赤藓糖醇发酵工艺研究

赤藓糖醇的制备方法主要为微生物发酵法。为提高圆酵母(Torulasp.)B84512转化葡萄糖生产赤藓糖醇的发酵产量,采用控制发酵过程中葡萄糖起始浓度(30.0%)、中间流加葡萄糖浆的工艺使总葡萄糖糖浓度达到40%,发酵120h可产赤藓糖醇162.5gL,生产率为1.35gL·h,而不采取中间流加工艺,起始葡萄糖浓度为40.0%,发酵120h可产赤藓糖醇120gL,生产率为1.00gL·h。通过研究发现在赤藓糖醇发酵过程中采取中间流加葡萄糖工艺,能大大提高赤藓糖醇的发酵水平,提高幅度达30-35%,生产率也有相应提高。     

植物组织中糖与糖醇乙酰化及毛细管气相色谱分析

介绍了一种用1-甲基咪唑为溶剂和催化剂、盐酸羟胺和乙酸酐为肟化和乙酰化试剂,对植物样品中糖与糖醇进行乙酰化衍生化后的气相色谱分离和质谱鉴定的分析方法。并对糖与糖醇乙酰化影响较大的反应温度、反应时间、反应物组成和反应物浓度等条件进行了比较研究,确定了糖与糖醇乙酰化各步反应的最佳反应温度和反应时间,分析了各组分间相互作用及其用量对衍生化效率的影响。对多种糖与糖醇乙酰化产物进行毛细管气相色谱分离、FID检测及GC-MS结构鉴定。研究证明, 在合适条件下应用此方法对糖与糖醇进行乙酰化,反应完全,产物单一,能得到理想的分离、检测和定量分析效果。适用于微量植物组织中多种单糖、双糖及其糖醇的定量分析。     

植物组织中糖与糖醇乙酰化及毛细管气相色谱分析

介绍了一种用1-甲基咪唑为溶剂和催化剂、盐酸羟胺和乙酸酐为肟化和乙酰化试剂,对植物样品中糖与糖醇进行乙酰化衍生化后的气相色谱分离和质谱鉴定的分析方法.并对糖与糖醇乙酰化影响较大的反应温度、反应时间、反应物组成和反应物浓度等条件进行了比较研究,确定了糖与糖醇乙酰化各步反应的最佳反应温度和反应时间,分析了各组分间相互作用及其用量对衍生化效率的影响.对多种糖与糖醇乙酰化产物进行毛细管气相色谱分离、FID检测及GC-MS结构鉴定.研究证明,在合适条件下应用此方法对糖与糖醇进行乙酰化,反应完全,产物单一,能得到理想的分离、检测和定量分析效果.适用于微量植物组织中多种单糖、双糖及其糖醇的定量分析.     

陶瓷膜系统在赤藓糖醇发酵液提取应用研究

当前，陶瓷膜已经在发酵液中的赤藓糖醇提纯过程中得到了广泛应用，工艺技术人员将陶瓷膜组件引进各大生产企业，实现了对赤藓糖醇发酵液的分离提取。文章结合陶瓷膜在赤藓糖醇的提取实验和工业中的实际应用，总结分析了在陶瓷膜运行过程中，运行压力、运行温度、浓缩倍数、加水量等对陶瓷膜组件运行的通量、稳定性及收率的影响。较之传统工艺，陶瓷膜过滤的优点主要体现在以下几方面，即工艺流程更短、过滤清液的质量更稳定、除菌效果更好以及运行成本更低等。     

常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变介导的赤藓糖醇生产菌的筛选与优化

赤藓糖醇是一种天然多元醇类甜味剂,具有热量较低、无致龋齿性、口感佳、非吸湿性以及对糖尿病患者安全等优点,已成为大多数保健食品成分的优先选择。与化学合成方法相比,赤藓糖醇的微生物发酵生产过程温和,易于控制,具有更多的生产优势。在本研究中,笔者从蜂巢、土壤和花粉等物质中筛选出了一株赤藓糖醇高产菌株,鉴定其为Moniliella sp.MU1。用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)生物育种系统对该菌株进行突变并从中挑选出4种菌株进行发酵并优化发酵条件,结果发现：不同种类的碳源、葡萄糖浓度和金属离子条件都会影响赤藓糖醇的产量,高浓度的葡萄糖有利于赤藓糖醇的生产;同时,当提供300 g/L葡萄糖和25 mmol/L Ca²⁺时,菌株YE-A27的赤藓糖醇产量达到97.6 g/L。     

食用菌菌丝体中糖醇类成分含量测定的研究

采用高效阴离子色谱-脉冲安培法(HAPEC-PAD)对食用菌菌丝体中糖醇类成分赤藓糖醇、阿糖醇和甘露醇进行分析,并对赤藓糖醇测定的方法进行考察,结果表明该方法对赤藓糖醇的分析具有灵敏度高、分离度好、检测效率高等特点。不同食用菌菌丝体均含有糖醇类成分,但含量和种类差异大,同时发现百令胶囊的测定结果与药典有较大差异,主要含有赤藓糖醇,而非甘露醇。此研究为糖醇类成分的质量标准的建立奠定了基础。     

新型甜味剂--赤藓糖醇产生菌的筛选

从土壤、酿造食品、花粉等样品中分离赤藓糖醇产生菌的方法,分离得到约３００株耐高渗酵母,其中有３株菌产赤藓糖醇,２６０８在葡萄糖培养液中可产赤藓糖醇３２ｍｇ／ｍｌ。     

亚致死浓度赤藓糖醇对红火蚁工蚁觅食和弃尸行为的影响

红火蚁是国际上最具危险性外来害虫之一,已入侵华南地区并造成严重危害。为弄清潜在杀虫剂赤藓糖醇在亚致死浓度下对红火蚁的影响,本研究使用0.05 g/mL赤藓糖醇水溶液喂食室内蚁群24 h,观察了工蚁的觅食行为和弃尸行为的变化。结果显示,取食赤藓糖醇后工蚁发现食物时间约为5 min,而取食10%蔗糖水后发现食物时间缩短到2 min以内;取食赤藓糖醇后工蚁招募速度和食物搬运效率也显著低于对照。取食赤藓糖醇后工蚁发现尸体时间和弃尸速度变化显著,发现尸体时间由对照的3.45 min延长至8.13 min,开始丢弃尸体时间由20 min延长至37.5 min,丢弃完所有尸体耗时由3.08 h增大至5.37 h。亚致死浓度赤藓糖醇显著降低了红火蚁工蚁觅食和弃尸能力。     

赤藓糖醇高产菌株的筛选、鉴定及发酵特性的初步研究

目的：筛选出发酵性能优良的赤藓糖醇高产菌株。方法：利用含50%葡萄糖的高渗培养基筛选出耐高渗酵母,采用薄层层析和高效液相色谱分析发酵液中多元醇的组成和含量,并通过形态和生理生化试验对菌株进行初步鉴定。结果：由泰山养蜂场上采集的蜂蜜、花粉、蜂巢里筛选出13株单产赤藓糖醇的野生菌,其中7株赤藓糖醇产量高于20g/L。菌株K-23经初步鉴定为球拟酵母属,在含20%葡萄糖、1%酵母膏、0.1%尿素的发酵培养基中培养144h后赤藓糖醇的浓度达46.8g/L,转化率达23.4%。结论：所获得的菌株K-23具有一定的赤藓糖醇生产能力,且具有产物单一的优良发酵性能,为该菌株的菌种改良奠定了基础。     

糖脂生物表面活性剂——甘露糖赤藓糖醇脂的研究进展

甘露糖赤藓糖醇脂是一种糖脂类生物表面活性剂,主要由霉菌和酵母菌等微生物发酵生产,具有良好表面活性和特殊生物活性,其在食品、医药、化妆品等领域有着潜在的应用前景。近年来,其研究在国外备受关注,而国内却鲜有报道。文中综述了甘露糖赤藓糖醇脂的发酵生产、多样性结构及活性、构效关系、生物合成途径等方面的相关研究,对存在问题进行了分析,并探讨了今后的研究重点。     

Gas-liquid chromatography of oligosaccharides released from red cell glycosphingolipids by ozonolysis

A method for the analysis of glycosphingolipids in mammalian erythrocyte membranes is described. It consists of ozonolysis and alkaline treatment of the crude lipid extract to obtain oligosaccharides from glycosphingolipids and then gas-liquid chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of glycitols derived from the oligosaccharides. Typical gas-liquid chromatographic patterns of oligosaccharide components were obtained with various mammalian erythrocytes; these corresponded to the glycosphingolipid compositions. The analysis could be carried out on 10 ml of packed erythrocytes.     

Studies on the permeability of rat liver lysosomes to carbohydrates

1. The latency of nitrocatechol sulphatase activity was measured in rat liver lysosomes before and after preincubation in 0.25m solutions of 25 different carbohydrates. 2. Preincubation in disaccharides, hexitols, gluconate, glucuronate or lactate gave little or no rise in ;free' sulphatase activity, indicating that these compounds do not easily penetrate the lysosomal membrane, but incubation in monosaccharides or the lower glycitols caused a progressive loss of latency. 3. Rates of increase in ;free' activity were taken as an indication of rates of solute penetration into lysosomes and were correlated with the structure and molecular weight of each sugar. 4. Additional evidence for non-penetration of maltose was obtained by demonstrating that the latency of lysosomal alpha-glucosidase is independent of substrate concentration employed. 5. The results are discussed in the light of published data on the latency of lysosomal enzymes.     

Brain Ligatin: A Membrane Lectin That Binds Acetylcholinesterase

Ligatin, a lectin that recognizes phosphorylated sugars, has been demonstrated in mammalian tissues to bind specific hydrolases to cell surfaces. Ligatin exists as a filament that can be released from membranes still complexed with its bound hydrolases by treatment of membrane preparations with CaCl₂ and/or pH 8.0. The ligatin-hydrolase complexes subsequently can be dissociated with ethyleneglycol-bis(β-amino-ethyl ether) N, N′-tetraacetic acid, resulting in a concurrent depolymerization of the ligatin filament. From membrane preparations of cerebrum, this procedure solubilized ligatin and a membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7). Binding of the cosolubilized acetylcholinesterase to ligatin could be demonstrated in vitro by affinity chromatography using the immobilized lectin. Ligatin-hydrolase complexes have been shown to be dissociated by specific phosphorylated sugars (mannose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate). These sugars were also effective in eluting bound brain acetylcholinesterase from ligatin affinity columns. Analysis of labeled glycitols produced by tritiated borohydride reduction confirmed the presence of phosphorylated sugars on the ligatin-cosolubilized material from brain.     

菜田节肢动物群落特征及其多样性恢复的研究

探讨了化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响以及停止化学杀虫剂使用后多样性的恢复,结果表明化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物群落的物种组成,多样性指数及物种分布的均匀性等均有影响,菜田节肢动物群落结构变化同害虫类,捕食性天敌和蜘蛛类的特征变化关系密切,经常使用化学杀虫剂的菜田与停止使用后的菜田相比,物种数量显减少,多样性指数降低,停止化学杀虫剂使用后,优势害虫的种群趋势指数明显降低,大敌对主要害虫的控制作用增强,节肢动物多样性指数增大,因此,限制化学杀虫剂的使用,恢复由于化学杀虫剂的使用而破坏了菜田环境,增强天敌对主要害虫的控制能力,这在菜田害虫生态控制中起着重要的作用。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY AND THEIR DIVERSITY RESTORATION IN LEAFY VEGETABLE FIELDS

Abstract  The effect of chemical insecticides on the structure and diversity of arthropod communities in various vegetable fields and the restoration of their biodiversity after stopping application of chemical insecticides were studied. The results showed that the effect of chemical insecticides on the arthropods in vegetable fields could be characterized the species structure, the diversity index and the evenness of species distribution. Components of arthpod species depended closely on the species number of insect pests, predatory natural enemies and spiders. Investigations showed that the numbers of species in the vegetable fields managed with chemical insecticides were obviously reduced, and their diversity indices were lower comparing with that without chemical insecticides. When the applications of chemical insecticides were stopped in vegetable fields, the index of population trend ( I ) of dominant insect pests decreased greatly, the control effect of natural enemies on major insect pests increased, and the diversity index of arthropod increased at the same time. Thus, limiting the application of chemical insecticides, resuming the environment of vegetable fields destroyed by using chemical insecticides, escalating the control ability of natural enemies on main insect pests will play an important role in the ecological control of insect pests in vegetable fields.     

Structural analysis of silk with 13C NMR chemical shift contour plots.

The polymorphic structures of silk fibroins in the solid state were examined on the basis of a quantitative relationship between the 13C chemical shift and local structure in proteins. To determine this relationship, 13C chemical shift contour plots for C alpha and C beta carbons of Ala and Ser residues, and the C alpha chemical shift plot for Gly residues were prepared using atomic co-ordinates from the Protein Data Bank and 13C NMR chemical shift data in aqueous solution reported for 40 proteins. The 13C CP/MAS NMR chemical shifts of Ala, Ser and Gly residues of Bombyx mori silk fibroin in silk I and silk II forms were used along with 13C CP/MAS NMR chemical shifts of Ala residues of Samia cynthia ricini silk fibroin in beta-sheet and alpha-helix forms for the structure analyses of silk fibroins. The allowed regions in the 13C chemical shift contour plots for C alpha and C beta carbons of Ala and Ser residues for the structures in silk fibroins, i.e. Silk II, Silk I and alpha-helix, were determined using their 13C isotropic NMR chemical shifts in the solid state. There are two area of the phi,psi map which satisfy the observed Silk I chemical shift data for both the C alpha and C beta carbons of Ala and Ser residues in the 13C chemical shift contour plots.     

牵牛子(黑丑)挥发油成分研究

目的:研究牵牛子的化学成分.方法:利用有机溶剂-水蒸气蒸馏法提取牵牛子(Semen pharbitidis)挥发油,采用GC -MS进行测定,并应用色谱峰面积归—化法计算各成分的相对百分含量.结果:鉴别出35个化学成分,其化学成分为庚醛( 14.368％);反,反-2.4 -葵二烯醛(6.887％);2-戊基呋喃(5.327％);2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲醛(5.312％);萜品烯-4-醇(3.772％);苯乙醛(3.458％);十六烷酸乙酯(2.063％)等.结论:该文首次采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对牵牛子中的挥发性成分进行.     

干、湿化学法在乳糜血中的应用比较

目的探讨乳糜血对干、湿化学法检测结果的影响,以期找到一种适合于在乳糜血中应用的检测方法。方法分别用干、湿化学法检测乳糜血中总蛋白、血糖,比较两种方法检测结果差异。结果湿化学法测定结果高于乙醇处理法(P0.05),干化学法与乙醇处理法结果比较差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论在乳糜血检测中干性化学法与湿性化学法比较更接近真实值。     

Genetic improvement of the chemical composition of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) juvenile wood for bioenergy production

Chemical composition is one of the key characteristics that determines wood quality and in turn its suitability for different end products and applications. The inclusion of chemical compositional traits in forest tree improvement requires high‐throughput techniques capable of rapid, non‐destructive and cost‐efficient assessment of large‐scale breeding experiments. We tested whether Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, coupled with partial least squares regression, could serve as an alternative to traditional wet chemistry protocols for the determination of the chemical composition of juvenile wood in Scots pine for tree improvement purposes. FTIR spectra were acquired for 1,245 trees selected in two Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) full‐sib progeny tests located in northern Sweden. Predictive models were developed using 70 reference samples with known chemical composition (the proportion of lignin, carbohydrates [cellulose, hemicelluloses and their structural monosaccharides glucose, mannose, xylose, galactose, and arabinose] and extractives). Individual‐tree narrow‐sense heritabilities and additive genetic correlations were estimated for all chemical traits as well as for growth (height and stem diameter) and wood quality traits (density and stiffness). Genetic control of the chemical traits was mostly moderate. Of the major chemical components, highest heritabilities were observed for hemicelluloses (0.43–0.47), intermediate for lignin and extractives (0.30–0.39), and lowest for cellulose (0.20–0.25). Additive genetic correlations among chemical traits were, except for extractives, positive while those between chemical and wood quality traits were negative. In both groups (chemical and wood quality traits), correlations with extractives exhibited opposite signs. Correlations of chemical traits with growth traits were near zero. The best strategy for genetic improvement of Scots pine juvenile wood for bioenergy production is to decrease and stabilize the content of extractives among trees and then focus on increasing the cellulose:lignin ratio.     

Nearest-neighbor effects on backbone alpha and beta carbon chemical shifts in proteins

We present a method for analyzing the chemical shift database to yield information on nearest-neighbor effects on carbon-13 chemical shift values for alpha and beta carbons of amino acids in proteins. For each amino acid sequence XYZ, we define two correction factors, Delta(XY) s and Delta(YZ) s , representing the effects on (delta13 Calpha-delta13 Cbeta) for residue Y from the preceding residue (X) and the following residue (Z), where X, Y, and Z represent one of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids, Delta designates the change in value or the correction factor (in ppm), and s is an index standing for one of three "pseudo secondary structure states" derived from chemical shift dispersions, which we show represent residues in primarily alpha-helix, beta-strand, and non-alphabeta(coil). The correction factors were obtained from maximum likelihood fitting of (delta13 Calpha-delta13 Cbeta) values from the chemical shifts of 651 proteins to a mixture of three Gaussians. These correction factors were derived strictly from the analysis of assigned chemical shifts, without regard to the three-dimensional structures of these proteins. The corrections factors were found to differ according to the secondary structural environment of the central residue (deduced from the chemical shift distribution) as well as by different identities of the nearest neighboring residues in the sequence. The areas subsumed by the sequence-dependent chemical shift distributions report on the relative energies of the sequences in different pseudo secondary structural environments, and the positions of the peaks indicate the chemical shifts of lowest energy conformations. As such, these results have potential applications to the determination of dihedral angle restraints from chemical shifts for structure determination and to more accurate predictions of chemical shifts in proteins of known structure. From a database of chemical shifts associated well-defined three-dimensional structures, comparisons were made between DSSP designations derived from three-dimensional structure and pseudo secondary structure designations derived from nearest-neighbor corrected chemical shift analysis. The high level of agreement between the two approaches to classifying secondary structure provides a measure of confidence in this chemical shift-based approach to the analysis of protein structure.