in the peroxygenase reaction with H(2)O(2) to those in the phenolase reaction with O(2) as well as the absence of kinetic deuterium isotope effect with a perdeuterated substrate (p-Cl-C(6)D(4)OH vs p-Cl-C(6)H(4)OH) clearly demonstrated that the oxygenation mechanisms of phenols in both systems are the same, that is, the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction by a (micro-eta(2):eta(2)-peroxo)dicopper(II) intermediate of oxy-tyrosinase.     

深山含笑叶片总酚超声波提取工艺的优化

采用单因素实验方法研究了超声波辅助提取过程中乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度和提取时间对深山含笑（Michelia maudiae Dunn）叶片总酚提取率的影响,并采用正交实验方法确定了最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,深山含笑叶片总酚超声波辅助提取的最佳提取工艺为：按1：30（质量-体积比）的料液比加入体积分数70％的乙醇,于65℃条件下用超声波辅助提取30min。采用最佳的超声波提取工艺,深山含笑叶片的总酚提取率可达到11．41％。定性分析结果显示,深山含笑叶片的总酚提取物具有典型的酚类化合物特性,并显示出鞣质类成分、黄酮类成分和香豆素类成分的定性反应特征。     

Removal of phenols and aromatic amines from wastewater by a combination treatment with tyrosinase and a coagulant

Removal of phenols and aromatic amines from industrial wastewater by tyrosinase was investigated. A color change from colorless to darkbrown was observed, but no precipitate was formed. Colored products were found to be easily removed by a combination treatment with tyrosinase and a cationic polymer coagulant containing amino group, such as hexamethylenediamine-epichlorohidrin polycondensate, polyethleneimine, or chitosan. The first two coagulants, synthetic polymers, were more effective than chitosan, a polymer produced in crustacean shells. Phenols and aromatic amines are not precipitated by any kind of coagulants, but their enzymatic reaction products are easily precipitated by a cationic polymer coagulant. These results indicate that the combination of tyrosinase and a cationic polymer coagulant is effective in removing carcinogenic phenols and aromatic amines from an aqueous solution. Immobilization of tyrosinase on magnetite gave a good retention of activity (80%) and storage stability i.e., only 5% loss after 15 days of storage at ambient temperature. In the treatment of immobilized tyrosinase, colored enzymatic reaction products were removed by less coagulant compared with soluble tyrosinase. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Enzymatic modification of kraft lignin through oxidative coupling with water-soluble phenols

The aromatic polymer lignin can be modified through promotion of oxidative coupling between phenolic groups on lignin and various phenols. The reaction is initiated by an oxidation of both components, e.g., by using the oxidoreductases laccase or peroxidase. Coupling between phenolic monomers and lignin has previously been studied by the use of radio-labeled phenols. In this study, incorporation of water-soluble phenols into kraft lignin, using laccase as catalyst, was investigated. Several phenols with carboxylic or sulfonic acid groups were used as markers for the incorporation. The modified lignin was isolated and the amount of phenol incorporated was characterized by means of titration, quantitative 1H-NMR, and quantitative 31P-NMR after modification with 2-chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,2,3-dioxaphospholane. Only a few of the phenols studied were found to be incorporated into lignin. When the phenol guaiacol sulfonate was incorporated into kraft lignin, the lignin became water-soluble at pH 2.4 and a low ionic strength due to the introduction of sulfonic acid groups. The content of sulfonic acid groups in the product was 0.5-0.6 mmol/g lignin. A lower amount of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was incorporated under similar conditions.     

The role of glutamine 114 in old yellow enzyme

Glutamine 114 of OYE1 is a well conserved residue in the active site of the Old Yellow Enzyme family. It forms hydrogen bonds to the O2 and N3 of the flavoprotein prosthetic group, FMN. Glutamine 114 was mutated to asparagine, introducing an R-group that is one methylene group shorter. The resultant enzyme was characterized to determine the effect of the mutation on the mechanistic behavior of the enzyme, and the crystal structure was solved to determine the effect of the mutation on the structure of the protein. The Q114N mutation results in little change in the protein structure, moving the amide group of residue 114 out of H-bonding distance, allowing repositioning of the FMN prosthetic group to form new interactions that replace the lost H-bonds. The mutation decreases the ability to bind ligands, as all dissociation constants for substituted phenols are larger than for the wild type enzyme. The rate constant for the reductive half-reaction with beta-NADPH is slightly greater, whereas that for the oxidative half-reaction with 2-cyclohexenone is smaller than for the wild type enzyme. Oxidation with molecular oxygen is biphasic and involves formation and reaction with O(2), a phenomenon that is more pronounced with this mutation than with wild type enzyme. When superoxide dismutase is added to the reaction, we observe a single-phase reaction typical of the wild type enzyme. Turnover reactions using beta-NADPH with 2-cyclohexenone and molecular oxygen were studied to further characterize the mutant enzyme.     

Reaction rate constants of superoxide scavenging by plant antioxidants

Plant phenols may exert protective effects by scavenging superoxide, which is implicated in tissue damage and accelerated inactivation of vasorelaxing nitric oxide. Preventing the interaction of superoxide with tissue biomolecules depends not only on the extent of superoxide scavenging but also on scavenging velocity. However, information on superoxide scavenging kinetics of plant phenols is scarce. We describe an improved lucigenin-based chemiluminescence assay for kinetic analysis. The use of potassium superoxide (KO₂) as a nonenzymatic superoxide source allowed simple and reliable determination of the second-order reaction rate constants between superoxide and plant antioxidants at physiologically relevant conditions, avoiding unspecific effects of other reactive oxygen species or superoxide-generating enzymes. We calculated the rate constants for phenols of different structures, ranging from 2.9 × 10³ mol⁻¹ l s⁻¹ for morin to 2.9 × 10⁷ mol⁻¹ l s⁻¹ for proanthocyanidins. Compounds with pyrogallol or catechol moieties were revealed as the most rapid superoxide scavengers, and the gallate moiety was found to be the minimal essential structure for maximal reaction rate constants with superoxide.