细胞自噬及真菌中自噬研究概述

细胞自噬是真核生物中广泛存在的、主要依赖于溶酶体或液泡的保守的降解途径,通过降解细胞内过多或异常的蛋白、细胞器等以维持正常的细胞功能。近10年来自噬研究方面的飞速进展显示出自噬与癌症、神经退行性疾病、衰老及心脏病等人类疾病相关。与此同时,自噬在丝状真菌的生长、形态和发育等方面发挥着重要作用,特别是在丝状真菌的细胞分化过程中,自噬起到了关键性作用,如致病性生长、程序性细胞死亡及孢子形成。本文主要论述了什么是自噬,自噬的检测方法及以真菌为对象的自噬研究进展。     

自噬与疾病

自噬是细胞的一个重要生物学功能。细胞通过对自噬底物的识别、自噬囊泡的形成,再经过与溶酶体的融合,清除老化细胞器以及降解长周期蛋白和异常积聚蛋白。因此,自噬在蛋白质的代谢、细胞器更新以及组织发育中有着重要作用,其功能调控直接参与了机体对细胞稳态的维持     

细胞自噬在肾小管损伤机制中的研究进展

细胞自噬是由溶酶体介导的清除细胞内受损大分子物质和衰老细胞器的过程,在维持细胞的稳态中有着重要作用。自噬现象普遍存在于所有真核生物细胞中,参与细胞增殖、生长、功能及表型改变等多种重要细胞生理过程的调节。肾小管是多种病因致肾脏损伤的重要靶点,现已在多种肾脏疾病中观察到肾小管上皮细胞自噬的异常。本文就细胞自噬在肾小管损伤中的作用及分子机制的研究进展进行综述。     

溶酶体途径在细胞自噬过程中的功能意义

溶酶体具有高度保守的异质性,是细胞自噬的关键细胞器。细胞质中的蛋白质和细胞器最终在溶酶体降解,故溶酶体在维持细胞结构和功能的平衡方面起着重要生理作用。通过自噬溶酶体途径,细胞可清除某些病原体并参与抗原呈递。细胞自噬与异噬经溶酶体密切联系。自噬过程中溶酶体功能障碍与某些疾病和衰老等相关。对细胞自噬的溶酶体途径及其功能意义作了概述。     

线粒体自噬的研究进展

线粒体自噬在细胞质量控制、发育等生理过程中起重要作用,线粒体自噬的异常会导致神经退行性疾病、心脏病、肿瘤等病理反应。线粒体自噬的关键步骤是待降解的线粒体和自噬泡这两个细胞器之间的特异性识别,该过程是通过位于线粒体上的降解信号和自噬泡上的受体相互作用来介导的。近年来,有多个线粒体自噬的受体识别通路陆续被发现,然而,在这些通路中线粒体自噬信号如何起始和调控尚不清楚。该文就线粒体自噬的最新研究进展作一简要综述,旨在为相关领域的研究提供参考。     

自噬与肿瘤耐药的研究进展

自噬(autophagy)是真核细胞特有的普遍生命现象,通过降解受损细胞器和大分子并实现细胞内成分的循环利用。在维持细胞自我稳态、促进细胞生存方面起重要作用,广泛参与多种生理和病理过程。自噬活性与肿瘤及其耐药密切相关,所以就自噬及其在肿瘤耐药中作用的研究进展进行简要综述。     

浮游植物细胞自噬作用特点及研究方法

自噬(Autophagy)是真核生物细胞中一类高度保守的、依赖于溶酶体或液泡途径对胞质蛋白和细胞器进行降解的生物学过程。细胞自噬除维持细胞稳态外,在细胞响应各种外界胁迫中也发挥重要作用。近年来,陆续发现浮游植物能够通过细胞自噬应答众多环境胁迫,并在浮游植物细胞中鉴定出了类似于哺乳动物细胞中的核心自噬功能单位。自噬作为一种独特的程序性细胞死亡(PCD)形式,对浮游植物遭受胁迫后的个体存活及种群延续具有至关重要的作用。因此,细胞自噬也将成为浮游植物研究领域的一个新的着力点。主要综述了浮游植物细胞中自噬的保守性、诱导因素、调控机制、自噬与凋亡的交互作用以及浮游植物自噬研究方法等研究进展。     

细胞自噬在植物细胞程序性死亡中的作用

细胞自噬是真核生物中一种由液泡或溶酶体介导的, 对细胞内物质进行周转的重要代谢机制。在植物中, 细胞自噬作为一种重要的降解手段, 参与营养物质的重新分配、受损蛋白和细胞器的清除及生物和非生物胁迫的响应等过程。此外, 细胞自噬在各种程序性细胞死亡中也起着重要作用, 该文主要综述了近几年来在此方面的研究进展。     

自噬对间充质干细胞的生物学作用研究进展

自噬是细胞器或蛋白质受损、变性、衰老时,通过溶酶体途径运输到溶酶体区进行降解、循环与再利用的生物学过程。作为主要的细胞内降解和循环途径,自噬在正常细胞和组织发育过程中对于维持和重塑细胞稳态至关重要。间充质干细胞(MSCs)是一种具有自我更新能力的多能祖细胞,并可以分化成新的组织,因而在再生医学中具有一定的应用潜能,且在多种退行性疾病的生物学治疗中显示出重要效果。自噬可以影响MSCs的干性维持及干细胞的分化。本文就自噬对MSCs的生物学作用研究进展进行综述。     

自噬体膜的来源

细胞自噬是指细胞通过自噬-溶酶体(autolysosome)降解变性蛋白聚集物和受损细胞器的过程. 自噬对于细胞内环境的稳态、物质的平衡、胚胎发育以及疾病的发生发挥重要作用. 在电镜下观察,自噬体膜是一个双层脂质膜结构. 细胞中因缺乏除了自噬相关蛋白9 (autophagy-related protein 9,ATG9)以外的自噬体膜相关蛋白,故难以确定自噬体膜的来源. 自噬体膜的来源也因此成为目前自噬研究领域的热点问题. 关于自噬体膜的来源,学术界存在两种观点：一种认为自噬体膜是细胞在自噬体组装位点(pre-autophagosomal structure, PAS)重新合成的;另一种观点则认为自噬体膜来源于细胞已有的某些细胞器(如内质网、高尔基体、内吞体、质膜和线粒体). 该文综述了近年有关自噬体膜来源于细胞已有的某些细胞器的研究进展,旨在为相关领域的研究提供参考.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.