Mapping ecosystem functions to the valuation of ecosystem services: implications of species–habitat associations for coastal land-use decisions

Habitats and the ecosystem services they provide are part of the world’s portfolio of natural capital assets. Like many components of this portfolio, it is difficult to assess the full economic value of these services, which tends to over-emphasize the value of extractive activities such as coastal development. Building on recent ecological studies of species–habitat linkages, we use a bioeconomic model to value multiple types of habitats as natural capital, using mangroves, sea grass, and coral reefs as our model system. We show how key ecological variables and processes, including obligate and facultative behaviors map into habitat values and how the valuation of these ecological processes can inform decisions regarding coastal development (habitat clearing). Our stylized modeling framework also provides a clear and concise road map for researchers interested in understanding how to make the link between ecosystem function, ecosystem service, and conservation policy decisions. Our findings also highlight the importance of additional ecological research into how species utilize habitats and that this research is not just important for ecological science, but it can and will influence ecosystem service values that, in turn, will impact coastal land-use decisions. While refining valuation methods is not necessarily going to lead to more rational coastal land-use decisions, it will improve our understanding on the ecological–economic mechanisms that contribute to the value of our natural capital assets. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Application of surrogate measures of ecological quality assessment: The introduction of the Indicator of Ecological Landscape Quality (IELQ)

Despite the fact that many ecological landscape indicators have been applied so far, it is challenging to develop an indicator(s) which is easy and cheap to assess while at the same time reflecting the complexity of an ecosystem. The author aimed at the development of such an indicator: the Indicator of Ecological Landscape Quality (IELQ) which ranged from 0 to 2. This is based on the use of surrogate measures of assessing ecological quality (EQ) and a GIS approach. The employed measures include: landscape diversity, the degree of ecological significance of land cover forms, and the character of linear landscape structures. To verify the validity of the adopted measures, the indicator was calculated for areas under different conservation statuses and adjoining non-protected areas located in eastern Poland, 20 sites in total. The results showed that differences in mean IELQ values between areas under different protection regimes are significant (Tukey: p < 0.01). The highest mean values were obtained for nature reserves (0.86), and the lowest for non-protected areas (0.27). Explanatory factors for EQ included the proportion of natural and anthropogenic land cover forms, and the number of land cover forms. Surprisingly, the correlation between the latter factor and IELQ is negative (−0.704), indicating that the lower the landscape diversity, the higher the ecological values. From the protected area management point of view, the developed indicator proved its usefulness in terms of an assessment of ecological values and indicated changes in values over time.     

Using assessment of net ecosystem services to promote sustainability of golf course in China

Golf courses have been shown to have a positive impact on local biodiversity, quality of life and the economy. However, the impacts of golf courses on local environment, including ecosystem services and dis-services are not clearly understood. To explore this relationship, we took two golf courses in Beijing (a links course and a parkland course) to develop an assessment framework and present estimates of economic values of net ecosystem services, in aspects of ecosystem goods, carbon fixation, soil retention, flood storage, recreation, water consumption and nonpoint-source pollution. The results showed that the two golf courses have provided remarkable net ecosystem services values (links 51.58 × 10⁴ yuan/ha/yr, parkland 42.60 × 10⁴ yuan/ha/yr, 6.19 yuan = 1 US$ in 2013). Over 95% of this value is generated by three services: recreation, ecosystem goods and flood storage. Our results indicate that the parkland course has better performance in sustainable supply of ecosystem services than the links course. In addition, this study provides useful improvements for golf course design and management concerning positive environmental externalities optimizing, including the scaling of non-playing areas to maximize golf course ecosystem services supply capacity, appropriate grass species selecting and irrigation with recycled water. Moreover, a policy analysis suggests that the development of public golf course in China is a necessary complement to resolve the mismatch between private and public benefits and let more people enjoy the ecosystem services.     

Ecosystem Properties of Urban Land Covers at the Aboveground–Belowground Interface

Understanding of ecological differences among urban land covers can guide the sustainable management of urbanized landscapes for conservation of ecosystem services. The objective of our study was to compare ecosystem properties at the aboveground–belowground interface of three land-cover types commonly found in residential landscapes: lawns, bark mulch, and gravel mulch. Using unmowed vegetation as a reference land cover, we measured surface soil variables (to 5 cm depth), CO₂ fluxes, and ground temperatures in experimental field plots within 3 years after their creation. Each land cover had a distinctive set of ecosystem properties. Mulched plots had significantly warmer soil and surface temperatures, wetter soils and faster surface litter decomposition than vegetated plots. Variables associated with soil C and earthworm numbers were consistently lowest in gravel-covered soils, whereas bark mulch plots had highest earthworm abundances, lowest soil bulk density, and temporally variable soil organic matter dynamics. Compared to unmowed plots, lawns had higher soil carbon, CO₂ fluxes, and temperatures but lower earthworm abundances especially during 2005 drought conditions. We conclude that ecosystem properties of the land covers were influenced by the composition, density, and arrangement of materials comprising their aboveground habitat structures. We discuss our results within an ecosystem services framework and suggest that interpretations of our findings depend on in situ urban environmental contexts and landscape management objectives. Future studies of urban land covers, their ecosystem properties and associated ecosystem services are needed to help provide a scientific basis for sustainable urban landscape management. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Loren B. Byrne conceived of the study, performed research, and analyzed data. Loren B. Byrne, M. A. Bruns and K. C. Kim designed the study and wrote the article.     

沿海滩涂围垦对生态环境的影响研究进展

沿海滩涂湿地生态系统,典型的生态脆弱区,既是地球表面最为活跃的自然区域,又承载着人类的生存与发展,其生态环境面临着巨大压力。在社会经济发展和人口增长的推动下,沿海国家大力从海洋中争夺陆地,围填海造地和围垦开发成为许多沿海地区和国家缓解人地矛盾的主要方法。在此背景下,对沿海滩涂围垦历史进行简述,从滩涂土壤性质、生物多样性、土地利用变化及景观格局、生态安全和生态系统服务等5个方面综述了人类围垦活动的生态环境影响。随着围垦时间的增加,滩涂土壤在脱盐过程中累积养分,逐渐熟化,土壤物理、化学和生物特性朝着有利于人类利用的方向变化;植物物种多样性呈不断增加的总体趋势,且随着生境的变化,陆生昆虫和土壤动物逐渐替代湿地典型的底栖动物和水鸟;土地利用方式从自然状态转变为以人工方式为主,景观格局表现为破碎化程度升高、多样性降低和优势度上升;从自然景观为主的自然湿地生态系统转为以人工景观为主的人工陆地生态系统过程中,供给服务的价值是唯一处于增长趋势的生态系统服务功能,但供给服务的价值增加量小于调节服务、文化服务和支持服务的减少量致使生态系统服务总价值降低,而且滩涂湿地面临着土地资源安全、水资源安全、生物入侵以及自然灾害加剧等风险。在全球气候变化背景下,如何权衡资源利用与环境保护并实现人与自然共生,是海岸带湿地生态系统在人类围垦活动中面临的重要难题之一。因此,未来应以机理研究为基础,以长期定位监测为手段,以综合集成的研究体系及对策制定为目标,不断深化沿海滩涂开发利用对生态环境影响的研究,为推动人类围垦活动下沿海滩涂湿地生态系统的可持续发展提供参考。     

北京市生态用地规划与管理对策

不合理土地开发加速了对自然生态系统的干扰和侵占,导致生态系统服务功能下降,危机区域生态安全,开展生态用地规划是构建区域生态安全格局的基础。合理规划和管理不同土地利用类型的数量和空间分布对区域可持续发展具有重要意义。目前我国广泛应用的土地利用分类体系主要以土地的社会经济属性为基础,忽视其生态属性,导致以提供生态系统服务为主、保障生态安全的土地缺乏保护机制,具有重要生态功能的土地得不到有效保护。以北京市为例,建立了北京市生态用地分类与规划的思路与程序,在明确北京市生态安全与生态系统服务功能的关系基础上分析了北京市生态系统服务功能重要性及其空间格局,并进行了北京市生态用地规划。研究规划了保障北京市生态安全的7类生态用地:地表水涵养与保护用地、地下水保护用地、生物多样性保护用地、水土保持用地、河流防护用地、公路防护用地和城市绿地,总面积5137.37km2,占北京市域面积的31.31%。最后从生态用地识别和划分、将生态用地融入土地利用分类体系、生态用地管理措施和对策3个方面探讨了生态用地规划和管理的方法与措施。研究结果为北京市土地利用规划和有效管理提供依据,也为其它地区的生态用地规划提供参考。     

基于土地利用变化情景的生态系统服务价值评估: 以钱江源国家公园体制试点区为例

土地利用变化是生物多样性与生态系统服务变化的主要原因之一。评估土地利用变化对生物多样与生态系统服务影响对于政府决策具有重要作用。钱江源国家公园体制试点区是钱塘江的源头, 也是国家的重点生态功能区。本研究以钱江源国家公园体制试点区为研究区, 首先设计自然发展情景、规划情景、生态保护情景和开发利用情景等4种2025年不同土地利用变化情景, 随后采用InVEST模型和CLUE-S模型分析不同情景下钱江源国家公园水资源供给、涵养水源、固碳释氧、土壤保持、环境净化和生境质量等生态系统服务及其价值变化。结果表明: (1)核心保护区和生态保育区的生态系统服务价值占钱江源国家公园总价值的88.30%。(2)生态保护情景下钱江源国家公园生态系统服务价值最高, 有129.17亿元; 规划情景下生态系统服务价值次之, 有126.92亿元。(3)规划情景下钱江源国家公园水资源供给服务优于生态保护情景, 其他生态系统服务则次于生态保护情景。考虑到钱江源国家公园为下游提供重要的水资源这一功能, 将规划情景作为试点区2025年最优的土地利用变化情景。     

Spatial characteristics of land uses and ecological compensations based on payment for ecosystem services model from 2000 to 2015 in Sichuan Province,China

The ecosystem services provision is constantly under threat by anthropogenic pressures, especially which is mainly related to land use changes. A solution proposed to address these issues is the implementation of spatial characteristics of land uses and ecological compensation (based on Payment for Ecosystem Services) programs. In this study, we developed a framework for analyzing the spatial characteristics of land uses and calculating ecological compensation from 2000 to 2015 in Sichuan Province, China. We firstly examined the utility of lacunarity analysis for detecting spatial characteristic scales of pattern of land uses. Due to large-scale and regular distribution, the spatial heterogeneity of cropland, woodland and grassland were higher than that of water body, construction land and unused land. We then investigated changes in ecosystem services in response to land use change through assignment of per unit area ecosystem service value method. The total ecosystem service value is about 10,780 billion yuan·year⁻¹, and the woodland and grassland ecosystems contributed more to the total ecosystem service value. The critical areas (with higher ecosystem service value) for management purpose were identified depending on the heterogeneity of use services learned from spatially explicit measures. Considering the changed relationship between social and economic indicators and ecosystem service value based on spatial visualization and analysis, we finally constructed a quantitative estimate model for ecological compensation taking city (state) as study unit, and determined standard value so as to evaluate ecological compensation from 2000 to 2015. Spatial differences of the ecological compensation were significant among all the cities (states). The average payment standards of ecological compensation based on the population, ecological compensation based on city (state) area, and corrected ecological compensation were − 117.10 billion yuan, 4.41E-13 billion yuan, and − 58.55 billion yuan, respectively. The negative values suggested that the stakeholders of Sichuan Province should pay for ecological compensation, and the positive value meant the residents in the Sichuan Province can obtain the amount of ecological compensation. This proposed innovative framework provides a better understanding of spatial characteristic scales of land uses and enables evaluation of the ecological integrity of landscapes. It also fills up the gap in the field of quantitative evaluation of regional ecological compensation and provides a feasible way to reconcile the conflicts among benefits in the economic, social and ecological sectors.     

Can artificial ecological islands alter the biodiversity of macroinvertebrate? A case study in Fujin National Wetland Park,the Sanjiang Plain,China

1. Many policies and studies globally have highlighted the pivotal role of wetland ecosystems regarding wetland biota and their ecological status. With the strengthening of wetland ecosystem management legislation and policy, wetland restoration should also consider increasing habitat diversity to improve biota. We explore whether the construction of artificial ecological islands can increase the diversity of and macroinvertebrates before assessing the effects of actively constructing islands via human intervention on wetland protection.
2. We discuss changes in macroinvertebrate diversity (i) with and without islands, (ii) at different water‐level gradients surrounding the islands, (ⅲ) on different island substrates, and (ⅳ) at different time scales. We used ANOVA, ANOSIM, and cluster analysis to test the differences.
3. The macroinvertebrate communities had spatially heterogeneous distributions which changes over time due to both natural and anthropogenic stresses. The establishment of islands significantly increased the community composition and biodiversity of the macroinvertebrate. Water depth and substrate affect community composition of macrozoobenthos. The abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrates can influence the biodiversity of their predators (fish and waterbirds). Potentially, the construction of islands could provide some cobenefits for the conservation of wetland fauna.

Synthesis and applications. Establishing artificial ecological islands in broad open‐water areas and increasing water‐level gradient and substrate diversity can increase microhabitat availability and habitat heterogeneity. These changes can adapt to different ecological niches of aquatic organisms, increase biodiversity, and have a positive effect on the ecological restoration of inland freshwater marshes and wetlands.     

耕地易地补充经济补偿的生态价值——以江阴市和兴化市为例

以快速发展、后备资源极其匮乏的江阴市和发展相对较慢、具有一定可开发耕地资源的兴化市为研究区,探讨区域耕地保护经济补偿机制。从区域土地利用的角度,选取了区域土地利用结构、自然资源和土壤条件等对生态环境有较大影响的指标对耕地保护易地补偿的生态环境状况予以测算。同时,选取区域污染治理资金投入能力和科技投入力度等指标测算区域生态环境修复的能力,并从CO2的固定、O2的释放、土壤质量的保持、水源的涵养等方面对两区域的生态服务价值其进行了量化。结果表明:从2010年到2015年,两地生态价值而呈不断增长态势,补偿价值将由244008.10元/hm2上升到245871.37元/hm2。这一价值将应由兴化市保护耕地方支付给江阴市产业发展方向。     

西南干旱河谷植物多样性资源的保护与利用

西南干旱河谷是分布于我国亚热带横断山区的隐域性河谷景观, 其环境受季风气候、岭-谷地形环境和人类开发活动的共同影响。适应于季节性干旱和垂直气候分异, 干旱河谷具有独特的植被和丰富的物种多样性资源。在过去几十年中, 干旱河谷的气候变化以增温为一致特征, 同时经历着广泛的人类活动干扰, 特别是道路建设、水利工程、矿山开发和城镇化驱动的土地利用变化, 造成了普遍的植被破坏、生境退化和生物入侵, 给乡土植物多样性资源和生态系统稳定性带来了严重威胁, 然而至今对干旱河谷生物多样性的保护仍基本属于空白。因此, 建议及时建立干旱河谷的生物多样性保护体系; 因地制宜采取退化植被修复、立体农业规划、特色植物资源利用和风景旅游开发等措施, 以维持干旱河谷生态系统的可持续性; 落实生态文明建设的相关政策, 以保障西南生态屏障的生态安全和生态服务能力。     

喀斯特地区石漠化生态修复对土壤生物多样性的影响

我国西南喀斯特地区是具有土层薄和土被不连续等特征的生态脆弱区,人为过度干扰和土地不当利用导致了生境退化甚至石漠化的发生。从“九五”规划到“十三五”规划,为了有效抑制并逆转石漠化趋势,生态修复措施得到普遍的推广应用。“十四五”规划进一步提出科学推进石漠化综合治理,提高生态系统自我修复能力和稳定性。从土壤微生物、原生动物、线虫、微节肢动物、蚯蚓和线蚓等方面,综述了喀斯特地区生态修复对土壤生物多样性的影响。研究发现：(1)喀斯特生境细菌和真菌的多样性高于非喀斯特生境,原因是喀斯特具有较高的土壤pH和钙含量;(2)与非喀斯特生境相比,喀斯特生境土壤动物类群数相差不大而个体密度较低;(3)石漠化过程伴随着植被退化,降低了土壤微生物种类和功能多样性,土壤动物的个体密度和类群数也呈现降低趋势;(4)生态修复促进植被正向演替,土壤微生物量和酶类活性逐渐上升,真菌/细菌生物量比值增大,土壤动物个体密度和类群数增加,有利于土壤固碳和生态修复。因此,土壤生物多样性是适合指示喀斯特石漠化的生态修复的生物学指标。研究建议：(1)在传统分类鉴定基础上,结合宏基因组学、宏蛋白质组学和同位素标记等技术,完善生态修复的...     

The role of golf courses in maintaining genetic connectivity between common frog (Rana temporaria) populations in an urban setting

We studied population size, genetic diversity and differentiation of common frog (Rana temporaria) populations at urban golf courses and reference natural ponds in the greater Helsinki region, southern Finland. A total of 248 tadpoles from 12 locations (six golf courses, six reference sites) were genotyped with 13 polymorphic microsatellite markers. The most urban populations, situated in northern Helsinki, were the largest breeding sites having >120 (golf courses) and >200 (reference sites) spawn clumps at the time of sampling. On average, there was no difference in the number of spawns between the anthropogenic ponds at golf courses and the natural water bodies. Genetic variation within populations was substantial (H _O = 0.68) while genetic differentiation between populations was low (F _ST = 0.016; average distance = 17.6 km). The golf course populations did not differ from natural populations in terms of genetic variability or differentiation. Hence, our results suggest that golf courses contribute positively to urban amphibian populations by providing suitable water bodies for reproduction and green corridors for dispersal, thus preventing isolation and loss of genetic variability within populations.     

基于保护地役权的自然保护地适应性管理方法探讨: 以钱江源国家公园体制试点区为例

我国的自然保护地普遍存在着科学管控难、统一管理难和资金供给难等问题, 即便是国家公园体制试点区也不例外。本文以钱江源国家公园体制试点区为例, 设计了基于细化保护需求的保护地役权制度, 以探索一种能解决上述问题并能体现生态补偿的适应性管理方法, 包括: 细化主要保护对象的管理需求, 结合土地利用类型, 确定实施保护地役权的空间范围; 辨析保护需求和原住民生产、生活之间的关系, 形成正负行为的准则并以行为清单的形式体现; 从生态系统监测指标改善情况、正负行为遵守情况和社区能力建设三个维度制定地役权制度的评价方法; 据此形成地役权合同, 明确供役地人和需役地人的权责利, 形成考虑保护绩效的生态补偿方案。这种方法可以解决自然保护地因为权属不一致造成的生态系统和景观破碎化问题, 缓解社区发展和生态保护之间的矛盾, 在我国南方集体林地占比较高的自然保护地具有适用性。     

Spatio-temporal variations of ecosystem health in the Liuxi River Basin,Guangzhou, China

Ecosystem health is an important research topic. Several studies have mainly focused on ecosystem health assessment (EHA) on a large or medium scale, with only a few studies using small grids as research units. Based on the Vigor–Organization–Resilience–Services (VORS) model, which can adequately compute multiple ecosystem values for each land use type, this study used a scale with a 250 m × 250 m grid as the spatial research unit to quantitatively and dynamically assess the ecosystem health and analyze its spatial implications in the Liuxi River Basin, Guangzhou, China. The results showed that the ecosystem health level of each land use type is ranked as follows: water areas > shrublands > grasslands > wetlands > broadleaf forests > drylands > construction land. The amount of construction land area rapidly increased from 2005 to 2018 at the cost of a substantial loss of broadleaf forests, shrublands, and wetlands, which led to a decline in ecosystem health values. Thus, anthropogenic activities such as urbanization and deforestation were the main driving factors affecting land use changes and spatial distribution of ecosystem health. Furthermore, the correlation between ecosystem services (ES) and ecosystem health was the strongest, indicating that ES was a key indicator contributing to ecosystem health in the Liuxi River Basin. The ecosystem health of the Liuxi River Basin had a significant positive spatial aggregation effect which gradually increased from 2005 to 2018. The high–high aggregation areas were mainly clustered in water areas and grasslands, and the low–low aggregation areas were mainly clustered in construction zones and paddy fields. This study provides an important reference for evaluating ecosystem health based on the VORS model, ecological conservation, and the management of small basins in the context of rapid urbanization.     

Towards the conservation of freshwater fish: Iberian Rivers as an example of threats and management practices

The current freshwater fish fauna crisis is such that natural resource managers urgently need to identify priorities and understand the management consequences of actions aimed at maximizing the preservation of biodiversity. Freshwater research is often poorly linked to conservation ecology; and interdisciplinary studies illustrating examples of freshwater ecosystem conservation are scarce. The Iberian Peninsula has a long history of anthropogenic disturbance that has led to the poor conservation status of its ichthyofauna, with 52 % of species now catalogued as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable, according to UICN criteria. This paper gives an overview of the main threats (habitat degradation, hydrological alterations and exotic species) that have altered the function and connectivity of Iberian rivers. Case-study examples are provided to analyse the repercussions of these threats and the management actions planned or already performed in these systems. The interaction of many threats is responsible for native fish decline. However, freshwater managers and researchers should not let the trees prevent them from seeing the overall wood, when seeking to achieve practical solutions with the best balanced cost benefit and the collaboration of all ecosystem researchers and stakeholders. Conservation efforts should be focused on the preservation of ecological processes, in order to achieve the goals of the Water Framework Directive and guarantee the conservation of Iberian native fish species.     

基于景观安全格局分析的生态用地研究——以北京市东三乡为例

借助较为成熟的景观安全格局理论和方法,根据自然、生物和人文过程的分析,可判断和规划对某种生态过程具有战略意义的景观安全格局,即维护某种生态过程的最小生态用地（包括格局和面积）.本研究从土地的地表属性和空间属性2个方面界定了生态用地的概念,将其定义为：在不同空间尺度上,对维护关键生态过程和提供生态系统服务具有重要意义的生态系统（土地单元）及其空间部位.以北京东三乡为例,分析了基于雨洪管理和生物保护需求的生态用地,得出该区低、中、高3种安全水平下的生态用地分别占研究区总面积的20.4%、31.1%和48.6%.结果表明,基于关键生态过程的景观安全格局分析是生态用地定量研究的有效方法,该方法对城市规划和土地规划等具有重要参考价值.     

基于生态系统服务的山水林田湖草生态保护修复研究——以南太行地区鹤山区为例

开展山水林田湖草生态保护修复是生态文明建设的重要内容,将生态系统服务评价成果与山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程相结合,以国家第三批山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点-河南省南太行地区鹤山区为例,探究生态系统服务评价成果在区域山水林田湖草生态保护修复中的应用。结果表明,近年来鹤山区生态系统服务价值整体呈下降趋势且生态环境破坏严重。其中,2014-2017年鹤山区各土地类型二级服务ESV减少了303.95万元。研究期内,水资源供给、气体调节功能、气候调节、净化环境、水文调节、土壤保持、生物多样性和美学景观等8项生态服务价值都出现不同程度的下降;在鹤山区生态保护修复工作中需要重点关注生态系统的水文调节、净化环境、土壤保持和生物多样性等服务功能,相应的生态保护修复工程应集中在河道生态修复与湿地保护、矿山生态环境修复与土地整治、森林及生物多样性保护修复;鹤山区山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程能够提升区域生态服务价值。其中,工程实施后的生态系统服务价值总量预计能达到36407.95万元,比2017年增加7741.96万元,增长率为27%且各项生态服务价值均有提升。研究结果对鹤山区山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程的实施有一定的指导性作用。     

高尔夫球场草坪-杂草群落中主要杂草种类年消长动态及时间生态位

研究了亚热带地区高尔夫球场草坪 -杂草群落中主要杂草种类组成、年消长动态及时间生态位。结果表明 :高尔夫球场草坪 -杂草群落中各类杂草总计 5 9种 ,其中禾草 14种 ,莎草 4种 ,阔叶杂草 4 1种。在 2 0 %以上的样带小样方中出现的杂草种类为13种 ,即香附子、水蜈蚣、黄花酢浆草、铺地黎、牛筋草、两耳草、马唐草、天胡荽、狗尾草、空心莲子草、马齿苋、鸡眼草和犁头草 ;13种主要杂草总的年消长动态是 :1～ 3月份个体数量较少 ,4～ 10月份期间生长加快 ,但消长起伏不平 ,10月份后变缓 ;70 %以上的主要杂草在草坪 -杂草群落中生态位宽度均在 0 .7左右 ,其中生态位宽度较高的杂草种类为香附子 (0 .90 5 4 )、水蜈蚣(0 .86 18)和黄花酢浆草 (0 .8381) ,生态位最小的杂草种类为马齿苋 (0 .392 2 ) ;13种杂草中 ,相似性指数最高的杂草种对为空心莲子草与马齿苋 (0 .75 98) ,最小的杂草种对为天胡荽与鸡眼草 (0 .16 6 6 )     

煤矸石山生态恢复的主要路径

煤矿开采过程伴随着大量煤矸石和废弃物的堆积,对当地生态环境造成巨大危害,恢复受损煤矿区煤矸石山生态系统成为近年来研究的热点。目前,许多研究者从煤矸石山土壤和植被恢复技术、监督管理等方面进行归纳总结,各有侧重地提出相应恢复措施,对于指导当地生态恢复实践发挥了重要作用。然而,绝大部分研究综述均未深入分析煤矸石山生态恢复过程中的关键问题,同时也未从生态系统的整体性和长期稳定性考虑设置恢复路径。基于此,通过梳理前人研究成果,归纳出煤矸石山恢复过程中的地质安全、土壤环境、植被恢复、种群繁衍、生态系统稳定等方面关键问题,从恢复前后逻辑关系和生态系统整体性考虑,设计出边坡稳定性处理及整形、土地复垦、物种选择、人工建植、土壤种子库形成、种群繁衍与更新、生态系统健康和稳定性评价、补充措施等一整套煤矸石山生态恢复的主要路径和方法,对煤矸石山生态系统恢复的基本途径从六个方面进行了总结,同时提出存在的问题和未来需要进一步研究的方向,为煤矸石山生态系统恢复实践提供重要理论指导。