老化红细胞膜的脂质及蛋白质变化

近年来许多学者从两个方面对机体衰老的机制进行了研究:机体的衰老过程与细胞老化过程,后者是机体衰老的基础。红细胞由于直接暴露在高氧分压下,又有铁离子催化,特别易受脂质过氧化的损伤,所以成为研究细胞老化的最好材料之一。本文仅以老化红细胞为对象,研究其膜脂、膜蛋白及脂质过氧化与老化的关系。材料与方法一.老化红细胞的分离用生理盐水将40％的葡聚糖配成五种稀释度(27％、26％、25％、24％、23％),其比重     

神经肽对神经母细胞瘤细胞分裂和代谢的影响

神经-内分泌-免疫系统作为机体的整合系统,在衰老变化的发生和发展过程中起着重要的作用。一些资料表明,伴随神经系统的老化,脑和脑脊液中一些神经肽也显著变化。本实验采用小鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞无血清培养建立神经细胞老化实验研究模型,以流式细胞光度术研究神经肽对无血消培养的神经母细胞瘤细胞的细胞周期和细胞总蛋白的影响。以了解神经肽对神经细胞老化过程中的DNA和细胞总蛋白的影响。1 材料与方法     

肝脏衰老中凋亡的调控机制

肝脏是机体重要的代谢器官,在机体全身衰老中尤为重要。脂肪肝、肝硬化和肝癌等老年常见病都与肝脏衰老密切相关。细胞凋亡作为一种细胞自我清除的保护机制,在生物机体衰老过程中不可或缺。越来越多的研究证据表明,凋亡在肝脏衰老中起着重要作用。适度的凋亡对于肝脏衰老是必要的;过度凋亡会造成功能细胞的大量丧失、疾病恶化,甚至最后导致肝功能衰竭;凋亡不足则会使损伤的细胞积蓄,导致细胞坏死或癌变。因此,维持细胞凋亡在衰老肝脏中的适度平衡可延缓或减轻肝脏衰老对机体的影响。该文针对肝脏衰老过程中凋亡的调控机制包括氧化应激、基因不稳定性、脂肪毒性、内质网应激、营养感应失调等的研究进展进行了分析总结。     

磁疗与延缓衰老(二)

衰老的免疫学说衰老的免疫学说,是衰老机制学说的重要组成部分。免疫功能衰退是人和大多数哺乳动物老化过程的重要机制。自体免疫在导致衰老的细胞老化中起决定性作用,因而从根本上参与了整个机体老化。随着年龄的增长免疫功能逐渐下降,使人体抵抗病原微生物感染能力降低,从而更加剧各组织器官老化。老年人的免疫系统衰退的特点随着年龄的增加,机体的免疫系统,如免疫器官、免疫细胞及免疫分子都会发生一系列衰退性改变。免疫器官及免疫细胞老化的特点：根据目前研究得知,就防御功能的作用而言,较低等脊椎动物（鱼类和两栖类）免疫系…     

免疫细胞衰老表现及免疫功能变化的研究进展

机体衰老的本质是细胞衰老不断累积的过程。免疫系统的衰老既是机体衰老的必然结果,也是导致机体衰老的重要原因。免疫系统作为衰老变化的主要系统之一受到越来越多的学者重视。本文将从适应性免疫系统的T、B细胞及固有免疫系统的自然杀伤(NK)细胞、巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、树突状细胞(DC)和骨髓源性抑制细胞等免疫细胞的亚群、衰老指标和功能等方面在衰老过程中的改变进行总结,进一步明确免疫系统衰老在机体衰老过程中扮演的重要角色。     

益生菌对皮肤光老化的修复作用及其机制研究进展

皮肤是人体最大的器官,也是机体防御外界各种物理、化学及病原微生物侵害的重要组织.皮肤系统若出现老化,则导致其功能衰退、防御功能下降,危害机体健康.日常生活中,各类光照时刻侵害着我们的皮肤,加速其老化的速度.研究指出,光照尤其是日光中的紫外辐射可通过直接损伤DNA、产生活性氧、降解细胞外基质和诱发炎症等多种方式损伤皮肤细...     

综述: 血管衰老及其机制

血管老化是一个古老而又年轻的课题.本文综述了血管衰老的主要结构特征、功能改变及其机制的新近研究进展,重点就血管基质变化、内皮细胞衰老/功能失调、内皮祖细胞衰竭以及细胞间通讯等方面进行了阐述.     

血管衰老及其机制

血管老化是一个古老而又年轻的课题.本文综述了血管衰老的主要结构特征、功能改变及其机制的新近研究进展,重点就血管基质变化、内皮细胞衰老/功能失调、内皮祖细胞衰竭以及细胞间通讯等方面进行了阐述.     

细胞外基质、基质水解酶与血管钙化

血管钙化常见于动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病、慢性肾功能衰竭及衰老的血管.近年来的研究证实血管钙化的发生是一种类似于生理性矿化的主动调节过程,而非单纯的钙磷的被动沉积.血管细胞外基质是血管的主要组成成分,对血管起支持、保护作用,且与血管壁细胞相互作用影响其粘附、增殖、迁移、分化等功能,同时又是各种生长因子和细胞因子的储存库.目前的研究显示,在血管钙化过程中细胞外基质的组成和表达可能发生了变化,并参与了对钙化进程的主动调节.基质水解酶可能通过基质降解依赖或非依赖的机制,在钙化的发生发展中起到重要作用.本文主要综述了在血管钙化过程中细胞外基质的变化及其对血管钙化的作用,以及基质水解酶对血管钙化过程可能的影响.     

细胞衰老与老龄化疾病

随着人口老龄化加剧,细胞衰老的生物学基础及其相关分子机制的研究已成为一个重要的研究方向。细胞衰老是多种因素引起的细胞周期永久性阻滞,与老化疾病如糖尿病、骨质疏松、动脉粥样硬化、神经退行性疾病等有关。现介绍细胞衰老及细胞衰老与年龄相关疾病的分子生物学机制,重点介绍衰老领域的最新研究进展:清除衰老细胞能改善或延缓老龄化疾病,延长机体寿命。     

NAD metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging

The geroscience hypothesis proposes that addressing the biology of aging could directly prevent the onset or mitigate the severity of multiple chronic diseases. Understanding the interplay between key aspects of the biological hallmarks of aging is essential in delivering the promises of the geroscience hypothesis. Notably, the nucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) interfaces with several biological hallmarks of aging, including cellular senescence, and changes in NAD metabolism have been shown to be involved in the aging process. The relationship between NAD metabolism and cellular senescence appears to be complex. On the one hand, the accumulation of DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by low NAD⁺ can promote the development of senescence. On the other hand, the low NAD⁺ state that occurs during aging may inhibit SASP development as this secretory phenotype and the development of cellular senescence are both highly metabolically demanding. However, to date, the impact of NAD⁺ metabolism on the progression of the cellular senescence phenotype has not been fully characterized. Therefore, to explore the implications of NAD metabolism and NAD replacement therapies, it is essential to consider their interactions with other hallmarks of aging, including cellular senescence. We propose that a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between NAD boosting strategies and senolytic agents is necessary to advance the field.     

Identification of common and differential mechanisms of glomerulus and tubule senescence in 24‐month‐old rats by quantitative LC–MS/MS

Kidney aging together with related renal disease had become a major clinical problem. Understanding the mechanisms of aging was important for suspending senescence and decreasing the incidence of aging‐related diseases. In the present work, 24‐month‐old F344 rats were used as aging rats and 3‐month‐old rats were used as young controls. Senescence‐associated‐β‐galactosidase staining results showed that the degree of senescence in renal tubules was more severe than that in glomeruli. We performed quantitative LC–MS to assess the differential protein expression profiles of senescent glomeruli and tubules. Bioinformatics analysis showed that aging, response to oxidative stress, nucleotide metabolism, amine acid metabolism, and inflammatory response were common mechanisms of glomerulus and tubule senescence. Differentially expressed proteins network mediated Golgi vesicle transport, actin filament based process, and regulation of cell death were associated with tubule senescence. More importantly, we found that the changes of four and a half LIM protein 2 (FHL2) were opposite in senescent glomeruli and tubules, and FHL2 could regulate p16 by suppressing T‐box 3, which was involved in regulation of senescence in glomeruli and tubules. In conclusion, we assessed the mechanisms of senescence in aging glomeruli and tubules, and the results yielded new insight into kidney senescence.     

Comparison of age-dependent expression of aggrecan and ADAMTSs in mandibular condylar cartilage, tibial growth plate, and articular cartilage in rats

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (adamalysin–thrombospondins, ADAMTS) degrades aggrecan, one of the major extracellular matrix (ECM) components in cartilage. Mandibular condylar cartilage differs from primary cartilage, such as articular and growth plate cartilage, in its metabolism of ECM, proliferation, and differentiation. Mandibular condylar cartilage acts as both articular and growth plate cartilage in the growing period, while it remains as articular cartilage after growth. We hypothesized that functional and ECM differences between condylar and primary cartilages give rise to differences in gene expression patterns and levels of aggrecan and ADAMTS-1, -4, and -5 during growth and aging. We employed in situ hybridization and semiquantitative RT-PCR to identify mRNA expression for these molecules in condylar cartilage and primary cartilages during growth and aging. All of the ADAMTSs presented characteristic, age-dependent expression patterns and levels among the cartilages tested in this study. ADAMTS-5 mainly contributed to ECM metabolism in growth plate and condylar cartilage during growth. ADAMTS-1 and ADAMTS-4 may be involved in ECM turn over in articular cartilage. The results of the present study reveal that ECM metabolism and expression of related proteolytic enzymes in primary and secondary cartilages may be differentially regulated during growth and aging.     

Hallmarks of aging and immunosenescence: Connecting the dots

Aging is a natural physiological process that features various and variable challenges, associated with loss of homeostasis within the organism, often leading to negative consequences for health. Cellular senescence occurs when cells exhaust the capacity to renew themselves and their tissue environment as the cell cycle comes to a halt. This process is influenced by genetics, metabolism and extrinsic factors. Immunosenescence, the aging of the immune system, is a result of the aging process, but can also in turn act as a secondary inducer of senescence within other tissues. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding hallmarks of aging in relation to immunosenescence, with a focus on aging-related imbalances in the medullary environment, as well as the components of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Aging within the immune system alters its functionality, and has consequences for the person's ability to fight infections, as well as for susceptibility to chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype is described, as well as the involvement of this phenomenon in the paracrine induction of senescence in otherwise healthy cells. Inflammaging is discussed in detail, along with the comorbidities associated with this process. A knowledge of these processes is required in order to consider possible targets for the application of senotherapeutic agents - interventions with the potential to modulate the senescence process, thus prolonging the healthy lifespan of the immune system and minimizing the secondary effects of immunosenescence.     

STING promotes senescence,apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation in osteoarthritis via the NF-κB signaling pathway

Damaged deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a primary pathologic factor for osteoarthritis (OA); however, the mechanism by which DNA damage drives OA is unclear. Previous research demonstrated that the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) participates in DNA damage response. As a result, the current study aimed at exploring the role STING, which is the major effector in the cGAS-STING signaling casacde, in OA progress in vitro, as well as in vivo. In this study, the expression of STING was evaluated in the human and mouse OA tissues, and in chondrocytes exposed to interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). The influences of STING on the metabolism of the extracellular matrix (ECM), apoptosis, and senescence, were assessed in STING overexpressing and knocking-down chondrocytes. Moreover, the NF-κB-signaling casacde and its role in the regulatory effects of STING on ECM metabolism, apoptosis, and senescence were explored. The STING knockdown lentivirus was intra-articularly injected to evaluate its therapeutic impact on OA in mice in vivo. The results showed that the expression of STING was remarkably elevated in the human and mouse OA tissues and in chondrocytes exposed to IL-1β. Overexpression of STING promoted the expression of MMP13, as well as ADAMTS5, but suppressed the expression of Aggrecan, as well as Collagen II; it also enhanced apoptosis and senescence in chondrocytes exposed to and those untreated with IL-1β. The mechanistic study showed that STING activated NF-κB signaling cascade, whereas the blockage of NF-κB signaling attenuated STING-induced apoptosis and senescence, and ameliorated STING-induced ECM metabolism imbalance. In in vivo study, it was demonstrated that STING knockdown alleviated destabilization of the medial meniscus-induced OA development in mice. In conclusion, STING promotes OA by activating the NF-κB signaling cascade, whereas suppression of STING may provide a novel approach for OA therapy.Subject terms: Apoptosis, Senescence     

Increased expression of SIRT2 is a novel marker of cellular senescence and is dependent on wild type p53 status

Sirtuins (SIRT) belonging to the NAD+ dependent histone deacetylase III class of enzymes have emerged as master regulators of metabolism and longevity. However, their role in prevention of organismal aging and cellular senescence still remains controversial. In the present study, we now report upregulation of SIRT2 as a specific feature associated with stress induced premature senescence but not with either quiescence or cell death. Additionally, increase in SIRT2 expression was noted in different types of senescent conditions such as replicative and oncogene induced senescence using multiple cell lines. Induction of SIRT2 expression during senescence was dependent on p53 status as depletion of p53 by shRNA prevented its accumulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed the presence of p53 binding sites on the SIRT2 promoter suggesting its regulation by p53, which was also corroborated by the SEAP reporter assay. Overexpression or knockdown of SIRT2 had no effect on stress induced premature senescence, thereby indicating that SIRT2 increase is not a cause of senescence; rather it is an effect linked to senescence-associated changes. Overall, our results suggest SIRT2 as a promising marker of cellular senescence at least in cells with wild type p53 status.     

Integrating cellular senescence with the concept of damage accumulation in aging: Relevance for clearance of senescent cells

Understanding the aging process and ways to manipulate it is of major importance for biology and medicine. Among the many aging theories advanced over the years, the concept most consistent with experimental evidence posits the buildup of numerous forms of molecular damage as a foundation of the aging process. Here, we discuss that this concept integrates well with recent findings on cellular senescence, offering a novel view on the role of senescence in aging and age‐related disease. Cellular senescence has a well‐established role in cellular aging, but its impact on the rate of organismal aging is less defined. One of the most prominent features of cellular senescence is its association with macromolecular damage. The relationship between cell senescence and damage concerns both damage as a molecular signal of senescence induction and accelerated accumulation of damage in senescent cells. We describe the origin, regulatory mechanisms, and relevance of various damage forms in senescent cells. This view on senescent cells as carriers and inducers of damage puts new light on senescence, considering it as a significant contributor to the rise in organismal damage. Applying these ideas, we critically examine current evidence for a role of cellular senescence in aging and age‐related diseases. We also discuss the differential impact of longevity interventions on senescence burden and other types of age‐related damage. Finally, we propose a model on the role of aging‐related damage accumulation and the rate of aging observed upon senescent cell clearance.     

Four faces of cellular senescence

Cellular senescence is an important mechanism for preventing the proliferation of potential cancer cells. Recently, however, it has become apparent that this process entails more than a simple cessation of cell growth. In addition to suppressing tumorigenesis, cellular senescence might also promote tissue repair and fuel inflammation associated with aging and cancer progression. Thus, cellular senescence might participate in four complex biological processes (tumor suppression, tumor promotion, aging, and tissue repair), some of which have apparently opposing effects. The challenge now is to understand the senescence response well enough to harness its benefits while suppressing its drawbacks.