基于爱知生物多样性目标11的我国自然保护地管理有效性评估进展与分析

本文基于我国相关政府部门、国际机构、科研机构和文献关于我国自然保护地管理有效性评估数据, 梳理和分析了我国针对爱知生物多样性目标11的自然保护地管理有效性评估的进展情况。结果显示, 我国已按时完成了爱知生物多样性目标11中2015年之前对60%以上自然保护地管理有效性评估的指标; 目前已开展管理有效性评估的自然保护地面积达136.19万km², 占我国自然保护地面积(186.60万km²)的72.99%; 我国自然保护地管理有效性受多方关注。本研究调查数据与世界自然保护地数据库、自然保护地管理有效性全球数据库的数据差异较大; 我国自然保护地管理有效性评估工具多样, 各类型自然保护地管理有效性评估工作进展差异显著, 管理有效性评估标准化和连续性有待提高。最后, 提出了如下建议: 加强自然保护地整体性和连通性; 参考世界自然保护区委员会的评估框架和世界自然保护联盟自然保护地绿色名录标准, 按照国家公园、自然保护区和自然公园分类制定管理有效性评估规范并将评估制度化; 有效利用评估结果促进我国自然保护地建设的标准化、科学化并建立激励机制等。     

全球陆地保护地与城市距离变化分析

在城市用地和保护地都快速扩张的背景下, 保护地与城市之间的距离在急剧缩小, 然而这并未引起人们的足够关注。城市对保护地的负面影响具有尺度效应, 且随着距离的接近, 负面影响也将加剧, 因此保护地与城市距离的远近可成为衡量负面影响大小的重要依据。本文基于全球保护地和大城市及城市用地分布数据, 对全球、洲际、地区和国家尺度1950-2010年城市与保护地距离的变化进行分析。结果表明: (1)在4个尺度上, 保护地与城市的距离都在不断缩小。欧洲和西欧是保护地与城市距离最近的洲和地区, 而大洋洲和澳大利亚及新西兰则是距离最远的洲和地区。在面积排名前20的保护地大国中, 中国是保护地与城市平均最近距离最小的国家, 其与50万以上人口城市的平均最近距离在2010年仅为143.5 km。(2)根据城市与保护地距离的现状及其变化, 可将保护地排名前60的国家分成5类: (a)距离很近, 靠近速度慢, 如西欧国家; (b)距离近, 靠近速度适中, 如中国、美国; (c)距离较近, 靠近速度快, 如沙特阿拉伯、厄瓜多尔; (d)距离较远, 靠近速度较慢, 如巴西、加拿大、俄罗斯联邦; (e)距离远, 靠近速度较快, 如澳大利亚、非洲大多数国家。(3)全球范围内, 越来越多生物多样性较高的保护地将面临被城市影响的境地。该结果以期引起大家对全球保护地与城市距离急剧缩短现象的关注和警惕。     

生态保护地空间重叠与发展冲突问题研究

不同类型生态保护地的空间用地冲突问题已成为国家生态保护地体系管理面临的共性问题,是国家公园体制建设必须面对的核心问题之一。分析了我国主要类型生态保护地的发展、功能分类及空间用地冲突现状,结合案例地区对承载不同功能的生态保护地空间发展冲突分析,提出以"核心目标协同管理"为基础框架的多类型生态保护地精细管控体系和管理对策建议,为科学开展全国自然保护区"绿盾行动"专项执法检查、完善国家公园管理体制建设提供参考。     

Interface processes between protected and unprotected areas: A global review and ways forward

Land‐use changes and the expansion of protected areas (PAs) have amplified the interaction between protected and unprotected areas worldwide. In this context, ‘interface processes' (human–nature and cross‐boundary interactions inside and around PAs) have become central to issues around the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. This scientific literature review aimed to explore current knowledge and research gaps on interface processes regarding terrestrial PAs. At first, 3,515 references related to the topic were extracted through a standardized search on the Web of Science and analyzed with scientometric techniques. Next, a full‐text analysis was conducted on a sample of 240 research papers. A keyword analysis revealed a wide diversity of research topics, from ‘pure' ecology to sociopolitical research. We found a bias in the geographical distribution of research, with half the papers focusing on eight countries. Additionally, we found that the spatial extent of cross‐boundary interactions was rarely assessed, preventing any clear delimitation of PA interactive zones. In the 240 research papers we scanned, we identified 403 processes that were studied. The ecological effects of PAs were well documented and appeared to be positive overall. In contrast, the effects of PAs on local communities were understudied and, according to the literature focusing on these, were very variable according to local contexts. Our findings highlight key research advances on interface processes, especially regarding the ecological outcomes of PAs, the influence of human activities on biodiversity, and PA governance issues. In contrast, main knowledge gaps concern the spatial extent of interactive zones, as well as the interactions between local people and conservation actions and how to promote synergies between them. While the review was limited to terrestrial PAs, its findings allow us to propose research priorities for tackling environmental and socioeconomic challenges in the face of a rapidly changing world.     

我国保护地生态旅游发展现状调查分析

了解我国保护地生态旅游发展现状,为制定我国生态旅游政策和推动旅游资源与环境保护提供理论支撑.调查结果显示,我国大多数保护地开展了生态旅游,现状特征主要是:(1)有一定的生态旅游市场规模,生态旅游产品趋于多样化;(2)基础设施的生态兼容性不够;(3)环境解说系统普遍建立,但专业化程度较低;(4)生态环境状况良好,但环境管理体系仍需完善;(5)社区参与经济效益好,但参与深度有限;(6)我国保护地生态旅游从业人员数量不足,且导游在生态旅游方面的专业素养亟待提高;(7)生态旅游管理受到重视,但相关措施有待完善;(8)资金投入不够、管理体制未理顺是阻碍我国保护地生态旅游发展较为普通的问题.     

Russia's protected areas: a survey and identification of development problems

Natural habitat preservation, i.e. the creation and management of Protected Natural Areas (PNAs), is one of the most important forms of biodiversity conservation. The most widespread types of PNAs in Russia are Zakazniks (State Nature Refuges) and Natural Monuments, but unlike Zapovedniks (State Nature Reserves) these types of Russian PNAs are little-known to foreign ecologists. Thus the main attention of this article is given to the problems of Zakazniks and Natural Monuments while other types of Russian PNAs are mentioned briefly. In many regions of Russia, Zakazniks and Natural Monuments are considered to be the core components for the regional protection of biodiversity. Non-Governmental Organizations play an important role in the creation and management of PNAs. The recent sudden change of circumstances in Russia have given rise to many problems which threaten the existence of Zakazniks and Natural Monuments. Possible means of saving these PNAs include: (i) promoting the interest of local people in protecting biodiversity; and (ii) supporting local authorities, and public initiatives and regional programmes in the creation of local PNA networks.     

Socio-economic and ecological prospects for multiple use of protected areas in Africa

Largely triggered by the Bali debate, conservation literature over the last decade has seen increasing realization of man's responsibility in ensuring survival of the world's protected areas. In African terms, there has been an overwhelming number of pilot projects which have the people label. Whereas this trend has been ecouraging, the overall conservation picture has not been very bright as the wildlife resources have continued to dwindle under surmounting human pressure. The problem does not seem to be awareness of the necessity for protected areas any more but rather whether it is feasible under the present prevailing circumstances.     

Parasites in marine protected areas: success and specificity of monogeneans

The effect of a marine protected area on the Lamellodiscus spp. monogenean community was tested by comparing the communities of parasites of Diplodus sargus inside and outside of the area. A total of 104 D. sargus were dissected harbouring 1280 monogeneans from the genus Lamellodiscus and belonging to 11 species. No modification in the global parasite community linked with the protection of the host populations was revealed. The most abundant and less specific parasite species, Lamellodiscus elegans , however, increased its abundance in the protected area. A significant relationship was found between parasite host range and the percentage of infected hosts. A significant relationship also occurred between epidemiological and genetic distances for the parasite species found. The results are discussed in term of parasite success and specificity and the importance of taking into account parasitism in the biological conservation of hosts.