中药有效成分治疗类风湿关节炎研究进展

中药治疗类风湿性关节炎(RA)有几千年的临床应用历史,积累了丰富的经验.近年来,国内外针对中药复方和单味药的抗RA作用开展了大量的实验研究工作,很多中药的活性成分(组分)和作用机制得到初步阐明,开发出青藤碱注射液、雷公藤多苷片和白芍总苷片等新型RA治疗药物.本文对中药有效成分在治疗RA方面的研究进展进行综述.     

降血糖中药及有效成分的研究进展

本文通过PrloQuest Medical Library和中国学术期刊教据库,对降血糖中药有效成分等设置关键词检索,综述了1994年以来国内外降血糖中药有效成分及研究现状.具有降血糖作用的中药化学成分主要包括多糖、生物碱、黄酮、皂苷、萜及含硫化合物等六大类,虽然各类中药成分的有效性及其作用机理迥异,但其研究进展,为降血糖的分子中药研究开发奠定了良好基础.降血糖中药有效成分是重要的降血糖中药分子,进一步研究和探讨这些中药分子的中药药性和组方配伍规律,对于创制高效低毒的降血糖分子中药,推进中药现代化具有重要理论和实践指导意义.     

微生物对植物源中药有效成分形成的影响

植物体内外生长着大量微生物,它们主要从表皮侵入植物体.植物识别侵入的微生物后,会形成次生代谢产物来抵抗微生物的侵入,这些代谢产物为我们提供了丰富的药源.血竭、沉香、皮用中药、组培生产药用成分及一些栽培中药中有效成分的形成都与微生物有密切关系.微生物在中药上的应用有很多问题急待解决,深入研究微生物对中药的影响对提高中药质量具有重要作用.     

补益类中药有效成分作为新型人用疫苗佐剂的应用前景

传统补益类中药有效成分既能增加腹腔巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞、细胞毒T细胞、淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞,促进IL-12、GM—CSF、IFN等细胞因子的分泌,加强细胞因子的作用,又能激活T细胞、B细胞,活化补体促进提高机体的免疫功能,产生免疫调节作用。作为重组乙型肝炎疫苗、流感病毒、钩状螺旋体病毒等疫苗佐剂的研究表明,补益类中药有效成分具有良好的免疫佐剂特性,将其研制开发为新型人用疫苗佐剂将具广阔前景。     

视黄酸诱导细胞分化分子机制的研究进展

本文从视黄酸（ＲＡ）对早期即刻反应基因表达,多种蛋白激酶活性变化及核转录因子ＡＰ－１和Ｑｃｔ－３／４基因转录产物功能、白血病细胞对ＲＡ出现抗生的可能原因以及ＰＲ蛋白在ＲＡ诱导造血干／祖细胞,白血病细胞分化成熟中的调节作用,ＰＲＢ与其它核转空蛋白的相互关系等方面分析,综述了近年来有关ＲＡ诱导细胞分化可能的分子机制。     

用微生态的观点看中药有效成分在肠道的生物转化

微生态学与中医学的观点是极为相似的,中药有效成分口服后,被肠道微生物进行生物转化,药效会得到减弱或者增强。对肠道微生物转化中药有效成分与肠道微生态平衡关系的研究,将是解释中药作用机制不可忽略的一条途径。     

中药有效成分调控NLRP3 炎症小体活化的研究进展

炎症小体是细胞内组装形成的大分子蛋白复合体,可将白介素-1β(IL-1β) 和IL-18 加工成熟,并诱导细胞焦亡性死亡,在协调对抗病原体感染和生理紊乱的过程中发挥重要作用。Nod 样受体蛋白3(Nod-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体是迄今为止结构和功能研究得最为明确的炎症小体,其活化后参与免疫性疾病、心血管疾病、神经系统疾病等多种疾病发生及发展过程。研究显示,许多中药有效成分可以调节相关疾病靶细胞中NLRP3 炎症小体的活化。从中药有效成分调节相关疾病靶细胞（如神经细胞、肝肾细胞、内皮细胞、肿瘤细胞等）中NLRP3 炎症小体活化的机制出发,综述近4 年国内外对中药有效成分调节NLRP3 炎症小体活化的研究进展,以期阐释相关中药有效成分的作用特点,并为相关疾病的防治提供一定参考。     

NGF诱导PC12细胞分化机制的研究进展

神经生长因子诱导PC12细胞分化是一个复杂的信号调节过程,其中因子和信号传导途径参与,NGF可通过不同信号途径诱导PC12细胞分化。本文在Ras／MAPK途径、PI－3K信号途径及细胞凋期等方面的研究作一叙述。     

肿瘤干细胞对恶性肿瘤辅助治疗的影响

放化疗是目前恶性肿瘤治疗的重要手段,但是迄今为止,除了手术以外,几乎没有能单独根治恶性肿瘤的治疗方法,甚至一些恶性肿瘤在手术、化疗或放疗后会出现再生和侵袭能力增强,被称为恶性肿瘤治疗后再增殖,这可能是恶性肿瘤治疗失败的主要原因,其主要机制可能是肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)对放化疗的耐受,以及放化疗导致肿瘤细胞的上皮细胞间质化,继而提高了肿瘤侵袭性。该文将从CSCs的角度重新探讨放化疗等辅助治疗对恶性肿瘤的影响。     

几种中药及其有效成分对人体肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用

通过建立的抗肿瘤体外模型,对临床上有抗肿瘤作用的几种中药提取物的抗肿瘤的活性进行检测。并与其中用作标准品的化学成分的活性进行比较。结果发现所检测的中药牛蒡子、蛇床子、三七、大黄、茯苓、延胡索、川乌和黄芪等的水提物和醇提物对肿瘤细胞株均有一定的抑制作用,醇提物的活性明显高于水挺物。一部分用作标准品的化学成分也有抗肿瘤活性。这项工作为抗肿瘤活性成分的筛选建立了有效的方法和基础。     

MicroRNA transport: A new way in cell communication

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can efficiently regulate gene expression by targeting mRNA to cause mRNA cleavage or translational repression. Growing evidence indicates that miRNAs exist not only in cells but also in a variety of body fluids, which stimulates substantial interest in the transport mechanism and regulating process of extracellular miRNAs. This article reviews the basic biogenesis of miRNAs in detail to explore the origin of extracellular miRNAs. Different miRNA transporters have been summarized (e.g., exosomes, microvesicles, apoptosis bodies, and RNA‐binding proteins). In addition, we discuss the regulators affecting miRNA transport (e.g., ATP and ceramide) and the selection mechanism for different miRNA transporters. Studies about miRNA transporters and the transport mechanism are new and developing. With the progress of the research, new functions of extracellular miRNAs may be uncovered in the future. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1713–1719, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A new biochemical marker for foot-specific cell differentiation in hydra

Summary Mucous cells in the basal disk of hydra contain a peroxidase-like enzyme allowing specific staining of these cells with substrates for peroxidases. The peroxidase activity provides an excellent marker for foot mucous cell, differentiation and was used to follow the reappearance of footspecific cells during foot regeneration after amputation. By choosing the appropriate either soluble or precipitable substrate the peroxidase reaction was used both for a qualitative and for a quantitative evaluation of foot-specific differentiation in hydra. For histological studies diaminobenzidien was found to be a suitable substrate which forms a dark brown precipitate within the cells containing the peroxidase activity. For a quantitative evaluation of foot regeneration the soluble substrate 2,2-azino-di(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-sulfonic acid-6) ammonium salt was used which after reaction with the enzyme gives rise to a diffusible green reaction product the concentration of which can be measured by its specific absorption at 415 nm. Based on the diffusible enzyme product a new quantitative assay for foot regenration was developed and applied to confirm the effect and specificity of morphogenetic substances which either inhibit or activate foot or head regeneration in hydra.     

Friend erythroleukemia cell differentiation: induction by retinoids

Abstract. Growth in the presence of retinoids was found to induce erythroid differentiation in Friend murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells in culture. The program of differentiated functions expressed by retinoid-treated cells was quite similar to that promoted by other inducers of MEL cell differentiation. For example, 70% or more of induced cells synthesized hemoglobin which accumulated to a level of 8 μg–10 μg per 10⁶ cells. The level of acetylcholinesterase activity increased two to five-fold in induced cells, and induction by retinoids, like induction by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), promoted the appearance of cell surface lumps or 'blebs'. All-trans retinaldehyde, which promoted maximum hemoglobin and acetylcholinesterase synthesis at a concentration of 5 × 10⁻⁷ M, was found to be a more potent inducer than all-trans retinoic acid or retinol, which both showed maximum induction at 1 × 10⁻⁵ M. Like differentiation promoted by DMSO, retinoid-induced differentiation was inhibited by 10⁻⁷ M dexamethasone.     

A new in vitro model for stem cell differentiation and interaction

Development involves an interplay between various cell types from their birth to their disappearance by differentiation, migration, or death. Analyzing these interactions provides insights into their roles during the formation of a new organism. As a study tool for these interactions, we have created a model based on embryoid bodies (EBs) generated from mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells, which can be used to visualize the differentiation of mES cells into specific cell types while at the same time allowing controlled removal of this same cell population using an enzyme–prodrug approach. Cell-specific expression of Cre induces a switch of EGFP expression to LacZ. Furthermore, it leads to the expression of nitroreductase (NTR), which in combination with the prodrug CB1954 induces apoptosis. Here, we validate this model by showing expression of LacZ and NTR after Cre-mediated recombination. Additionally we show, as an example, that we can target the endothelial cells in EBs using the Tie-2 promoter driving Cre. Ablating Cre-expressing cells by adding CB1954 to the culture led to an abrogated vascular formation. This system can easily be adapted to determine the fate and interaction of many different cell types provided that there is a cell-type-specific promoter available.     

Induction of cell differentiation: III. A quantitative approach in the analysis of induction

A mathematical analysis of enzyme induction is given, assuming three different action mechanisms of the inducer: formation of a specific template, action as a derepressor, and incorporation into the template. The formation of vertebral cartilage in explanted chick somites seems to be best represented by the model of incorporation into the template.     

Relationship of the cell cycle to xylem cell differentiation: A new model

Abstract. Conflicting data have appeared in the literature concerning the necessity for DNA synthesis prior to xylem cell differentiation. In some systems DNA synthesis is not required before differentiation, while in other systems DNA synthesis appears to be an absolute necessity. The construction of a model for the cell cycle in which the G1 phase is subdivided into a separate 'early' and 'late' phase can resolve this apparent conflict.