DNA条形码及其在生物多样性研究中的应用

DNA条形码是利用生物体内标准的、有足够变异的、易扩增且相对较短的DNA片段对物种进行快速准确鉴定的技术。自2003年DNA条形码相关概念提出以来广受关注,国内外相继开展了DNA条形码及信息系统建设研究,为DNA条形码技术的发展提供了坚实的研究基础和生物信息学分析平台。DNA条形码技术弥补了传统分类学的不足,为生物多样性研究提供了新的思路和方法。本文介绍了DNA条形码的产生与发展过程,国内外DNA条形码技术与信息系统建设研究进展,重点阐述了DNA条形码技术在物种鉴定、濒危物种保护、隐存种发现、生物多样性评估等研究领域中的应用。最后结合DNA条形码技术目前存在的问题,对其在相关研究领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

DNA条形码技术及其在保护生物学中的应用

物质文明及生活水平的提升为人类带来诸多好处的同时,也使人们越来越清晰地意识到保护生物多样性及生态系统稳定性的重大意义.DNA条形码技术作为现今生物分类学中重要的分子技术,可以快速准确地鉴定物种.多国科学家都在致力于对DNA条形码的研究,以便能共同组建数据库.将现有物种正确分类并期望用于发现新种,为生物的保护及生态系统的维护作出巨大贡献.细胞色素C氧化酶亚单位I(COI)是现在动物种类鉴定中最常用的基因之一.综述DNA条形编码技术的产生、原理、发展概况与操作及其在保护动物分类中的应用.阐明该技术在保护生物学中应用的意义与可行性,并讨论DNA条形编码在生物分类应用中可能存在的问题.     

DNA条形码在生物多样性编目与评价中的应用

<正>DNA条形码是基于基因组中一段或几段短的、通用的标准DNA序列对生物物种进行识别和鉴定的技术(Hebert et al.,2003;Kress et al.,2005;Hollingsworth et al.,2011)。该技术突破了对经验的过度依赖,可实现标本鉴定过程的自动化和标准化,而且能对生物残片而非完整的生物标本进行鉴定,是传统分类学与物种鉴定的有力补充(罗亚皇等,2013)。随着DNA条形码技术十多年来的不断发展,     

DNA条形码技术在珍稀濒危物种保护中的应用

<正>经过12年的发展,DNA条形码技术已经从最初的被怀疑批评转变为如今的被认可接受,科学家也从对该技术的观望转变为参与。DNA条形码技术(包括基因区域的确定、序列获取、数据库建设、鉴定算法等)虽然仍在不断完善中,但已经可用于解决实际问题。现在,DNA条形码技术到了一个新的转折期,即重点从技术探索转向实际应用。DNA条形码技术可被用于需要区分生物或确定物种名称的所有领域,在生态学、进化生物学和     

DNA条形码在鳞翅目昆虫中的应用

2003年,Hebert等提出DNA条形码后,快速而精确的特点使它在物种鉴定中得到了广泛的应用。鳞翅目是昆虫纲中第二大目,其物种鉴定任务复杂而艰巨,因此DNA条形码具有广阔的应用前景。该文主要针对DNA条形码概况以及近年来它在鳞翅目昆虫中的研究情况予以综述。     

环境DNA宏条形码在生物多样性研究与监测中的应用

环境DNA宏条形码(eDNA metabarcoding)技术通过提取水体、土壤、空气中的环境DNA,使用引物PCR扩增与高通量测序,进行物种鉴定与生物多样性评估.作为一种新的监测技术,相比于传统监测技术更加快捷、准确以及对自然环境的破坏小,因此在一定程度上改变了我们调查地球生物多样性的方式.本文综述了环境DNA宏条形...     

DNA条形码技术及其在微生物资源鉴别保护中的应用研究

DNA条形码作为一种新型的物种鉴定、分类、鉴别和溯源方法,通过生物信息学分析将标准DNA片段进行分析比对实现。经过多年的发展,该技术现已成为物种鉴定和分类的研究热点。回顾十余年来DNA条形码技术的发展历程,介绍了这一技术的进展与成果,分析了该技术的优势及局限,并展望了DNA条形码的应用前景,为后续研究提供参考。     

DNA条形码在中国金合欢属中的应用

根据形态特征难以准确地辨别金合欢属植物,DNA条形码技术提供了一种准确地鉴定物种的方法。本文利用条形码技术对中国金合欢属物种的序列(psbA trnH、matK、rbcL和ITS)及其不同组合进行比较,通过计算种内和种间变异进行barcoding gap分析,运用Wilcoxon秩和检验比较不同序列的变异性,构建系统树。结果表明：4个片段均存在barcoding gap,ITS序列种间变异率较psbA trnH、rbcL和matK序列有明显优势,单片段ITS正确鉴定率最高,ITS+rbcL片段联合条码的正确鉴定率最高,因此我们认为ITS片段或条形码组合ITS+rbcL是金合欢属的快速鉴别最理想的条码。     

DNA条形码在膜翅目昆虫中的应用分析

DNA条形码的提出,实现了分类学的一次质的飞跃,简便、快捷以及精确的优点使其被广泛应用在物种的分类工作中。膜翅目为昆虫纲的第3大目,其物种具有高度的多样性,种类鉴定工作复杂艰巨。DNA条形码在膜翅目中得到广泛应用。本文针对DNA条形码在膜翅目昆虫的物种分类鉴定、物种发现和隐存种、食物网与生物多样性等方面研究情况予以综述。     

DNA条形码在进化生态学研究中的应用

<正>DNA条形码是最近十几年发展起来的一门生物技术,具有标准、通用、快捷等优点,其主要目标是通过较短的DNA序列在物种水平上对现存生物类群和未知生物材料进行识别和鉴定(Hebert et al.,2003;裴男才和陈步峰,2013)。目前,植物DNA条形码已较成熟地应用于群落系统发育(或称谱系)与进化生态学研究,主要回答两大科学问题:(1)通过DNA条形码构建群落系统发育关系     

DNA barcoding as a tool for coral reef conservation

DNA Barcoding (DBC) is a method for taxonomic identification of animals that is based entirely on the 5′ portion of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI-5). It can be especially useful for identification of larval forms or incomplete specimens lacking diagnostic morphological characters. DBC can also facilitate the discovery of species and in defining “molecular taxonomic units” in problematic groups. However, DBC is not a panacea for coral reef taxonomy. In two of the most ecologically important groups on coral reefs, the Anthozoa and Porifera, COI-5 sequences have diverged too little to be diagnostic for all species. Other problems for DBC include paraphyly in mitochondrial gene trees and lack of differentiation between hybrids and their maternal ancestors. DBC also depends on the availability of databases of COI-5 sequences, which are still in early stages of development. A global effort to barcode all fish species has demonstrated the importance of large-scale coordination and is yielding promising results. Whether or not COI-5 by itself is sufficient for species assignments has become a contentious question; it is generally advantageous to use sequences from multiple loci.     

DNA barcoding of Chinese snakes reveals hidden diversity and conservation needs

DNA barcoding has greatly facilitated studies of taxonomy, biodiversity, biological conservation, and ecology. Here, we establish a reliable DNA barcoding library for Chinese snakes, unveiling hidden diversity with implications for taxonomy, and provide a standardized tool for conservation management. Our comprehensive study includes 1638 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences from Chinese snakes that correspond to 17 families, 65 genera, 228 named species (80.6% of named species) and 36 candidate species. A barcode gap analysis reveals gaps, where all nearest neighbour distances exceed maximum intraspecific distances, in 217 named species and all candidate species. Three species-delimitation methods (ABGD, sGMYC, and sPTP) recover 320 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), of which 192 OTUs correspond to named and candidate species. Twenty-eight other named species share OTUs, such as Azemiops feae and A. kharini, Gloydius halys, G. shedaoensis, and G. intermedius, and Bungarus multicinctus and B. candidus, representing inconsistencies most probably caused by imperfect taxonomy, recent and rapid speciation, weak taxonomic signal, introgressive hybridization, and/or inadequate phylogenetic signal. In contrast, 43 species and candidate species assign to two or more OTUs due to having large intraspecific distances. If most OTUs detected in this study reflect valid species, including the 36 candidate species, then 30% more species would exist than are currently recognized. Several OTU divergences associate with known biogeographic barriers, such as the Taiwan Strait. In addition to facilitating future studies, this reliable and relatively comprehensive reference database will play an important role in the future monitoring, conservation, and management of Chinese snakes.     

Role of DNA barcoding in marine biodiversity assessment and conservation: An update

More than two third area of our planet is covered by oceans and assessment of marine biodiversity is a challenging task. With the increasing global population, there is a tendency to exploit marine resources for food, energy and other requirements. This puts pressure on the fragile marine environment and necessitates sustainable conservation efforts. Marine species identification using traditional taxonomical methods is often burdened with taxonomic controversies. Here we discuss the comparatively new concept of DNA barcoding and its significance in marine perspective. This molecular technique can be useful in the assessment of cryptic species which is widespread in marine environment and linking the different life cycle stages to the adult which is difficult to accomplish in the marine ecosystem. Other advantages of DNA barcoding include authentication and safety assessment of seafood, wildlife forensics, conservation genetics and detection of invasive alien species (IAS). Global DNA barcoding efforts in the marine habitat include MarBOL, CeDAMar, CMarZ, SHARK-BOL, etc. An overview on DNA barcoding of different marine groups ranging from the microbes to mammals is revealed. In conjugation with newer and faster techniques like high-throughput sequencing, DNA barcoding can serve as an effective modern tool in marine biodiversity assessment and conservation.     

DNA barcoding as a complementary tool for conservation and valorisation of forest resources

Since the pre-historic era, humans have been using forests as a food, drugs and handcraft reservoir. Today, the use of botanical raw material to produce pharmaceuticals, herbal remedies, teas, spirits, cosmetics, sweets, dietary supplements, special industrial compounds and crude materials constitute an important global resource in terms of healthcare and economy. In recent years, DNA barcoding has been suggested as a useful molecular technique to complement traditional taxonomic expertise for fast species identification and biodiversity inventories. In this study, in situ application of DNA barcodes was tested on a selected group of forest tree species with the aim of contributing to the identification, conservation and trade control of these valuable plant resources.The “core barcode” for land plants (rbcL, matK, and trnH-psbA) was tested on 68 tree specimens (24 taxa). Universality of the method, ease of data retrieval and correct species assignment using sequence character states, presence of DNA barcoding gaps and GenBank discrimination assessment were evaluated. The markers showed different prospects of reliable applicability. RbcL and trnH-psbA displayed 100% amplification and sequencing success, while matK did not amplify in some plant groups. The majority of species had a single haplotype. The trnH-psbA region showed the highest genetic variability, but in most cases the high intraspecific sequence divergence revealed the absence of a clear DNA barcoding gap. We also faced an important limitation because the taxonomic coverage of the public reference database is incomplete. Overall, species identification success was 66.7%.This work illustrates current limitations in the applicability of DNA barcoding to taxonomic forest surveys. These difficulties urge for an improvement of technical protocols and an increase of the number of sequences and taxa in public databases.     

Applications of DNA barcoding to fish landings: authentication and diversity assessment

DNA barcoding methodologies are being increasingly applied not only for scientific purposes but also for diverse real-life uses. Fisheries assessment is a potential niche for DNA barcoding, which serves for species authentication and may also be used for estimating within-population genetic diversity of exploited fish. Analysis of single-sequence barcodes has been proposed as a shortcut for measuring diversity in addition to the original purpose of species identification. Here we explore the relative utility of different mitochondrial sequences (12S rDNA, COI, cyt b, and D-Loop) for application as barcodes in fisheries sciences, using as case studies two marine and two freshwater catches of contrasting diversity levels. Ambiguous catch identification from COI and cyt b was observed. In some cases this could be attributed to duplicated names in databases, but in others it could be due to mitochondrial introgression between closely related species that may obscure species assignation from mtDNA. This last problem could be solved using a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. We suggest to simultaneously analyze one conserved and one more polymorphic gene to identify species and assess diversity in fish catches.