血液灌流联合CVVH在急性重症中毒抢救中的应用

目的 探讨采用血液灌流(HP)联合连续性静脉--静脉血液滤过(CVVH)在急性重症中毒抢救中的临床价值.方法 选择我院2007年8月～2009年9月急诊收治的28例重症中毒患者,在常规内科治疗基础上,采用HP联合CVVH治疗,对患者治疗前后的凝血指标、肝肾功能、血清酶学、氧合等指标的变化进行对照研究.结果 治疗后患者的凝血指标、肝肾功能、血清酶学等指标较治疗前均明显降低(P<0.05),生命体征明显改善;血小板较治疗前下降,但无出血现象.结论 HP联合CVVH对急性重症中毒的救治具有重要作用,可短时间内清除体内的毒(药)物,明显改善患者的中毒症状、肝肾功能、血清酶学及凝血指标,稳定机体的内环境,有利于改善中毒患者的预后.     

血浆置换联合血液灌流治疗急性重度有机磷农药中毒的疗效及对患者肝功能的影响

目的:探讨血浆置换联合血液灌流治疗急性重度有机磷农药中毒的临床疗效及对患者肝功能的影响。方法:选择我院于2014年1月至2017年9月收治的66例急性重度有机磷农药中毒患者,按照随机原则分为血液灌流组(n=30)、联合治疗组(n=36),两组均接受急性重度有机磷农药中毒常规治疗,在此基础上血液灌流组和联合治疗组分别接受血液灌流、血浆置换联合血液灌流治疗。观察两组治疗效果,治疗前、治疗1周后血浆丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素水平。观察治疗过程中的不良反应发生情况。结果:与血液灌流组比较,联合治疗组胆碱酯酶(CHE)恢复时间较短,而长托宁用量较少,住院时间较短,且抢救成功率较高(P0.05)。治疗1周后联合治疗组血浆ALT、AST、总胆红素显著低于血液灌流组(P0.05)。治疗过程联合治疗组出现1例皮疹,不良反应发生率为2.78%,血流灌注组无不良反应发生,两组不良反应发生率比较无差异(P0.05)。结论:血浆置换联合血液灌流能明显提高急性重度有机磷中毒患者的抢救成功率,同时改善患者肝功能,且安全性良好,值得临床推广。     

血液灌流救治危重型毒蛇咬伤的临床护理

目的探讨血液灌流(HP)救治重型毒蛇咬伤的临床治疗和护理方法.方法采用德国生产的型号为Adsorda300C的血液灌流器、CVVH导管为重症毒蛇咬伤病人行HP救治,护士配合医生,认真做好HP术前、术中、术后的观察与护理工作.结果5例患者行HP时间为4h,均为一次性炭肾治疗成功,痊愈出院.结论HP能及时有效的清除血中毒物,治疗效果确切,疗效快.在行HP技术时,护士应充分做好准备,掌握娴熟的专科操作技术,密切观察病情变化,保持各种管道通畅,保护好穿刺部位,及时处理各种并发症,才能保证HP的顺利进行.     

血液灌流联合血液透析治疗急性肾衰竭的临床效果研究

目的:探讨血液灌流联合血液透析治疗急性肾衰竭的临床效果。方法:选取本院接受的120例急性肾衰竭患者进行研究,依照采取的治疗方案对样本进行平均分组,对照组患者使用血液透析进行治疗,观察组患者使用血液灌流联合血液透析的方式进行治疗,观察并收集患者血液的相关指标情况、从发病到治疗时间情况、住院平均时间等方面的数据。结果:经过治疗后发现,观察组患者的血液指标情况改变的幅度明显高于对照组患者。P0.05。在从中毒到治疗时间情况、住院平均时间情况方面两组患者没有显著性的差异,但是观察组患者肾功能恢复的时间明显低于对照组患者,P0.05。具有显著性差异和统计学意义。结论:研究证实让肾衰竭急性发作的患者接受血液灌流治疗的同时,对患者实施透析能大幅优化疗效,提升患者复原几率,因此该联合方案具有普及价值。     

血液灌流治疗重症有机磷中毒24例分析

有机磷农药是我国使用最广、用量最大的杀虫剂。自服或误服有机磷农药引起的中毒时有发生,重度中毒对健康、生命危害较大。2002年以来我院应用血液灌流（HP）疗法治疗重度有机磷中毒24例,与同期常规治疗重度有机磷中毒19例进行对比观察,疗效显著。现报告如下。     

血液灌流联合抗蛇毒血清对蛇咬伤所致急性重症患者的疗效

目的探讨血液灌流(HP)联合抗蛇毒血清治疗蛇咬伤所致急性重症患者的效果。方法选择2017年10月～2018年11月我院收治的蛇咬伤所致急性重症患者70例为研究对象,按治疗的不同分为对照组和研究组各35例。对照组应用抗蛇毒血清+常规治疗,研究组在对照组的基础上加用血液灌流治疗。观察两组患者的治疗效果、肝肾功能以及凝血功能情况。结果研究组的治疗总有效率(88.57%)高于对照组(68.57%),总胆红素(TB)、尿素氮(BUN)均低于对照组,血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)均短于对照组,组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血液灌流联合抗蛇毒血清治疗蛇咬伤所致急性重症患者的效果显著,能够提高治愈率,对肝、肾功能具有一定的积极作用。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚治疗有机磷中毒重度中间综合症临床研究

目的:探讨分析盐酸戊乙奎醚在急性有机磷中毒重度中间综合症治疗中的效果。方法:选取急性有机磷中毒并发重度中间综合症患者34例,依治疗方案分为对照组和观察组,各17例。2组患者基础治疗相同,对照组给予氯解磷定+阿托品+机械通气治疗;观察组采用氯解磷定+盐酸戊乙奎醚+机械通气治疗。观察比较2组患者肌无力症状消失时间、机械通气时间以及住院时间。结果:观察组患者肌无力症状消失时间、机械通气时间以及住院时间均明显低于对照组,经比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:盐酸戊乙奎醚可快速有效缓解急性有机磷中毒重度中间综合症患者的临床症状,显著缩短病程。     

急性重度有机磷农药中毒采用序贯性血液净化治疗的效果分析

目的分析观察采用序贯性血液净化治疗急性重度有机磷农药中毒的临床效果。方法选取2012年6月-2015年6月于我院接受治疗的急性重度有机磷农药中毒患者90例,根据数字随机表随机分为实验组(n=45)和对照组(n=45),对照组患者在常规的治疗方法的基础上行序贯性血液灌流,实验组患者在常规治疗的基础上进行序贯性血液灌流以及连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过,比较两组患者的治愈有效率以及两组患者的昏迷时间、胆碱酯酶活性恢复的时间、机械通气时间以及平均住院时间。结果实验组患者治愈率为95.6%,对照组患者治愈率为86.7%,此外,实验组患者的各项时间指标均明显优于对照组患者,结果对比P0.05,说明差异性较大,有统计学意义。结论急性重度有机磷农药中毒采用序贯性血液净化治疗可有效提高临床治愈,改善患者的预后状况,值得在临床治疗中进一步推广使用。     

床边血液灌流抢救重症药物或毒物中毒的体会

随着血液净化的发展，血液灌流已广泛用于重症药物、毒物中毒的抢救，床边血液灌流不受场地限制，使不宜搬动的重症患者得到及时的治疗。近两年来，我院应用床边血液灌流技术对45例重症药物或毒物中毒的患者进行治疗，取得良好的效果。     

长托宁、阿托品联合血液灌流治疗急性有机磷农药中毒伴呼吸衰竭的临床疗效

目的:探讨长托宁、阿托品联合血液灌流治疗急性有机磷中毒伴呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法:选取2009年1月至2016年8月在我院治疗的重症有机磷农药中毒伴呼吸衰竭患者68例,随机分为2组,A组35例,B组33例,A组患者接受长托宁联合阿托品常规治疗,B组患者接受长托宁、阿托品联合血液灌流治疗。比较两组患者治疗期间血清乙酰胆碱酶、肌酸激酶的含量以及治疗情况、临床疗效,同时记录治疗期间不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗期间,B组患者血清Ach E的含量显著高于A组患者(P0.05),血清CK含量显著低于A组患者(P0.05);B组患者的清醒时间、到达阿托品化时间、中毒症状消失时间以及住院时间显著低于A组患者(P0.05);B组患者的病死率以及不良反应的发生率显著低于A组(P0.05);B组患者治疗的总有效率显著高于A组(P0.05)。结论:长托宁、阿托品联合血液灌流可以显著缓解急性有机磷中毒伴呼吸衰竭患者体内胆碱能紊乱的状态,提高临床疗效,并且有效降低治疗期间不良反应的发生率。     

胰岛素联合百令胶囊治疗早期糖尿病肾病患者的临床疗效

目的:观察胰岛素联合百令胶囊治疗早期糖尿病肾病患者的临床疗效,并探讨其可能机制。方法:收集在我院就诊或住院治疗的62例糖尿名肾病患者,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组31例。对照组患者给予诺和灵30R胰岛素,实验组患者在对照组基础上给予百令胶囊治疗。治疗后,对患者的血肌酐、尿蛋白、CD68以及临床疗效进行检测并比较。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后的血肌酐、尿蛋白、CD68均下降(P0.05);与对照组相比,实验组患者的血肌酐、尿蛋白、CD68水平较低(P0.05),临床治疗有效率较高(P0.05)。结论:胰岛素联合百令胶囊能够有效提高早期糖尿病肾病患者的临床疗效,可能与其降低血清CD68水平,减轻炎症反应有关。     

乌司他丁治疗急性胰腺炎的临床疗效及机制研究

目的:探讨乌司他丁对急性胰腺炎患者的临床疗效及可能机制。方法:收集我院收治的重症急性胰腺炎患者66例,随机分为实验组和对照组。所有患者均给予禁食水、充分补液、纠正电解质紊乱等常规支持对症治疗。对照组予奥曲肽,实验组予乌司他丁,共治疗7天。测定两组患者治疗前、后各血清白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-8(IL-8)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平;治疗前、治疗第1、3天及治疗后进行血常规检测,观察白细胞计数(WBC),并进行血淀粉酶(AMS)、尿淀粉酶(UAMY)测定;分别记录两组患者临床症状及体征恢复时间,判定临床疗效。结果:1治疗后,两组患者血清IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α水平均较治疗前显著下降,且实验组较对照组下降更明显(P0.05);2治疗后,两组患者白细胞计数及血、尿淀粉酶水平均较治疗前明显下降,且实验组较对照组下降更明显(P0.05);3治疗后,实验组各项临床症状及体征消失时间均明显短于对照组(P0.05)。结论:乌司他丁可有效改善急性胰腺胰腺炎患者的各项临床症状,这可能与其显著降低其血清IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、淀粉酶水平、白细胞计数及尿淀粉酶水平有关。     

早期肠内营养辅助治疗重症胰腺炎的临床疗效分析

目的：探讨早期肠内营养辅助治疗重症胰腺炎的临床效果。方法：选择2009年4月-2012年2月我院收治的重症胰腺炎患者共46例,随机分为实验组和对照组各23例,实验组在综合治疗的基础采用早期肠内营养治疗（EN）,而对照组在综合治疗的基础上采用全胃肠外营养治疗（TPN）,比较两组患者的血清总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮水平及血淋巴细胞百分比变化、血淀粉酶和尿淀粉酶恢复正常时间、住院时间及病死率,并比较两组治疗前及治疗后24、48及72小时的APACHEII评分。结果：治疗后,实验组患者的血清总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮水平及血淋巴细胞百分比变化均较对照组明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而血淀粉酶、尿淀粉酶恢复时间、病死率及住院时间分别均明显较对照组降低或缩短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗24、48及72小时后,实验组APACHEII评分均较治疗前显著减低（P〈o．05）,而对照组治疗24、48h后APACHEⅡ评分与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,治疗72h后APACHEII评分较治疗前显著减低（P〈O．05）。结论：采用早期肠内营养辅助治疗重症胰腺炎患者能有效保护肠黏膜屏障功能,改善患者的营养状况,增强患者的免疫力,并改善患者的预后。     

血液透析联合血液灌流及依达拉奉对尿毒症RLS患者外周血清中毒素水平、临床症状及睡眠质量的影响

摘要 目的：探讨高通量血液透析（HFD）联合血液灌流（HP）及依达拉奉对尿毒症不宁腿综合征（RLS）患者外周血清中毒素水平、临床症状、睡眠质量、负性情绪的影响。方法：选择2018年2月至2019年12月我院肾内科收治的174例尿毒症RLS患者,采用随机数字表法将患者分为三组。常规血液透析（HD）组（58例）采用常规血液透析治疗,联合A组（58例）采用HFD联合HP治疗,联合B组（58例）采用HFD联合HP及依达拉奉治疗。观察三组治疗前后肾功能[尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（SCr）、尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）]、血清毒素[甲状旁腺激素（PTH）、硫酸吲哚酚（IS）、硫酸对甲酚（PCS）]水平、RLS评分、睡眠质量、负性情绪以及不良反应的差异。结果：三组治疗后血清BUN、SCr、UAER、PTH、IS、PCS水平、RLS评分、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）评分、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA)评分、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分均有所下降（P＜0.05）。联合B组、联合A组治疗后血清BUN、SCr、UAER、PTH、IS、PCS水平低于HD组（P＜0.05）,联合B组、联合A组上述指标比较无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。联合B组治疗后RLS评分、PSQI评分、HAMA评分、HAMD评分均低于联合A组和HD组（P＜0.05）,联合A组低于HD组（P＜0.05）。三组治疗期间不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论：HFD联合HP及依达拉奉可改善尿毒症RLS患者的临床症状和肾功能,可降低血清毒素水平,并改善睡眠质量和负性情绪。     

Diagnostic method-based underestimation of leptospirosis in clinical and research settings; an experience from a large prospective study in a high endemic setting

BackgroundLeptospirosis has globally significant human mortality and morbidity, yet estimating the clinical and public health burden of leptospirosis is challenging because timely diagnosis remains limited. The goal of the present study was to evaluate leptospirosis undercounting by current standard methods in both clinical and epidemiological study settings.Methodology/Principal findingsA prospective hospital-based study was conducted in multiple hospitals in Sri Lanka from 2016 to 2019. Culture, whole blood, and urine samples were collected from clinically suspected leptospirosis cases and patients with undifferentiated fever. Analysis of biological samples from 1,734 subjects confirmed 591 (34.1%) cases as leptospirosis and 297 (17.1%) were classified as “probable” leptospirosis cases. Whole blood quantitative PCR (qPCR) did identify the most cases (322/540(60%)) but missed 40%. Cases missed by each method include; urine qPCR, 70% (153/220); acute sample microscopic agglutination test (MAT), 80% (409/510); paired serum sample MAT, 58% (98/170); and surveillance clinical case definition, 53% (265/496). qPCR of negative culture samples after six months of observation was of diagnostic value retrospectively with but missed 58% of positives (109/353).ConclusionLeptospirosis disease burden estimates should consider the limitations of standard diagnostic tests. qPCR of multiple sample types should be used as a leading standard test for diagnosing acute leptospirosis.     

Acute human toxicity and mortality after selenium ingestion: A review

BackgroundAlthough selenium is an essential element for humans, acute toxicity has been reported after high oral exposure.MethodsThe published literature on the acute toxicity of oral selenium was gathered and reviewed.ResultsReported symptoms and signs include abdominal symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea, pain, and nausea, as well as garlic-like odor on the breath. In cases of severe toxicity, cardiac and pulmonary symptoms may develop and ultimately lead to mortality. Mortality has been described after the ingestion of gun bluing solutions, which often contain selenous acid among other potentially toxic substances. Mortality has also been reported after the ingestion of other forms of selenium. Ingested doses associated with mortality are in the range of 1–100 mg Se/kg body weight. Blood levels associated with mortality are above 300 μg Se/L (normal level: 100 μg/L), whereas urinary levels associated with the same endpoint are above170 μg Se/L (normal level: 20–90 μg/L).ConclusionThe acute toxicity associated with oral selenium ingestion and the blood and urinary levels of selenium in different cases of poisonings were reviewed. Mortality is a risk of acute selenium poisoning. Concentrations of selenium in blood and urine samples in non-fatal cases are close to those observed in fatal cases.     

连续性肾脏替代治疗与间歇性血液透析对急性肾损伤的临床疗效比较

目的:比较连续性肾脏替代治疗与间歇性血液透析对急性肾损伤的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析从2014年2月到2016年2月来我院治疗的急性肾损伤患者50例,按照治疗方法分为连续性肾脏替代治疗(Continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)组与间歇性血液透析(Intermittent hemodialysis,IHD)组,每组各25例。记录两组治疗前的基线数据,治疗前与治疗后的血清C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、血肌酐(Serum creatinine,SCr)含量以及尿量恢复时间、重症监护室(Intensive care unit,ICU)住院时间、心血管事件发生率。结果:CRRT组与IHD组治疗前的一般资料以及尿量、血清CRP、SCr水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗1周后,与IHD组相比,CRRT组血清CRP、SCr水平明显下降,尿量恢复时间、ICU住院时间均明显缩短,心血管发生率(32.0%vs.64.0%)明显下降,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:CRRT治疗急性肾损伤能有效改善患者肾功能,缩短ICU住院时间并提高治疗安全性。     

Intensive hemodialysis and hemoperfusion treatment of Amanita mushroom poisoning

Over a period of fifteen years, 41 patients including 23 males and 18 females with Amanita mushroom poisoning were treated at the University Hospital of Lund, Sweden. The intensity of poisoning was graded according to serum transaminase elevations and prothrombin time reductions. Severity was mild in 16 patients (Group A), moderate in 14 (Group B) and severe in 11 (Group C). Members of Group C reported shorter latency periods before the onset of symptoms, (10±1 hours,p<0.05) and longer delays in treatment, (34±4 hours), than did the other patients. Intensive treatment was begun before the results of urine amatoxin assays were reported. Treatment consisted of: fluid and electrolyte replacement, oral activated charcoal and lactulose, IV penicillin, combined hemodialysis and hemoperfusion in two 8 hour sessions, some received IV thioctic acid, others IV silibinin, all received a special diet. This combination of treatment modalities was used to accelerate the elimination of amatoxin from the patients' bodies. The longest period of hospitalization, 13±2 days, was required by the patients of Group C (p<0.01). All patients improved and were discharged from the hospital asymptomatic. No sequelae were later reported for the majority of those moderately and severely poisoned. We have concluded that intensive combined treatment applied in these cases is effective in relieving patients with both moderate and severe amanitin poisoning.     

Mechanisms Underlying Early Rapid Increases in Creatinine in Paraquat Poisoning

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common after severe paraquat poisoning and usually heralds a fatal outcome. The rapid large increases in serum creatinine (Cr) exceed that which can be explained by creatinine kinetics based on loss of glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Methods and Findings

This prospective multi-centre study compared the kinetics of two surrogate markers of GFR, serum creatinine and serum cystatin C (CysC), following paraquat poisoning to understand and assess renal functional loss after paraquat poisoning. Sixty-six acute paraquat poisoning patients admitted to medical units of five hospitals were included. Relative changes in creatinine and CysC were monitored in serial blood and urine samples, and influences of non-renal factors were also studied.

Results

Forty-eight of 66 patients developed AKI (AKIN criteria), with 37 (56%) developing moderate to severe AKI (AKIN stage 2 or 3). The 37 patients showed rapid increases in creatinine of >100% within 24 hours, >200% within 48 hours and >300% by 72 hours and 17 of the 37 died. CysC concentration increased by 50% at 24 hours in the same 37 patients and then remained constant. The creatinine/CysC ratio increased 8 fold over 72 hours. There was a modest fall in urinary creatinine and serum/urine creatinine ratios and a moderate increase in urinary paraquat during first three days.

Conclusion

Loss of renal function contributes modestly to the large increases in creatinine following paraquat poisoning. The rapid rise in serum creatinine most probably represents increased production of creatine and creatinine to meet the energy demand following severe oxidative stress. Minor contributions include increased cyclisation of creatine to creatinine because of acidosis and competitive or non-competitive inhibition of creatinine secretion. Creatinine is not a good marker of renal functional loss after paraquat poisoning and renal injury should be evaluated using more specific biomarkers of renal injury.     

丙氨酰谷氨酰胺联合奥曲肽对重症急性胰腺炎患者的临床疗效

目的:探讨丙氨酰谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gln)联合奥曲肽治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的临床疗效及对患者血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平及相关生化指标的影响。方法:选取我院2013年1月~2016年12月收治的100例SAP患者,根据随机数字表法均分为两组。对照组仅予以奥曲肽治疗,观察组给予Ala-Gln联合奥曲肽治疗。记录比较两组的临床疗效、治疗前后血清IL-6、CRP、淀粉酶(AMY)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、前清蛋白(PA)和白蛋白(ALB)水平的变化情况。结果:治疗10 d后,观察组总有效率为88.0%,明显高于对照组的64.0%(P0.05)。两组治疗10 d后血清IL-6、CRP、AMY、LDH水平均显著低于治疗前(P0.01),且与对照组对比,观察组血清IL-6、CRP、AMY、LDH水平的改善程度均更为显著(P0.01)。与治疗前相比,两组治疗10 d后血清PA、ALB水平均明显上升(P0.05),且观察组治疗10 d后血清PA和ALB水平的改善程度均显著优于对照组(P0.01)。结论:丙氨酰谷氨酰胺联合奥曲肽治疗更能有效消除或缓解重症急性胰腺炎患者的症状与体征,控制机体炎症反应,提高营养代谢水平,改善预后。