洛阳地区黄胸木蜂采访丹参的访花行为研究

在洛阳地区丹参Salvia miltiorrhiza的盛花期5月上中旬,采用目测、拍照、测量等方法记录丹参花的基本特征、黄胸木蜂Xylocopa appendiculata的访花行为、丹参被盗蜜后盗蜜口的大小和盗蜜率。在洛阳地区,黄胸木蜂是丹参的主要访花者,在对丹参进行访花时,多盗取花蜜。黄胸木蜂访花时,其单花停留时间平均为3.81±0.28 s,两花间隔时间的平均值为3.64±1.94 s,访花频率的平均值为每分钟采访的花朵数为6±0.98朵,访花朵数为6时,访花频率最大。黄胸木蜂在丹参上的盗蜜口的大小的平均值为0.304±0.046 cm,盗蜜率平均为37%±12%。黄胸木蜂对丹参的盗蜜现象普遍存在,且重复盗蜜,有的一朵花上可能有多个盗蜜口,其盗蜜行为对丹参繁殖适合度的影响还有待进一步研究。本文对黄胸木蜂采访丹参的访花行为进行研究,旨在为进一步开发和利用木蜂资源奠定基础。     

Food plants and foraging behaviors of Xylocopa appendiculata (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Luoyang, Henan Province, central China

[目的]明确黄胸木蜂Xylocopa appendiculata 的访花植物种类和访花行为,为进一步开发和利用木蜂资源奠定基础.[方法]2009-2011年连续3年,在洛阳地区黄胸木蜂的活动期3-10月,采用目测、拍照等方法记录其访花植物及访花行为,记录和统计访花植物的生物学特征;测量访花植物种类被盗蜜后盗蜜口的大小.[结果]在洛阳地区黄胸木蜂访花植物种类为27科52种,主要的访花植物有25种.采访的植物种类中,忍冬科和豆科植物最多,分别为9种和8种,占采访植物种类的17.31％和15.38％;其中黄胸木蜂盗蜜的植物有16种,占其采访植物种类的30.77％.在采访的植物种类中,黄胸木蜂喜欢采访中等花型、两侧对称的紫色、黄色和白色花.在不同植物上,黄胸木蜂的盗蜜口大小和访花频率不同,黄胸木蜂在臭牡丹上的盗蜜口最大,为9.43±1.91mm,蝟实上的盗蜜口最小,为3.46±0.98 mm;在紫薇上的访花速度最快,访花频率为25.71±2.36朵/min;在蜀葵上的单花停留时间和访花间隔时间均最长,单花停留时间5.89±3.34 s,访花间]隔时间为2.63±2.04s.[结论]在洛阳地区黄胸木蜂访花植物种类多、访花时间长.对于不同的植物种类,黄胸木蜂的访花行为和访花频率有差异.     

马家柚花部特征及其访花昆虫种类调查

马家柚是江西优质水果品种,但自花授粉结实率低,需要异花传粉。昆虫是自然界中重要的传粉媒介,通过调查马家柚访花昆虫种类和了解马家柚的花部特征,可为使用昆虫实现马家柚授粉提供参考依据。本研究首先调查了马家柚的访花昆虫种类,其次对马家柚花不同形态参数进行测量,并采用蒸馏法提取马家柚鲜花的精油及利用GC-MS分析挥发油的组分。马家柚共有访花昆虫23种,隶属于5目 12科,其中中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana是最常见的访花昆虫。马家柚的花为双性花,具白色花瓣,黄色花药和绿色柱头。花朵盛开后,花瓣分离,呈辐射对称。雄蕊围绕雌蕊着生,花丝28~47枚。雌蕊具近球形柱头,直径为5.10±0.88 mm,表面具乳白色液体。从马家柚花挥发油中共获得78种化合物,鉴定出其中73种,相对含量占99.40%。挥发油中萜类化合物种类最多,共有39种,相对含量为70.19%;其次是脂肪酸衍生物,有30种,相对含量为28.53%;苯环类化合物4种,相对含量为0.60%。含量较高的组分是法尼醇,α-橙花叔醇和芳樟醇,其含量分别是28.48%、12.85%、10.12%。马家柚访花昆虫种类多样,这可能与其花部结构特征及丰富多样的挥发物作为视觉和嗅觉信号吸引不同类型昆虫有关。     

毛乌素沙地固沙植物披针叶黄华主要传粉昆虫及其访花行为

披针叶黄华(Thermopsis lanceolata)是我国西部地区早春重要野生蜜源植物,也是一种重要的固沙植物,然而对其繁殖特性的研究甚少.本文在系统调查披针叶黄华的访花昆虫基础上,确定其主要传粉昆虫种类、访花行为、传粉过程以及日活动规律,以期揭示主要访花者行为对其有性繁殖的影响.作者在内蒙古毛乌素沙地设置1个10m×10 m的样方,于2010和2011年在披针叶黄华盛花期,采用目测、拍照和摄像等方式对传粉昆虫进行观测,记录样方内主要访花昆虫种类、数量、访花行为及日活动规律.研究表明,大和切叶蜂(Megachile japonica)和戎拟孔蜂(Hoplitis princeps)是披针叶黄华的主要传粉者,但两种昆虫的访花频率存在显著差异;晴天时,大和切叶蜂在19:00-13:00和16:00-18:00出现两个活动高峰,而戎拟孔蜂只在11:30-16:30出现1个活动高峰,两种蜂的访花活动高峰期存在互补关系.大和切叶蜂访花同时具有盗蜜行为,但其盗蜜行为对披针叶黄华的结籽率没有显著影响.根据种群数量、访花频率综合判断,大和切叶蜂是披针叶黄华优势传粉蜂.     

春砂仁的访花昆虫种类及其访花和筑巢行为

阳春砂仁(Amomum villosumLour.)是我国四大南药之一,但花的形态结构较特殊,不易自然授粉。通过野外调查,在3个砂仁种植场共采集到砂仁的访花昆虫21种,其中蜜蜂类11种,蚂蚁类10种。蜜蜂类中,以黄绿彩带蜂Nomia strigataSmith和东方蜜蜂中华亚种Apis(Siamatapis)cerana ceranaFabricius较常见;蚂蚁类中,以细纹小家蚁Monomorium destructor(Jerdon)和黑头酸臭蚁Tapinomamelanocephalum(Fabricius)较常见。此外,还观察记录了黄绿彩带蜂、东方蜜蜂和蚂蚁的访花行为,以及黄绿彩带蜂的筑巢行为。     

大叶铁线莲访花昆虫调查及盗蜜昆虫行为研究

大叶铁线莲Clematis heracleifolia DC. 的花朵大多下垂,需要传粉昆虫为其传粉,目前尚无关于其访花昆虫研究的报道。 通过2年的野外观察研究,共观察到27种昆虫访问大叶铁线莲。 发现有盗蜜行为的昆虫7种, 其中1种同时具有初级盗蜜和次级盗蜜行为,2种具有初级盗蜜行为,4种具有次级盗蜜行为;黄胸木蜂Xylocopa appendiculata Smith是主要的盗蜜昆虫,其盗蜜行为影响了其它昆虫的访花行为,对大叶铁线莲的传粉造成一定的影响。 在其余20种访花昆虫中,双带弄蝶Lobocla bifasciata (Bremer et Grey)、贡尺蛾Gonodontis aurata Prout、熊蜂Bombus sp.和姬蜂虻Systropus sp.是优势种; 而小青花金龟Oxycetonia jucunda Faldermann和日本条螽Ducetia japonica (Thunberg)访花频率最低,且访花目的只是取食花朵。 通过对大叶铁线莲访花昆虫的调查和盗蜜昆虫行为的研究,为大叶铁线莲的传粉生物学和保护提供参考依据。     

蜂访花与不同品种紫花苜蓿花部特征的相关性

紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa L.为严格的异花授粉植物,其授粉主要由蜂类进行。作者对10个不同品种紫花苜蓿的花萼直径、花冠长度、花朵密度、花蜜量及花蜜糖组成等花部特征与访花蜂数的关系进行了研究。结果表明,花部特征对访花蜂数的影响依次为： 单位面积花蜜量(r=0.93,P<0.01) >花朵密度(r=0.92,P<0.01) > 蔗糖含量(r=0.82,P<0.05) > 花冠长度(r=0.77,P<0.05) > 单花花蜜量(r=0.71,P<0.05)。对不同品种紫花苜蓿分别利用花部特征和访花蜂数进行聚类分析,结果显示小组划分虽然有所不同,但都能分为相同的两大组,即：阿尔冈津、陕北、L173、WL323和拉达克聚为一大组,而三得利、德福、赛特、Prime和德宝聚为另一大组。作者认为,花朵的大小是造成紫花苜蓿各品种间的蜜蜂拜访数量差异的首要因素,再次是花蜜量的多少,最后是花朵的颜色。     

长木蜂的筑巢和采粉贮粮行为

【目的】通过研究长木蜂Xylocopa tranquebarorum筑巢和贮粮行为, 为进一步查明独栖性蜂类行为特点、开发新的蜂类资源提供依据。【方法】采用目测和拍照等方法对长木蜂的整个筑巢过程进行了连续观察, 用游标卡尺对巢口大小进行测量, 采用室内解剖巢室对长木蜂贮蜂粮的大小和数量进行观测。【结果】长木蜂主要在竹子上筑巢, 偶尔也发现在芦苇上筑巢。最喜欢选择竹节直径1.2～2.5 cm的孝顺竹Bambusa multiplex和刚竹属 Phyllostachys的竹种上筑巢。其筑巢过程为：雌蜂寻找合适的筑巢地点, 咬巢口, 清理巢室, 采集花粉蜜制作蜂粮, 在蜂粮上产卵, 制作巢室隔板。筑巢地点主要位于离旧巢1 m以内的位置。雌蜂啃咬巢口平均用时（292±29）min, 制作一块蜂粮需采集粉蜜22～40次, 采集粉蜜平均用时（17.31±0.52）min/次, 携粉蜜回巢滞留时间平均为（16.45±1.08）min/次;巢中卸落粉蜜平均用时为（15.29±1.03）min/次, 一生贮蜂粮平均6块左右;蜂粮近长方形, 长12～18 mm, 宽6～10 mm, 平均重量（0.7140±0.0269）g。【结论】长木蜂雌蜂不同个体之间筑巢行为相似, 而采集粉蜜的次数和贮蜂粮所用时间均有显著差异。     

黑胸木蜂天蛾的生物学特性及防治

黑胸木蜂大蛾SataspestagalicachinensiClark是南岭黄檀的重要食叶害虫之一。近年来,该虫在福建沙县南岭黄植林内发生较为严重,幼虫食叶量大,为害猖獗,严重影响紫胶生产,有关该虫的生物学特性,国内尚未见有报道。作者于1987～1990年对该虫的幼期形态,生物学特性进行了系统观察,现将结果整理如下。1寄生及分布黑胸木蜂天蛾的寄主有南岭黄檀、黄檀和葡萄属植物。国内已知分布于广东、福建（沙县、南平、武夷山）。国外分布于缅甸;印度;斯里兰卡;菲律宾[1]。2生物学特性2．1生活史黑胸木蜂大蛾在福建一年发生3代,以蛹在土里越冬。…     

菊花花部特征及花冠精油组分与访花昆虫的相关性

 菊花(Dendranthema morifolium)是异花授粉植物, 具有自交不亲和特性。其自然授粉的主要媒介为蜂类和蝶类。我们对19个菊花品种的花色、花朵繁密度、花冠直径、管状花花盘直径、株高以及花冠精油组分与访花蜂数和访花蝶数的相关性进行了研究。结果表明, 黄花色系较吸引西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)访花; 菊花的花朵繁密度、花冠直径、管状花花盘直径均与访花蜂数有显著相关性, 而株高与访花蜂数无相关性。大红蛱蝶(Vanessa indica)青睐红色花, 其访花蝶数与花朵繁密度、管状花花盘直径均有显著相关性, 而花冠直径和株高与访花蝶数无相关性。经气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析得知, 不同菊花品种花冠精油的组分不同, 其主要成分均为单萜和倍半萜类及其含氧衍生物; 并且不同品种含有某些特定的花冠精油组分, 其中樟脑萜(r = –0.909, p<0.05)和6,10,14-三甲基-2-十五酮(r=0.882, p<0.05)与访花蜂数呈一定的相关性, α萜品醇(r=0.979, p<0.01)、顺柠檬烯氧化物(r=0.979, p<0.01)、金合欢烯氧化物(r=0.979, p<0.01)、p-mentha-6,8-dien-2-ol,cis- (r=0.973, p<0.01)、p-menth-1-en-8-ol (r=0.962, p<0.01)和4-萜品烯醇(r=0.957, p<0.05)与访花蝶数呈一定相关性。     

海切叶蜂的筑巢和访花行为

【目的】研究毛乌素沙地重要野生传粉昆虫海切叶蜂Megachile maritima的筑巢和访花行为对保护其栖息环境具有重要意义。【方法】采用目测及拍照等方法对海切叶蜂的整个筑巢过程进行了连续观测;以2 m×2 m 样方的方式观测海切叶蜂的访花频率、单花停留时间及日活动规律等访花行为,其中日活动规律每天连续观测,共观测7天。【结果】海切叶蜂在沙土中筑巢,每巢只有一个巢室,其筑巢过程为：寻找合适的筑巢地点,挖巢,构建巢室,采集蜂粮,产卵,封住巢室,筑完一个巢。它连续筑完一个巢大约需要9 h。海切叶蜂构建一个巢室需要切取26～29片叶子,为每巢室采集蜂粮11～12次,每巢室内产卵1粒;在塔落岩黄芪和细叶益母草上的平均访花频率分别为（13.23±6.49）朵/min和（16.72±4.84）朵/min,平均单花停留时间分别为（3.08±2.48）s和（2.49±1.31）s。晴天,海切叶蜂在12:00～14:00期间活动较活跃。【结论】海切叶蜂不同个体之间的筑巢行为相似。该蜂在塔落岩黄芪和细叶益母草上的访花过程、访花频率及单花停留时间具有显著的差异。     

木蜂的巢内行为和交配策略

木蜂Xylocopa作为蜜蜂科的一个重要类群, 用来研究昆虫社会进化早期阶段具有重要意义。本文综述了近年来木蜂的营巢习性、 社会性行为和交配策略的研究进展。木蜂巢的建筑与巢内巢室的分布、 巢室的大小、 贮备蜂粮的效率和被寄生的敏感性等均有一定的关系。在筑巢地点, 随着木蜂种群数量的增加, 同种雌蜂之间的资源存在着竞争, 木蜂对巢室的守卫加强, 更多地表现为对同种雌蜂的守卫以及防御其他的天敌入侵。其社会多态性由独栖性向社会性演化, 主要表现为独栖性、 亚社会性、 半社会性、 共生性和准社会性等方式, 甚至同一种群内会出现不同的社会性行为。在交配策略上, 木蜂的雄蜂在外部形态特征上具有适应交配和寻找雌蜂的进化特征, 并且具有复杂的领地行为。这些研究理论对于我们深刻理解木蜂的行为生物学具有重要意义, 同时也有助于进行更深层次的社会性蜂类演化进程的探索。     

Structural and ultrastructural studies of male reproductive tract and spermatozoa in Xylocopa frontalis (Hymenoptera,Apidae)

Fiorillo, B. S., Zama, U., Lino‐Neto, J. and Báo, S. N. 2010. Structural and ultrastructural studies of male reproductive tract and spermatozoa in Xylocopa frontalis (Hymenoptera, Apidae). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91 : 176–183. In Xylocopa frontalis the reproductive tract is composed of testes, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, accessory glands and an ejaculatory duct. Each testis comprises four testicular tubules in which multiple cysts are present containing approximately 64 spermatozoa per cyst. The seminal vesicle consists of an epithelium, a thick basement lamina and a muscular external sheet. In the luminal region some vesicles can be observed; however, the epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle do not display morphological features associated with secretory functions. The spermatozoa, measuring approximately 260 µm long, are similar to the hymenopteran pattern. The head region consists of an acrosome with an inner perforatorium that penetrates an asymmetrical nuclear tip. The nucleus is linear, electron‐dense and its posterior tip projects into the beginning of the axoneme. The centriolar adjunct is asymmetric with many electron‐lucent lacunae interspersed throughout. The axoneme has the 9 + 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules and in the posterior region the central microtubules finish first, followed by the doublets and finally the accessory microtubules. The mitochondrial derivatives are asymmetric in both length and diameter with paracrystalline material present only in the larger one. These features may be useful characters for taxonomy and phylogenetic studies.     

Flower visitation patterns of the coexisting honey bees Apis cerana japonica and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

We compared flower visitation patterns of two coexisting honey bees, Apis mellifera Linnaeus and Apis cerana japonica Radoszkowski, on 20 plant species, including three exotics, under natural conditions in Nara, Japan, from April to August 2012. We also measured flower color based on bee color vision (15 flower species), nectar volume (nine species) and nectar concentration (eight species). Flowers colored white, pink, red, purple and cream were classified as bee‐blue‐green, and yellow was classified as bee‐green. Apis cerana visited 14 plant species and A. mellifera visited 11. Although the two Apis species are similar in morphology, they visited different plants: in particular, A. cerana visited native plant species more often than did A. mellifera. Both A. mellifera and A. cerana visited not only nectariferous flowers but also those with no nectar. We also found different visitation patterns between A. cerana and A. mellifera: Apis cerana more often visited flowers with smaller color angle (bee‐blue‐green), lower chroma and higher brightness, and flowers secreting nectars of higher concentration and smaller volume than did A. mellifera.     

Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the large carpenter bees, genus Xylocopa (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The biogeographical history of major groups of bees with worldwide distributions have often been explained through hypotheses based on Gondwanan vicariance or long distance dispersal events, but until recently these hypotheses have been very difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish. New fossil data, comprehensive information on Mesozoic and Cenozoic coastline positions and the availability of phylogenetically informative DNA markers now makes it feasible to test these hypotheses for some groups of bees. This paper presents historical biogeographical analyses of the genus Xylocopa Latreille, based on phylogenetic analyses of species belonging to 22 subgenera using molecular data from two nuclear genes, elongation factor‐1α (EF‐1α) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), combined with previously published morphological and mitochondrial data sets. Phylogenetic analyses based on parsimony and likelihood approaches resulted in several groups of subgenera supported by high bootstrap values (>85%): an American group with the Oriental/Palaearctic subgenera Nyctomelitta and Proxylocopa as sister taxa; a geographically diverse group (Xylocopa s.l); and a group consisting of African and Oriental subgenera. The relationships among these three clades and the subgenus Perixylocopa remained unresolved. The Oriental subgenus Biluna was found to be the sister group of all other carpenter bee subgenera included in this study. Using a relaxed molecular clock calibrated using fossil carpenter bees, we show that the major splits in the carpenter bee phylogeny occurred well after the final breakup of Gondwanaland (the separation of South America and Africa, 100 Mya), but before important Miocene fusion events. Ancestral area analysis showed that the genus Xylocopa most likely had an Oriental‐Palaearctic origin and that the present world distribution of Xylocopa subgenera resulted mainly from independent dispersal events. The influence of Pleistocene glaciations on carpenter bee distributions is also discussed. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 77 , 249–266.     

Foraging and pollination behaviour of Xylocopa calens Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Phaseolus coccineus L. (Fabaceae) flowers at Yaounde (Cameroon)

To evaluate impact of carpenter bee, Xylocopa calens, on pod and seed set of Phaseolus coccineus, its foraging and pollinating activities were studied in Yaounde, for two seasons (May–July 2008 and April–June 2009). Observations were made on 40 inflorescences per treatment. The treatments included unlimited floral access by all visitors, bagged flowers to deny all visits, and limited visits by X. calens only. In addition, all flower visitors were recorded. The carpenter bee's seasonal rhythm of activity, its foraging behavior on flowers, its pollination efficiency, the fructification rate and the number of seeds per pod were recorded. Individuals from 16 species of insects were recorded visiting flowers of P. coccineus in the 2 years. Xylocopa calens was the most frequent, followed by Chalicodoma cincta cincta and Apis mellifera. Apart from bees, wasps were also recorded as likely predators. Xylocopa calens mainly foraged for nectar resources. The mean foraging speed was 9.62 flowers/min. Flowers visited by X. calens had higher fruiting rate compared with others, while those bagged had the lowest. In addition, seed formation was higher in X. calens‐visited flowers compared with all others. The results show that this crop experiences pollination deficit even under normal circumstances, considering that flowers visited by X. calens had higher yields compared with those under unlimited access by all visitors. The fruiting rate, the number of seeds/pod and the percentage of normal seeds of unprotected inflorescences were significantly higher than those of inflorescences protected from insects. X. calens foraging resulted in a significant increment of the fruiting rate by 25.80%, as well as the number of seeds/pod by 14.97% and the percentage of normal seeds by 27.75% in 2008 and 18.39% in 2009. Conservation of X. calens nests close to P. coccineus fields could be recommended to improve pod and seed production in the region.     

The large carpenter bees of central Saudi Arabia, with notes on the biology of Xylocopa sulcatipes Maa (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Xylocopinae)

The large carpenter bees (Xylocopinae, Xylocopa Latreille) occurring in central Saudi Arabia are reviewed. Two species are recognized in the fauna, Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) aestuans (Linnaeus) and Xylocopa (Ctenoxylocopa) sulcatipes Maa. Diagnoses for and keys to the species of these prominent components of the central Saudi Arabian bee fauna are provided to aid their identification by pollination researchers active in the region. Females and males of both species are figured and biological notes provided for Xylocopa sulcatipes. Notes on the nesting biology and ecology of Xylocopa sulcatipes are appended. As in studies for this species from elsewhere, nests were found in dried stems of Calotropis procera (Aiton) (Asclepiadaceae) and Phoenix dactylifera L. (Arecaceae).