山东藨草属(广义)植物果皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对山东产藤草属Scirpus L.(广义)11个类群的坚果果皮微形态进行了观察和研究,该属11种的微形态可以分为4个类型,即:Ⅰ波形网状纹饰,Ⅱ网瘤状复合纹饰,Ⅲ平滑型纹饰,Ⅳ横长网状纹饰.研究结果支持将藤草属Scirpus L.(广义)中藨草亚属Subgen.Scirpus的具球茎藨草组Sect.Bolboschoenus Ascheron、藨草组Sect.Scirpus和丝状刚毛藤草组Sect.Trichophorum (Pers.) Darl.分别提升为三棱草属Bolboschoenus( Ascheron) Palla和蔗草属Scirpus L.以及将藤草属Scirpus L.(广义)中秆苞蔗草亚属Subgen.lsolepis的湖边藨草组Sect.Schoenoplectus Reichb.和藨草组Sect.Actaeogeton Reichb提升为水葱属Schoenoplectus( Rchb.)Palla的处理意见.认为应在水葱属下设立湖边水葱组Sect.Schoenoplectus ( Reichb.)F.Z.Li & L.N Liu,藨草组Sect.Actaeogeton( Reichb.)F.Z Li & L.N.Liu,剑苞藤草组Sect.Ehrenbergii F.Z.Li & L.N.Liu.支持将青岛藤草Scirpus trisetosus Tang et Wang作为藤草Scirpus triqueter L.异名处理的意见.并对山东藨草属种类的学名进行了订证.     

中国杜鹃花属的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜对国产杜鹃花属Rhododendron6个亚属48种4变种植物的叶表皮特征进行观察,结果表明叶表皮的鳞片、腺体、表皮毛的有无和气孔器的类型具有一定的系统学意义。光学显微镜下可见：叶表皮细胞形状为多边形、不规则形,垂周壁式样为较平直、浅波状和波状．气孔器普遍存在于下表皮,上表皮未见气孔器分布,其类型均为无规则形。杜鹃亚属subgen．Rhododendron叶表皮具有鳞片,在扫描电镜下可见气孔器散生于指状突起之间,有别于无鳞类杜鹃花。常绿杜鹃亚属subgen．Hymenanthes和映山红亚属subgen．Tsutsusi有多种不同叶表皮类型;除了凯里杜鹃R．westlandii和弯蒴杜鹃R．henryi形态较特殊之外,马银花亚属subgen．Azaleastrum的马银花组sect．Azaleastrum和长蕊杜鹃组sect．Choniastrum微形态区别不明显。羊踯躅亚属subgen．Pentanthera的羊踯躅R．molle叶表皮有表皮毛,无腺体,气孔器密生,外拱盖形状不对称,外围有多层波形条纹突起可与其他亚属区分：而叶状苞亚属subgen．Therorhodion的叶状苞杜鹃R．redowskianum保卫细胞有明显的T型加厚,与其他亚属种类明显不同,与分子系统发育研究得到的“叶状苞亚属是杜鹃花属的基部类群”的结果吻合。本研究还依据叶表皮微形态特征讨论了一些近缘种类的关系。     

12种茶藨子属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

利用扫描电镜技术观察了茶藨子属7个亚属12种植物的叶表皮微形态。结果显示：叶表皮细胞分为多边形和不规则形两种类型;垂周壁式样为平直—弓形、浅波形、深波形;叶表皮角质层多为光滑或较光滑,少有脊状纹饰或乳突状凸起;表皮毛分为单毛和腺毛;黑果茶藨子、水葡萄、臭茶藨子的叶表面均分布不同密度的盾状腺毛,支持将臭茶藨子系划分为臭茶藨子亚属;气孔器均为无规则型,形状为圆形或椭圆形,多数种类的气孔仅分布在下表皮。茶藨子属植物叶表皮微形态特征可为属内亚属划分及种间分类提供一定的依据。     

果皮和种皮微形态特征在杜鹃花属系统学研究中的应用

采用扫描电子显微镜对国产杜鹃花属Rhododendron6个亚属的代表种和近缘类群杜香属Ledum杜香L.palustre的果皮和种皮微形态特征进行观察,对杜鹃花属植物果皮微形态特征进行了系统描述,并通过比较现存杜鹃花属植物和种子化石,新发现一些居间的种子类型。结果表明,果皮和种皮微形态特征具有一定的系统学意义。叶状苞亚属subgen.Therorhodion的叶状苞杜鹃R.redowskianum的果实有短而疏的刺毛,无气孔,种子为无翅类,扁平,外围轮廓长椭圆形。杜鹃亚属subgen.Rhododendron植物果皮为百合花杜鹃型,具有鳞片,气孔器散生于指状突起之间,与叶表皮的微形态特征一致,其种子为百合花杜鹃型,表面具宽而浅的沟,呈脑纹状,有别于无鳞类杜鹃花。常绿杜鹃亚属subgen.Hymenanthes果皮为云锦杜鹃型,其角质层表面不规则,无表皮毛,偶见气孔;种子为云锦杜鹃型。映山红亚属subgen.Tsutsusi果皮为岭南杜鹃型,密生长表皮毛,角质层致密;种子为南边杜鹃型和岭南杜鹃型。微形态特征与“常绿杜鹃亚属和(国产)映山红亚属均为内部支持率很高的单系类群”的分子系统发育研究结果一致。马银花亚属subgen.Azaleastrum的马银花组sect.Azaleastrum和长蕊杜鹃组sect.Choniastrum微形态区别明显,支持各自为独立的单系类群。羊踯躅亚属subgen.Pentanthera的羊踯躅R.molle果皮特征明显,可与其他亚属区分,但种子类型更接近常绿杜鹃亚属。本研究结合分子系统发育资料和叶表皮微形态特征讨论了一些近缘类群的系统发育关系;研究结果支持将腺萼马银花处理为独立的种。     

中国独行菜属种皮微形态特征的研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对独行菜属9种植物种子的种皮微形态进行了研究,结果表明独行菜属种皮微形态可划分为4种类型;结果支持将独行菜属划分为3个组的观点;北美独行菜在种皮纹饰上与其它类群差别较大,并结合子叶缘倚胚根的特征将其另立一新组——子叶缘倚组Sect. Accumbentum F. Z. Li, J. Q. Zheng ＆ Z. Y. Sun , sect. nov.     

山东飘拂草属叶下表皮微形态的研究

利用光学显微镜观察了飘拂草属12个类群（包括变种和变型）的叶片下表皮微形态。飘拂草属叶下表皮微形态基本特征如下：即长细胞为长筒形、短筒形,少数为近方形或多边形,边缘深波状、浅波状至近平直;无短细胞存在;刺毛仅存在于个别种中;气孔器大多为1～2列,少数2～4列;副卫细胞为圆屋顶形至三角形、圆屋顶形,少数为平行形。根据脉间刺毛的有无,可以分为无刺毛类型和有刺毛类型。根据外部形态和叶下表皮微形态上的区别,矮扁鞘飘拂草,应恢复其种级（Fimbristylis kraussiana Hochst. et Steud.）。矮两歧飘拂草作为变种处理比较好,其新等级种名为：F.dichotoma (L.) Vahl var. depauperata（C. B. Clarke）F. Z. Li et L. N. Liu comb. &; stat. nov.     

委陵菜属锥状花柱组植物叶表皮微形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,观察了新疆委陵菜属（Potentilla L.）锥状花柱组（Sect.Conostylae(Wolf)Yü et Li）15种委陵菜植物叶表皮的微形态特征。对其叶表皮毛的类型、表皮细胞的形状及大小、气孔器的分布、气孔器类型、气孔形状、气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔外拱盖形态及其纹饰等指标进行分析：有几种植物叶的上表皮无气孔,而下表皮均有气孔器的分布,形状为长椭圆形、椭圆形、宽椭圆形和近圆形;气孔器的类型多为短平列四细胞型、无规则四细胞型、无规则型、围绕型和辐射型;表皮毛的类型为针状毛、带状柔毛和腺毛;表皮细胞分为不规则形和多边形;表皮毛特征、叶片表皮细胞的形状、垂周壁式样、气孔器的形状类型、气孔密度指数及蜡质纹饰等存在差异,可作为亚属间及种间分类的依据。     

东北地区蒿属植物比较形态学研究Ⅱ.叶表皮结构

本文通过扫描电子显微镜,对东北地区蒿属(Artemisia)植物,莳萝蒿组(A.sect.Absinthium DC),艾蒿组(Sect.Abrotanum Bess),艾组(Sect.Artemisia),龙蒿组(Sect.Dracumculus Bess),牡蒿组(Sect.latiobus Y.R.Ling)36种成熟代表植物叶表皮形态学特征进行了详尽的比较研究。其中表皮细胞大小、形状不等。下表皮均有气孔器。气孔器的形状大多数为园形、卵园形或椭圆形。气孔类型为不规则型、不等细胞型、辐射细胞型等。大多数植物叶表皮具有表皮细胞毛。这些微形态特征在组间存在着某种差异,具有一定的分类和生态学意义。     

中国拳参属(蓼科)植物叶脉序式样的研究

用清净标本制作法对中国产拳参属（Bistorta）（蓼科）12种1变种植物的叶脉序式样在光镜下进行了比较研究。结果表明,叶脉序式样可分为3种类型：（1）环结曲行羽状脉,边缘末级脉不完全,加粗且外卷;（2）环结曲行荆状脉,二级脉与其余各级脉近等粗,边缘末级脉具边脉,不加粗;（3）直行羽状脉,盲脉无或偶有,边缘末级脉不完全,不加粗。依据叶脉序式样,结合其植物习性及外部形态特征,将拳参属植物划分为3个组：拳参组section Bistortu,乌饭树叶蓼组section Vacciniifolia F．Z．Li,L．X．Liu ＆ Y．T．Hou,sect．nov．和匍枝蓼组section Bambuphyllum F．Z．Li,L．X．Liu ＆ Y．T．Hou,sect．nov．。     

中国蓼属萹蓄组植物叶下表皮微形态研究

在光学显微镜下对中国蓼属萹蓄组15种植物的叶片下表皮微形态进行了观察研究。结果表明,萹蓄组15种植物气孔器类型为不等型,气孔长宽比为1.19~1.72,气孔密度为122.07~376.38个/mm2,气孔指数为17.22%~25.17%,具有较高的一致性,支持将萹蓄组section Avicularia升为萹蓄属Polygonums. str.的观点。但表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样变异较大,可将其分为2种类型:A.表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直弓形;B.表皮细胞为不规则形,垂周壁浅波纹状。基于叶下表皮微形态并结合植物外部形态特征,将直立萹蓄P.aviculareL.f.erectum Y.M.Zhang et J.X.Li合并到展枝蓼P.patulum Bieb.,作为其异名处理。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418