基因工程α-半乳糖苷酶的制备及其性质研究

在获得可分泌表达α 半乳糖苷酶基因工程毕赤酵母菌株的基础上 ,尝试了基因工程α 半乳糖苷酶在 5L发酵罐中的表达以及从发酵液中纯化α 半乳糖苷酶的研究。在 4L无机盐培养基中接种 0 .4LpPIC9K Gal GS115培养物 ,最终得到 3 .5L发酵液。离心所得上清中总蛋白含量为 2 .1g L。根据发酵液中目的蛋白含量高、杂质少等特点 ,设计了如下的纯化流程 :离心→超滤→阳离子交换层析→脱盐→浓缩。纯化后电泳银染结果呈单一蛋白带 ,总回收率 41%。通过测定米氏常数等生化性质对重组酶进行鉴定后 ,完成了人B型红细胞的酶解实验。结果表明 ,从发酵液中纯化的α 半乳糖苷酶可将B型红细胞改造成O型红细胞。本研究同时在数量和质量上为α 半乳糖苷酶在众多领域的广泛应用奠定了基础。     

基因工程α-半乳糖苷酶的制备及其性质研究

在获得可分泌表达α-半乳糖苷酶基因工程毕赤酵母菌株的基础上,尝试了基因工程α-半乳糖苷酶在5 L发酵罐中的表达以及从发酵液中纯化α-半乳糖苷酶的研究。在4 L无机盐培养基中接种0.4 L pPIC9K-Gal/GS115培养物,最终得到3.5 L发酵液。离心所得上清中总蛋白含量为2.1 g/L。根据发酵液中目的蛋白含量高、杂质少等特点,设计了如下的纯化流程：离心→超滤→阳离子交换层析→脱盐→浓缩。纯化后电泳银染结果呈单一蛋白带,总回收率41%。通过测定米氏常数等生化性质对重组酶进行鉴定后,完成了人B型红细胞的酶解实验。结果表明,从发酵液中纯化的α-半乳糖苷酶可将B型红细胞改造成O型红细胞。本研究同时在数量和质量上为α-半乳糖苷酶在众多领域的广泛应用奠定了基础。     

一种来源于青霉的新的α-半乳糖苷酶的分离纯化及其酶学性质

从丝状真菌中筛选到一株产α-半乳糖苷酶的菌株F63,对该菌株进行了形态观察和18SrDNA序列分析,该菌株属于青霉属。采用硫酸铵沉淀、阴离子交换层析和分子筛层析等方法分离纯化了该菌株的一种α-半乳糖苷酶。经过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,此酶蛋白的分子量约为82kDa。该α-半乳糖苷酶反应的最适pH为5.0,最适温度为45℃。此α-半乳糖苷酶的热稳定性在40℃以下,pH稳定性为pH5.0-6.0。与已报道的α-半乳糖苷酶的活性都受到Ag 的强烈抑制不同的是,该α-半乳糖苷酶受Ag 的抑制作用不显著。以pNPG为底物的Km值为1.4mmol/L和Vmax=1.556mmol/L.min-1.mg-1。该酶可以有效降解蜜二糖、棉子糖和水苏糖,但不能降解末端含α-半乳糖苷键的多糖。通过利用质谱技术对纯化的α-半乳糖苷酶进行鉴定以及内肽的N端测序证明该蛋白为一种新的α-半乳糖苷酶。     

重组α-半乳糖苷酶的制备工艺研究

α-半乳糖苷酶是B→O血型改造研究中的关键工具酶。在获得了可分泌表达α-半乳糖苷酶的基因工程毕赤酵母菌株的基础上,进行了工程菌株在5L发酵罐中的发酵。发酵液上清中α-半乳糖苷酶活性为80～150U／mL,蛋白浓度为3～4.5mg／mL,比活性约为20-30U／mg。发酵液采用超滤、阳离子交换层析、疏水层析和阴离子交换层析等纯化方法,建立起了规模化生产重组α-半乳糖苷酶的工艺。制备的重组酶纯度经鉴定达98％以上,符合新生物制品的纯度要求。制备的重组α-半乳糖苷酶可有效地将B型红细胞改造成O型红细胞,从而解决了应用此酶开展B→O血型改造研究的关键问题。     

新型α-半乳糖苷酶的稳定性研究

目的：观察脆弱类杆菌来源的α-半乳糖苷酶（GAL）在不同pH缓冲液、不同温度下的稳定性,以及不同离子及还原剂对酶活性的影响。方法：以GAL对单糖底物对硝基-苯基-α-D-吡喃半乳糖苷（PNPG）的活性为主要检测指标,观察不同离子及还原剂等对酶活性的影响;观察GAL在不同pH缓冲液中和不同温度下的稳定性。结果：钙离子、锌离子、钴离子和高浓度的锰离子增强酶的活性,DTT抑制酶的活性,螯合剂EDTA的加入提高了酶活性。GAL在pH4.6～7.5时保存1 h后稳定性很好,能保持最高活性的90％以上;在4℃～45℃下保存的稳定性最好,45℃开始活性下降。结论：GAL具有很好的温度稳定性和pH稳定性,使其适用于血型转变和异种移植。     

α-半乳糖苷酶

最近各种媒体不断报道红血球类型可以通过酶处理进行转换 ,这对于输血和开拓血源有十分重要的意义 ,所用的酶是α 半乳糖苷酶。α 半乳糖苷酶 (α ｇａｌａｃｔｏｓｉｄａｓｅ ,α Ｄ ｇａｌａｃｔｏｓｉｄｅｇａｌａｃｔｏｈｙｄｒｏｌａｓｅ ,ＥＣ 3.2 .1 .2 2 )能专一地催化α 半乳糖苷键的水解。它广泛存在于各种植物和动物体内 ,许多微生物如双歧杆菌 (Ｂｉｆｉｄｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ)、黑曲霉菌 (Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓｎｉｇｅｒ) [1] 、大肠杆菌 (Ｅｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｉａｃｏｌｉ)Ｋ 1 2 1 [2 ]的抽提液中也发现有α 半乳糖苷酶的…     

α-半乳糖苷酶酶解对猕猴红细胞结构功能的影响

目的　观察α 半乳糖苷酶对猕猴类人B抗原的酶解效果 ,探讨α 半乳糖苷酶酶解对猕猴红细胞结构、功能的影响。方法　采用热吸收放散试验从 30只华南猕猴中选取类人ABO血型抗原较强的 2只A型、3只B型猕猴做为实验对象 ,以基因重组的α 半乳糖苷酶体外酶解猕猴类人B型血抗原 ,并回输到A型猕猴体内 ,测定红细胞脆性、自身溶血率、胆固醇、高铁血红蛋白、乙酰胆碱脂酶、ATP等红细胞的结构功能指标。结果　经α 半乳糖苷酶酶解后 ,猕猴红细胞胞膜完整、携氧能力正常 ,酶解后的“通用”型血回输给受体猕猴无任何输血反应发生。结论　α 半乳糖苷酶酶解对于猕猴红细胞的形态、结构、功能无不良影响 ,且在实验动物体内是安全的。     

用于B→O血型改造的不同α-半乳糖苷酶的比较

α 半乳糖苷酶因可水解人B型红细胞表面的α 半乳糖残基 ,使B抗原结构变成O抗原结构 ,而成为B→O血型改造的工具酶 .对可能具有酶解B抗原活性的 3种α 半乳糖苷酶 ,即来源于大豆、咖啡豆和人的α 半乳糖苷酶的结构和功能进行了比较研究 .首先 ,利用序列分析工具对 3种酶蛋白的一级结构和特性进行了比较 ;随后 ,将编码大豆和人的α 半乳糖苷酶的cDNA克隆入毕赤酵母中进行表达 ,对筛选所得表达菌株进行诱导培养 ,并从培养上清中纯化重组的大豆和人α 半乳糖苷酶 ;分别测定大豆、咖啡豆和人α 半乳糖苷酶的生物化学性质以及它们的底物特异性 ;最后 ,以纯化的重组酶对人B型红细胞进行酶解 ,并测定酶解后红细胞的结构与功能 .结果表明 ,人源的α 半乳糖苷酶不适于酶解B抗原 ,而大豆来源的α 半乳糖苷酶不仅可作为B→O血型改造的工具酶 ,而且比咖啡豆来源的α 半乳糖苷酶更具优势     

节杆菌β-半乳糖苷酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

分离纯化了由节杆菌所产的fI-半乳糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.23)并研究了其酶学性质.以乳糖发酵培养基培养,离心收集茵体,超声破碎细胞得到粗酶液;采用硫酸铵沉淀、Phenyl-Sepharose疏水、DEAE-Sepharose离子交换和p-aminobelazyl-1-thio-β-galactopyranoside...     

α-半乳糖苷酶酶解B型长臂猿细胞回输A型长臂猿的研究

使用基因重组咖啡豆α 半乳糖苷酶体外处理B型长臂猿红细胞 ,使其转变为O型 ,再回输给A型长臂猿 .α 半乳糖苷酶可以清除B型长臂猿红细胞表面B抗原 ,而不影响红细胞结构、功能及其在受体体内存活 .α 半乳糖苷酶酶解的B型红细胞输给A型血的长臂猿 ,未发生输血反应 ,受血猿的血液及尿液常规指标与输血前相比 ,无明显变化 .     

Partial identification of carbohydrate-binding sites of a Galalpha1,3Galbeta1,4GlcNAc-specific lectin from the mushroom Marasmius oreades by site-directed mutagenesis

The Galalpha1,3Galbeta1,4GlcNAc-specific lectin from the mushroom Marasmius oreades (MOA) contains a ricin B chain-like (QXW)(3) domain at its N-terminus that is composed of three identical subdomains (alpha, beta, and gamma) and a C-terminal domain of unknown function. Here, we investigate the structure-function relationship of MOA to define the number and location of its carbohydrate-binding sites. Based on the sequence alignment of MOA to the ricin B-chain lactose-binding sites, we systematically constructed mutants by site-directed mutagenesis. We have used precipitation and hemagglutination assay for the primary analyses, and surface plasmon resonance for the kinetic analysis. Among amino acid residues at the putative carbohydrate-binding sites, Gln(46) in the alpha subdomain and Trp(138) in the gamma subdomain have been identified to be important amino acid residues directly or indirectly involved in carbohydrate recognition. By surface plasmon resonance, Q46A and W138A were 2.4- and 4.3-fold less active than that of the wild-type MOA (K(a) = 2 x 10(7)), respectively. A double-site mutant (Q46A/W138A) had activity similar to W138A. The C-terminal deletion mutant MOADeltaC showed hemagglutination and precipitation activity, although its binding constant was 12.5-fold less active (K(a) = 1.6 x 10(6)) than that of the wild-type MOA. A C-terminal deletion mutant with mutations at both Gln(46) and Trp(138) (MOADeltaC-Q46A/W138A) was 12,500-fold less active (K(a) = 1.6 x 10(3)) than that of the wild-type MOA. On the basis of this observation, we conclude that both alpha and gamma subdomains are most probably involved in carbohydrate binding, but the beta subdomain appears to be inactive.     

Glycoconjugates for the recognition of Bacillus spores

Carbohydrates act as ligands in many biological processes, including the folding and secretion of proteins, cell-cell recognition, adhesion, and sporulation in the Bacillus genus. Fluorescent-labeled disaccharide glycoconjugates have been applied to evaluate binding to bacterial spores assuming that the spore surface is covered with carbohydrates. This study has shown that specific recognition of bacterial spores is based on interactions between disaccharide glycoconjugates acting as ligands and monosaccharide units expressed on the exterior of bacterial spores. Using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE), carbohydrates that are expressed on the exterior of the spores were enumerated. The findings have an impact on how to improve ligand selection, essential for sensor development. In addition, the findings provide new information for inhibition of bacterial spores, and in general, demonstrate how carbohydrates function as recognition signals in nature.     

(n-7) and (n-9) cis-Monounsaturated fatty acid contents of 12 Brassica species

cis-Vaccenic acid or cis-11-octadecenoic acid, a C18:1 (n-7) isomer of oleic acid (C18:1 (n-9)) has been found in several oilseeds. It is synthesized from palmitic acid (C16:0) via production of C16:1 (n-7) by a Delta9 desaturase and elongation by an elongase giving C18:1 (n-7). In this study, the fatty acid composition of 12 Brassica species was analyzed by GC-FID and confirmed by GC-MS. All species contained C18:1 (n-7), C20:1 (n-7) and C22:1 (n-7) fatty acid isomers, suggesting that C18:1 (n-7) was elongated. The levels of these fatty acids varied according to the species. C18:1(n-7)) represented from 0.4% to 3.3% of the total relative fatty acid contents of the seeds. The contents of C20:1(n-7) and C22:1(n-7) levels were lower than C18:1(n-7) contents; the relative fatty acid composition varied from 0.02% to 1.3% and from below the limit of detection to 1.3% for C20:1 (n-7) and C22:1 (n-7), respectively. The ratios of (n-7)/(n-9) ranged from 2.8% to 16.7%, 0.6% to 29.5% and 0% to 2.6% for C18:1, C20:1 and C22:2, respectively. Using statistical similarities or differences of the C18:1 (n-7)/(n-9) ratios for chemotaxonomy, the surveyed species could be arranged into three groups. The first group would include Brassica napus, B. rapa, and B. tournefortii with Eruca sativa branching only related to B. napus. The second group would include B. tournefortii, Raphanus sativus and Sinapis alba. The last group would include B. juncea, B. carinata and B. nigra with no similarity/relationship between them and between the other species. Results suggested that the level of C20:1 (n-7) influenced the levels of all monounsaturated fatty acids with chain length higher than 20 carbons. On the other hand, palmitoleic acid (C16:1) levels, C16:1 being the parent of all (n-7) fatty acids, had no statistically significant correlation with the content of any of the fatty acids of the (n-7) or (n-9) family.     

Concerted evolution between duplicated genetic elements in Helicobacter pylori

The Helicobacter pylori genome includes a family of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) with substantial N and C-terminal identity. To better understand their evolution, the nucleotide sequences for two members, babA and babB, were determined from a worldwide group of 23 strains. The geographic origin of each strain was found to be the major determinant of phylogenetic structure, with strains of Eastern and Western origin showing greatest divergence. For strains 96-10 (Japan) and 96-74 (USA), the 5' regions of babB are replaced with babA sequences, demonstrating that recombination occurs between the two loci. babA and babB have nearly equivalent variation in nucleotide and amino acid identity, and frequencies of synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions. Both genes have segmental conservation but within the 3' segment, substitution patterns are nearly identical. Although babA and babB 5' and midregion segment phylogenies show strong interstrain similarity, the 3' segments show strong intrastrain similarity, indicative of concerted evolution. Within these 3' segments, the lower intrastrain than interstrain frequencies of nucleotide substitutions, which are below mean background H. pylori substitution frequencies, indicate selection against intrastrain diversification. Since babA/babB gene conversions likely underlie the concerted evolution of the 3' segments, in an experimental system, we demonstrate that gene conversions can frequently (10(-3)) occur in H. pylori. That these events are recA-dependent and DNase-resistant indicates their likely cause is intragenomic recombination.     

Potential ultrastructural changes in rat epididymal cell types induced by Boswellia papyrifera and Boswellia carterii incense

Boswellia papyrifera and Boswellia carterii, known as Arabian incense, diffuses smoke, contaminating the air, which adversely affects human health. Therefore, this study was designed to ascertain the effect of these plants on histopathological and ultrastructure changes in cauda epididymis of Albino rats. Animals were exposed to 4 g/kg body weight of B. papyrifera and B. carterii daily for 120 days along with suitable controls. Our study indicates a significant reduction in epithelial heights. Cells showed signs of degeneration. The ultrastructural study revealed that the cauda epididymis was affected, including its cell types. Furthermore, a decrease in the size of mitochondria, Golgi complex, and both ERs was observed. In all treated groups, plasma fructose decreased considerably, indicating the sign of reduced energy, vital for motility and other sperm functions. The results of this study suggest that these plants systematically affect cauda epididymal cell types and its lumen through its potential toxicity.     

Ultrastructural and hormonal changes in rat cauda epididymal spermatozoa induced by Boswellia papyrifera and Boswellia carterii

Boswellia papyrifera and Boswellia carterii diffuses smoke polluting air that adversely affects indoor environment that certainly harm human health. Therefore, this study aims at ascertaining the effect of these plants on gonadal hormones and molecular changes in rat spermatozoa. The animals were exposed to 4 g/kg body weight of B. papyrifera and B. carterii daily for 120 days along with suitable controls. Significant decreases in FSH, LH and testosterone levels were evidenced, along with a reduction of protein, sialic acid, and carnitine levels. In sperm physiology, sperm count, motility, speed decrease, whereas sperm anomalies increase. TEM observation indicates morphological changes in plasma and acrosomal membranes, cytoplasmic droplet in the tail region, vacuolated, and disorganization of the mitochondrial sheath. These findings demonstrate that B. papyrifera and B. carterii smoke affects the process of sperm formation and maturation, which indicates the detrimental effects of these plants on the reproductive system.     

Characterization and expression of cry4Cb1 and cry30Ga1 from Bacillus thuringiensis strain HS18-1

We characterized a novel Bacillus thuringiensis isolate native to China (HS18-1) that shows a spherical crystal harboring two major proteins of about 70 and 130 kDa, and contains three novel cry genes (cry4Cb1, cry30Ga1, cry54-type). Furthermore, the cry4Cb1 and cry30Ga1 genes were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3): pLysS. Insecticidal activity tests showed that the cry4Cb1 protein exhibited larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti (Diptera) and the cry30Ga1 protein was toxic to both A. aegypti and P. xylostella (Lepidoptera).     

Species distribution of staphylococci from small wild mammals

A total of 197 isolates of Staphylococcus from small wild animals (insectivores and rodents) were identified by partial sequencing of the rpoB and dnaJ genes. Among the identified isolates the predominant species was S. succinus (28%), followed by S. xylosus (20.8%) and S. stepanovicii (18.3%). The other 14 Staphylococcus species were occasionally isolated. PCR-RFLP of the rpoB gene digested by Hpy8I was a fast and simple method to distinguish the two subspecies of S. succinus. More than 90% of the 55 S. succinus strains isolated belonged to S. succinus subsp. casei and only 9% to S. succinus subsp. succinus. Moreover, the present study describes the first ever isolation of S. fleurettii from healthy animals.