HIV-1Nef蛋白最新功能及其增强病毒感染性分子机理的研究进展

Nef蛋白是人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型(HIV-1)及其他灵长类动物慢病毒编码的一种附属蛋白,在获得性免疫缺陷综合症(AIDS)疾病进程和病毒的复制过程中起着重要作用。抑制附属蛋白活性的策略可以改善传统抗逆转录病毒方案的疗效,因此深入理解这一附属蛋白的功能和其分子作用机制具有重要意义。Nef蛋白通过三个主要活性调节宿主细胞环境,增强病毒复制。下调细胞表面分子如CD4,MHC-Ⅰ,MHC-Ⅱ等的表达,使病毒逃逸宿主的免疫应答;通过调节T细胞的信号通路降低T细胞的活化,从而营造有利于病毒复制的环境;直接增强新生子代病毒粒子的感染性。这一功能的分子机制直到最近宿主限制性因子丝氨酸转运蛋白(SERINC5)的发现才得以明晰。本文总结了Nef的功能及其增强病毒感染性的最新研究进展,同时也归纳了SERINC5蛋白与Nef蛋白的相互作用的研究报道,为深入了解病毒复制机理,改善HIV-1防治方案提供新的理论线索。     

敲低ACTL6A通过Notch1信号通路促进早幼粒细胞分化

探讨ACTL6A在人类白血病NB4细胞分化中的作用及其相关机制。我们用ATRA人为诱导NB4细胞分化,Western blotting检测ACTL6A和CD11b的表达水平变化;敲低ACTL6A,通过瑞氏染色观察NB4细胞的形态学改变,Western blotting检测ACTL6A和CD11b的表达水平变化及其相关蛋白的表达水平;敲低同时用ATRA处理NB4细胞,用流式细胞术检测分化标志物CD11b的阳性率;免疫荧光检测ACTL6A在NB4细胞中的空间定位;结果显示NB4经敲低ACTL6A后,CD11b的蛋白水平表达升高;瑞氏染色观察到分化改变;免疫荧光检测到ACTL6A主要分布于细胞核; Western blotting检测到Notch1,Hes1,Sox2蛋白表达水平明显下调。研究表明,敲低ACTL6A可以促进人类白血病NB4细胞分化;其机制涉及Notch1信号通路的抑制。     

HeLa细胞中INI1通过与E2A作用下调CD117

目的:已经证明,CD117基因转录启始位点的上游-480bp包括4个E-box和一个GC-box。试验要确定INI1是否通过与E-box结合蛋白的相互作用来调控CD117。方法与结果:实验证明INI1过表达下调 CD117的mRNA水平和荧光素酶的活性,这个酶通过CD117启动子来启动。通过染色质共免疫沉淀反应实验,发现在HeLa细胞未损伤的染色质里面,INI1可以特定的结合CD117的启动子。绘制INI1在CD117启动子区域的结合位点图表明, E-boxes而不是GC-box对于下调CD117启动子的活性是必须的,这一点在Co-IP(共免疫沉淀)实验中被进一步的证实,在这个试验中INI1与E-box结合蛋白E2A在体内相互作用。结论:总的来说,INI1参与调节CD117的表达和细胞增殖。     

益生菌防治龋病的研究进展

随着人们生活水平日益提高,口腔健康越来越受到关注。近年来,益生菌对口腔菌群和宿主健康的调节作用已成为广泛研究的话题。已有证据表明,益生菌可以竞争性地抑制口腔中致病细菌的黏附和定植,分泌抗菌物质以减少病原菌。本文综述了相关益生菌对变形链球菌这一公认的龋齿病原菌的作用,包括:(1)生物表面活性剂、细菌素、胞外多糖等益生菌代谢产物对变形链球菌牙菌生物膜的抑制作用;(2)刺激宿主免疫反应,调节口腔菌群组成;(3)下调或阻断变形链球菌细胞中与黏附在牙齿表面形成生物膜相关的基因表达。     

HBeAg对健康人单核细胞来源树突状细胞表面TLR2和PD-L1表达水平的影响

目的:观察乙型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)对健康人单核细胞来源的树突状细胞(Dendritic cells,DCs)表面Toll样受体2(TLR 2)和程序性死亡配体-1(PD-L1)表达的影响,进一步探讨乙肝病毒感染慢性化过程中HBeAg的作用机制.方法:利用Ficoll分离法分离健康人外周血单个核细胞,经重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rhGM-CSF)、重组人白细胞介素4(rhIL-4)诱导培养树突状细胞,将第7天的细胞分成三组,分别为HBeAg刺激组、OVA无关蛋白对照组和未刺激组,经流式细胞仪检测CD11c+细胞袁面TLR2以及PD-L1的表达水平.结果:健康人单核细胞来源的树突状细胞经过HBeAg刺激9h后,CD1 1c+细胞表面TLR 2的表达水平较未刺激组以及OVA无关蛋白对照组明显下降(P＜0.01),同时可见CD11c+细胞表面PD-L1表达水平显著增加(P＜0.01).结论:HBeAg可以下调DCs表面TLR2受体的表达,并上调其表面负性调节因子PD-L1的表达.HBV可通过HBeAg作用于抗原递呈细胞相关表面受体,从而影响了其正常功能,并最终影响免疫系统对病毒的清除作用,导致乙肝病毒感染的慢性化.     

肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子-6在胰腺癌肿瘤发生中的作用

肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子-6 (TRAF6)在胰腺癌中过度表达并参与调节肿瘤细胞的生长,然而其具体机制尚不清楚。本研究旨在考察TRAF6在胰腺癌肿瘤发生中的作用。研究显示,敲低TRAF6的表达显著抑制人胰腺癌细胞系PANC-1的YAP的活性。敲低TRAF6的表达显著抑制YAP的3个靶基因(Cyr61,Cyclin E和CTGF)的表达。并且,TRAF6的下调显著降低了YAP的蛋白水平。敲低YAP的表达消除了TRAF6对胰腺癌细胞迁移和集落形成的促进作用。免疫荧光观察到PANC-1细胞中TRAF6和MST1的共定位。在GST pull-down测定实验中发现在PANC-1细胞中GST-TRAF6与MST可形成复合物。PANC-1细胞中TRAF6的过表达以剂量依赖性方式降低MST蛋白水平,而敲低TRAF6则显著增加MST蛋白的表达水平。总之,本研究表明,TRAF6通过YAP信号通路调节胰腺癌的进展。TRAF6与MST之间存在交互作用,并且TRAF6的上调可促进MST的降解,从而促进胰腺癌进展。因此,TRAF6有望成为胰腺癌的新治疗靶标。     

HIV-1感染对细胞内宿主因子TSG101及与Alix表达的影响

探讨HIV-1感染宿主细胞后对其宿主蛋白肿瘤易感基因101蛋白(Tumor Susceptibility Gene 101,TSG101)及ALG-2相互作用蛋白X(ALG-2-interacting protein X,Alix)表达的影响。以HIV-1感染性克隆病毒pNL4-3感染TZM-bl PM1、Jurkat细胞株和人外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs),感染24h后收获细胞提取总RNA,逆转录PCR检测在RNA水平各因子的表达差异;感染48h后收获细胞提取总蛋白,Western-blot检测各因子在蛋白水平的表达差异。结果显示:HIV-1感染对原代PBMC与细胞系表达Alix与TSG101影响显著不同,细胞系主要表现为下调,而原代PBMC主要表现为TSG101上调;细胞系中的下调又细分为Jurkat细胞的Alix与TSG101的双下调、TZM-bl细胞的Alix单下调以及PM1细胞无影响三种情况。HIV-1感染对细胞宿主分子TSG101及Alix在RNA和蛋白水平的表达均有影响,这种影响因细胞的不同而有差异。HIV-1感染调节Alix与TSG101的机制生物学意义尚有待于进一步阐明。     

CCCTC-结合因子与核周蛋白α4存在分子间相互作用并调控其基因表达

目的:研究CCCTC-结合因子(CTCF)是否与核周蛋白α4(KPNA4)有蛋白间相互作用并调控其表达。方法:用GSTpull-down实验研究CTCF是否与KPNA4存在蛋白间相互作用;用逆转录半定量PCR和免疫印迹检测CTCF敲降对KPNA4基因表达的影响。结果:GSTpull-down实验表明CTCF与KPNA4之间存在相互作用;当CTCF敲降时,KPNA4基因的表达随之下降。结论:CTCF与KPNA4之间存在相互作用并调控其基因表达。     

长非编码RNA RLM通过影响AMPK的磷酸化调节HepG2细胞中的脂质沉积

长非编码RNAs(long noncoding RNAs,lncRNAs)是一类长度大于200 nt、不能编码蛋白质的RNA分子,可通过AMPK、胰岛素受体等多种信号通路,调节细胞糖脂代谢。本研究发现,HepG2细胞中一条未报道的长链非编码RNA,命名为lnc-RLM(lnc-regulate lipid metabolism)。通过敲低HepG2细胞中lnc-RLM,检测细胞中甘油三脂含量及脂质代谢相关调节因子表达量。结果显示,实验组较对照组甘油三酯含量显著升高(P0.05);AMPK磷酸化水平显著下调,脂质合成相关因子SREBP 1c和FAS表达量上调;同时,细胞中乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)活性较对照组显著上调(P0.05)。在lnc-RLM敲低的HepG2细胞中,利用AMPK激动剂(A-769662)作用细胞24 h,结果显示,降低的AMPK磷酸化水平并不会因AMPK激动剂的作用而显著升高。本研究结果说明,HepG2细胞中敲低lnc-RLM表达量,可通过影响AMPK磷酸化水平,调节HepG2细胞中脂质沉积。这为今后研究AMPK活性调节提供新的可能,也为代谢性疾病的治疗提供了新思路。     

低氧促进肺腺癌A549细胞迁移的机制*

目的: 探讨低氧促进肺腺癌A549细胞迁移的机制。方法: 培养肺腺癌A549细胞,转染慢病毒获得稳定敲低ACC1的A549细胞株,转染si-RNA获得敲低SREBP-1的A549细胞。分别以低氧(5％ O₂)联合低氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)抑制剂PX-478(25 μmol)处理A549细胞,低氧联合亚油酸(LA)(20 μmol)处理敲低ACC1的A549细胞,低氧处理敲低胆固醇调节原件结合蛋白1(SREBP-1)的A549细胞。Transwell实验检测细胞迁移,蛋白质印迹法检测HIF-1α、ACC1及上皮-间质转化(EMT)相关波形蛋白(Vimentin)及E-钙黏蛋白(E-Cadherin)的表达与SREBP-1的表达,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)检测低氧联合HIF-1α抑制剂PX-478(25 μmol)处理A549细胞后ACC1及SREBP-1 mRNA水平变化。每项实验重复三次。结果: 与常氧组相比,低氧组A549细胞迁移数增加,ACC1与HIF-1α表达上调(P均＜0.01),SREBP-1表达上调(P＜0.05);与低氧对照组相比,PX-478(25 μmol)抑制A549细胞迁移,SREBP-1表达下调(P＜0.05);低氧处理A549细胞后ACC1 mRNA上升(P＜0.05),SREBP-1 mRNA水平上升(P＜0.01);低氧并使用PX-478(25 μmol)处理A549细胞24 h,ACC1 mRNA水平下降(P＜0.05),SREBP-1 mRNA 水平下降(P＜0.01);转染si-RNA获得敲低SREBP-1的A549细胞,Transwell 实验显示si-SREBP-1组细胞迁移数较常氧对照组减少(P＜0.01);低氧处理si-SREBP-1组与si-NC组,与对照组相比si-SREBP-1组细胞迁移数减少(P＜0.01)但与常氧组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);Western blot检测到si-SREBP-1组ACC1表达较对照组下降(P＜0.01);低氧处理si-SREBP-1组,ACC1表达较对照组下降(P＜0.01);敲低ACC1抑制A549细胞迁移(P＜0.05),敲低ACC1后A549细胞在常氧和5％ O₂条件下细胞迁移数目差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05);低氧处理敲低ACC1的A549细胞并给予LA(25 μmol)促进A549细胞迁移(P＜0.05)。结论: 低氧通过HIF-1α/SREBP-1/ACC1途径调节脂肪酸代谢进而促进肺腺癌A549细胞迁移。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.