ISSR分子标记技术及其在植物遗传多样性分析中的应用

ISSR分子标记技术是近年发展而来的一种DNA多态性分子标记,具有简单、经济、信息量大、稳定性高等特点。本文论述了ISSR的反应原理及ISSR实验过程中的技术要点．并总结了ISSR在植物品种鉴定、亲缘关系分析,群体遗传结构、遗传多样性检测,以及植物育种研究中的应用。     

新型分子标记的应用探讨

随着遗传科学的发展,分子标记技术也在不断发展。目前,遗传研究领域出现了多种新型分子标记技术,由于新型分子标记技术较之传统的分子标记技术有很多的优点,因此新型分子标记技术有着十分广泛的应用前景。     

稻瘟病菌群体遗传结构的研究进展

稻梨孢引起的稻瘟病是世界水稻生产的最重要病害,严重影响水稻的产量和米质。文中综述了分子标记技术在稻瘟病菌群体遗传结构研究上的应用,分析了病原菌遗传宗谱的特点及其与致病谱的关系,探讨了导致稻瘟病菌群体遗传结构发生变化的相关因素。     

稻瘟病菌群体遗传结构的研究进展

稻梨孢引起的稻瘟病是世界水稻生产的最重要病害,严重影响水稻的产量和米质。文中综述了分子标记技术在稻瘟病菌群体遗传结构研究上的应用,分析了病原菌遗传宗谱的特点及其与致病谱的关系,探讨了导致稻瘟病菌群体遗传结构发生变化的相关因素。     

黄瓜分子标记辅助育种研究进展

本文综述了不同分子标记技术在黄瓜遗传连锁图谱构建、重要性状相关基因的定位、种质资源遗传多样性分析和亲缘关系鉴定、分子标记辅助选择、种子纯度与活力鉴定及其在黄瓜遗传育种等方面的应用,讨论了目前黄瓜遗传育种中应用分子标记技术存在的问题和今后育种工作的重点,并对黄瓜分子标记辅助育种的前景作了展望。     

分子标记及其在植物遗传育种中的应用

遗传标记可以说是生物群体中可识别的遗传多态性的一种表现形式。随着遗传研究特别是遗传作图的不断深入,遗传标记已从传统的以等位基因的表型识别为基础的形态标记、以染色体的结构和数目为特征的细胞学标记,及具有组织、发育及物种特异性的同工酶标记,拓展到目前已广泛应用的以ＤＮＡ多态性为基础的分子标记技术。现代分子标记技术的出现和发展为植物遗传育种研究的许多领域注入了新的活力。本文着重就目前植物遗传育种中所应用的一些主要分子标记技术及其应用作一概述。１　常用的分子标记技术自８０年代初有人提出用ＲＦＬＰ作为遗传…     

分子标记技术在烟草遗传育种中的应用

本文综述了几种分子标记技术（RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SRAP和SSR）在烟草遗传育种中的应用,包括分子标记在烟草种质资源、抗病育种等方面的研究进展。最后,分析了分子标记技术在烟草遗传育种研究中存在的问题及今后发展的方向。     

SSR分子标记在烟草研究中的应用进展

SSR分子标记技术作为最常用的分子标记技术之一,该标记技术重复性好,结果可靠,近年来在烟草遗传育种中展示了广阔的应用前景,是应用潜力较大的分子标记技术。介绍了SSR分子标记的原理及其分布特征,对其在烟草基因定位及分子标记辅助选择、种质资源研究、遗传图谱构建及种子纯度及真伪鉴定研究中的应用等方面进行了综述,并探讨了SSR分子标记技术在烟草遗传育种中的应用前景,以期为烟草SSR分子标记技术的研究提供参考。     

分子标记及其在核桃遗传多样性研究中的应用

核桃是我国重要的坚果和木本油料树种之一,具有重要的学术研究和经济价值。现代分子标记技术的迅速发展为核桃的种质鉴定、遗传育种、遗传多样性分析、亲缘鉴定等提供了崭新途径。本文主要介绍RFLP、RAPD、AFLP及SSR等几种分子标记技术的主要原理、特点以及在核桃遗传多样性方面的研究进展,分析了分子标记在核桃遗传多样性研究中的主要问题,并对其发展提出了展望。     

SSR分子标记在作物遗传育种中的应用

SSR(simple sequence repeat)是建立在PCR技术上的一种广泛应用的分子标记,具有含量丰富、多态性高、共显性等优点。本文简要介绍了SSR分子标记技术的原理和特点,重点介绍了SSR分子标记技术在作物遗传育种中的应用,主要在作物遗传多样性、基因定位、分子辅助标记、遗传图谱构建、品种鉴定和纯度鉴定等方面进行阐述。     

分子遗传标记技术及其在昆虫科学中的应用

分子遗传标记是随着聚合酶链式反应 (PCR)和Southern杂交等分子生物学技术的飞速发展而出现的遗传学标记技术 ,它突破了以往形态标记 ,细胞学标记和同工酶标记等表达型标记的局限性 ,在揭示物种的遗传变异性研究中发挥着独特的优势。分子遗传标记目前已出现了几十种 ,可依其涉及的位点和反映的多态性的基础分为多位点分子标记和单位点分子标记 ,多位点分子标记反映核苷酸序列的多态性 ,单位点分子标记反映基因座上等位基因的多态性。本文对一些常用的分子标记技术的特点和它们在昆虫系统进化、昆虫分类、昆虫生态、生物防治和特定基因标记等研究中的应用作了介绍。     

Assignment of non-informative turkey genetic markers through comparative approaches

Molecular markers such as microsatellites, provide genetic signposts for navigating genomes. In general, genetic markers that are monomorphic or non-informative in mapping populations typically remain unmapped and as such are less likely to be included in future studies. The use of hybrid cell panels and in silico mapping via whole genome sequences allow for positional mapping of non-segregating markers. This study utilizes the INRA ChickRH6 whole-genome radiation hybrid panel and chicken whole-genome shotgun sequence to map microsatellite markers from the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Thirty-three of the 41 markers typed on the RH panel had significant linkage to at least one other marker and 83 of 100 sequences returned significant BLAST similarities. Positioning of these markers provides additional sequence tagged sites in the turkey genome and increases the potential use of these markers for future genetic studies.     

Construction of a rat genetic map by using randomly amplified microsatellite polymorphism (RAMP) markers

Many rat strains have been employed in the genetic study of quantitative traits such as blood pressure. In such genetic studies, it is essential to prepare rat genetic maps fine enough to identify the genes regulating quantitative traits. However, it is not an easy task to isolate a sufficient number of genetic markers polymorphic between a particular pair of rat strains. In this study, we applied the randomly amplified microsatellite polymorphism (RAMP) method, a simple method to identify co-dominant markers (Wu et al. Nucleic Acids Res 22, 3257, 1994), to isolate markers polymorphic between the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat and the Wistar-Kyoto rat, a genetically hypertensive strain and its normotensive control strain, which share a common genetic background. We successfully identified 111 RAMP markers distributed throughout the rat genome after screening 3046 sets of primers. We also showed that we could isolate ordinary simple-sequence-length-polymorphism markers by cloning RAMP markers. The RAMP method is a simple and efficient way to identify co-dominant genetic markers on mammalian genomes. Received: 10 October 1997 / Accepted: 16 March 1998     

植物功能基因组研究中出现的新型分子标记

随着功能基因组学的发展,表达序列标签(Expressed Sequence Tags, ESTs)已经成为开发以PCR为基础的新型分子标记的重要资源。本文综述了植物功能基因组研究中出现的EST-SSR、CAPS、SNP、SRAP和TRAP等新型分子标记的基本原理和特点。这些标记具有其显著的优势,如开发简便、信息量高和通用性好等,尤其是由于它们来源于基因编码区（ORFs),因此具有很高的物种间通用性,并且其多态性与基因功能变异相关联。目前,这些功能基因分子标记已广泛应用于遗传图谱构建、重要性状基因定位、比较作图、遗传多样性和品种鉴别、分子标记辅助选择育种等研究中。在文章最后简要介绍了作者所在实验室近年来所开展的功能基因分子标记工作,并说明了在使用这些功能基因分子标记时可能会出现的问题。     

几种基于PCR的分子标记在甘薯遗传多样性研究中的应用

遗传多样性是甘薯品种遗传改良的基础。由于分子标记具有数量极大、不受环境及基因表达与否的限制、多为共显性、不影响生物性状表现等优点,现已在甘薯遗传多样性研究中得到广泛应用。本文比较了RAPD、AFLP、SSR、ISSR和SRAP等几种基于PCR的分子标记方法,分别从遗传差异和亲缘聚类分析两方面,对它们在甘薯遗传多样性研究中的应用进行了综述。对比分析表明ISSR是一种共显性、成本较低、重复性好、多态性较高且非常有发展前途的分子标记,并已经被广泛应用到甘薯遗传多样性、物种亲缘关系、系统分类和辅助育种研究中。     

Genetic diversity in European pigs utilizing amplified fragment length polymorphism markers

The use of DNA markers to evaluate genetic diversity is an important component of the management of animal genetic resources. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) has published a list of recommended microsatellite markers for such studies; however, other markers are potential alternatives. This paper describes results obtained with a set of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers as part of a genetic diversity study of European pig breeds that also utilized microsatellite markers. Data from 148 AFLP markers genotyped across samples from 58 European and one Chinese breed were analysed. The results were compared with previous analyses of data from 50 microsatellite markers genotyped on the same animals. The AFLP markers had an average within-breed heterozygosity of 0.124 but there was wide variation, with individual markers being monomorphic in 3-98% of the populations. The biallelic and dominant nature of AFLP markers creates a challenge for their use in genetic diversity studies as each individual marker contains limited information and AFLPs only provide indirect estimates of the allelic frequencies that are needed to estimate genetic distances. Nonetheless, AFLP marker-based characterization of genetic distances was consistent with expectations based on breed and regional distributions and produced a similar pattern to that obtained with microsatellites. Thus, data from AFLP markers can be combined with microsatellite data for measuring genetic diversity.     

反转录转座子标记及在作物遗传育种中的应用

反转录转座子通过RNA中间体进行反转录而转座,广泛分布于各种植物基因组中,拷贝数多,异质性高,在种内和种间表现出较高的序列差异性和丰富的插入多态性。针对这些特点,开发出了几种基于反转录转座子的分子标记,如SSAP、RIVPI、RAP、REMAP和RBIP等。由于反转录转座子标记能揭示出丰富的多态性,因而在遗传多样性和系谱研究、遗传连锁图谱构建及性状基因定位等方面得到了应用。随着分离技术的不断改进,获取序列信息更加容易,反转录转座子作为分子标记用于作物遗传育种将具有广阔前景。     

Molecules and migration: biogeographical studies in cruciferous plants

In the past two decades our understanding of plant biogeography has been improved substantially by the introduction of various molecular marker systems. Especially within the angiosperms, maternally inherited chloroplast DNA based data sets have elucidated not only genetic relatedness but also geographic structuring of genetic variation. These findings were based on the observation that DNA molecules might mutate during migration, which consequently found its manifestation in the term phylogeography introduced in the late 80s by John Avise. However, other markers such as codominantly inherited allozymes were used before the advent of DNA techniques and were used in theoretical population genetic studies. In actual phylogeographic studies, highly variable markers, such as AFLPs (amplified fragment length polymorphisms), were needed to unravel recent species histories (e.g. pleistocenic differentiation). The levels of molecular variation at such markers are closer to that of allelic variation measured with allozymes. Hence, an increasing number of studies have relied on highly polypmorphic markers, such as DNA microsatellite loci. Herein, we try to present an overview on the various biogeographic and phylogeographic studies using various molecular (including isozyme) markers and methodological approaches to analyse them, concentrating on studies done with representatives of the Brassicaceae family.     

DNA分子标记技术及其在水产动物遗传上的应用研究

随着DNA分子标记技术的发展,其在动物遗传上发挥了重大作用,使用DNA分子标记可以观察到整个基因组的遗传多样性。目前,在水产养殖种类中使用的遗传标记主要包括线粒体DNA、RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、微卫星、SNP和EST标记。DNA分子标记的应用使得人们对水产养殖动物的遗传多样性、近亲繁殖、种类和品系鉴定以及遗传连锁图谱建立的研究都取得了很大进展,也加快了数量性状位点(QTL)基因的鉴定作为分子标记辅助选择(MAS)的研究。将这些标记技术在水产动物上的应用进行了论述,以及如何从人类基因组工程和斑马鱼这种模式鱼的研究中得到启发,更好的应用于水产动物基因组学和遗传学研究做一讨论。     

Isolation and characterization of nine microsatellite markers from Coffea arabica L., showing wide cross‐species amplifications

Genetic improvement of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is constrained by low genetic diversity and lack of genetic markers, suitable screening tools, information on the genetic make‐up of available gene pool and long generation time. In this context, use of DNA markers such as microsatellites that provide high genetic‐resolution becomes highly desirable. Here, we report the development of nine new microsatellite markers from partial genomic library of an elite variety of Coffea arabica. The developed microsatellites revealed robust cross‐species amplifications in 17 related species of coffee, and their Polymorphic Information Content varied from 0 to 0.6, 0 to 0.78 and 0.67 to 0.90 for the arabica, robusta genotypes and species representatives, respectively. The data thus suggest their potential use as genetic markers for assessment of germplasm diversity and linkage analysis of coffee.