木霉菌对3种致病真菌的作用关系研究

采用室内生长速率法测定了木霉菌 (Trichodermaspp .)与 3种致病真菌的互作关系 ,结果表明 ,木霉菌与 3种致病真菌间均存在明显的互作关系 ,但其互作类型与作用强度各不相同 :木霉菌与立枯丝核菌 (Rhi zoctoniasolani)间存在拮抗作用 ,但抑制强度不大 ;木霉菌与腐霉菌 (Pythiumaphanidermatum)不仅存在拮抗作用 ,且对腐霉菌的抑制强度较大 ;木霉菌与镰刀菌 (Fuariumspp .)间存在明显的协生作用。经进一步多方面考察后 ,有可能将该木霉菌用于病害防治     

植物与病原真菌互作机制研究进展

植物与病原真菌之间的互作是当今植物病理学研究的热点问题之一,相关的研究有望为植物抗病机制的解析和抗病品种的选育奠定理论基础。我们从形态、细胞、生理生化和分子等水平综述了植物与病原真菌互作机制的研究进展。     

Nuclear Effectors in Plant Pathogenic Fungi

The nuclear import of proteins is a fundamental process in the eukaryotes including plant. It has become evident that such basic process is exploited by nuclear effectors that contain nuclear localization signal (NLS) and are secreted into host cells by fungal pathogens of plants. However, only a handful of nuclear effectors have been known and characterized to date. Here, we first summarize the types of NLSs and prediction tools available, and then delineate examples of fungal nuclear effectors and their roles in pathogenesis. Based on the knowledge on NLSs and what has been gleaned from the known nuclear effectors, we point out the gaps in our understanding of fungal nuclear effectors that need to be filled in the future researches.     

食用菌与木霉菌互作机制研究进展

在食用菌生产中木霉菌不仅污染食用菌培养料,而且感染其菌丝体和子实体,常造成巨大的经济损失。本文综述了食用菌与木霉菌互作的形态学特征和生物化学基础,介绍了食用菌抗病性遗传及抗性机制研究现状,提出了未来宿主与病原菌互作机制研究的方向。     

Quantitative Studies of Total Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi

Ten species of dermatophytes and four of the systemic fungi were assayed for total lipids, acetone-soluble fraction, and phospholipid content in different types of cultures. The yeast phase of each of the systemic fungi grown on solid medium exhibited a higher total lipid content than did the mycelial growth in liquid medium, either shake or still. Shake cultures, in all the fungi tested, produced the least lipids. The yeasts were consistently higher also in the acetone-soluble fraction. Histoplasma duboisii in the yeast phase and Microsporum gypseum produced the greatest amount of phospholipid, and Blastomyces dermatitidis in the yeast phase and M. canis produced the largest acetone-soluble fraction among the systemic fungi and dermatophytes, respectively.     

植物与病原真菌互作的形态变化及其生理、生化机制和基因调控

本文从生理、生化、酶学及基因调控等方面对植物与病原真菌互作过程中的形态变化进行了综述,以期为植物抗病方面的研究提供参考     

迷迭香酸对几种植物病原真菌的抗菌活性*

研究了迷迭香酸对不同植物病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制活性。试验结果表明,迷迭香酸对供试的8种植物病原真菌菌丝生长均有抑制作用,其中对番茄灰霉病菌、芒果灰斑病菌、柑桔青霉和梨黑斑病菌抑制作用较强,EC50分别为615．04μg/mL、698．23μg/mL、714．50μg/mL和809．10μg/mL;对杉木猝倒病菌和苹果树腐烂病菌抑制作用次之,EC50分别为1039．92μg／mL和1044．72μg/mL;对松枯梢病菌和种实霉烂病菌的抑制作用较弱,EC50分别为1256．90μg/mL和1270．87μg/mL。迷迭香酸对供试的6种植物病原真菌孢子萌发也有明显的抑制作用,EC50大致在400～700μg/mL范围,其中对梨黑斑病菌孢子萌发抑制作用最强,EC50为395．37μg/mL。     

茶多酚对几种植物病原真菌的抑制作用及机理研究

用不同浓度的茶多酚液对玉米小斑病菌(Bipolaris maydis)、香蕉炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum musae)和莲腐败病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.)进行抑菌测定.结果表明:茶多酚对三种植物病原真菌生长和分生孢子萌发都具有极显著的抑制作用(P<0.01);不同浓度的茶多酚液对同种植物病原真菌的抑制作用不同,随着茶多酚浓度的增大,其抑制力增强,其中10和5 mg/mL抑制力最强;茶多酚对三种不同的植物病原真菌的抑制程度也不同,其中对玉米小斑病菌的抑制效果最好,10和5 mg/mL茶多酚稀释液的分生孢子萌发抑制率达100%,且原生质外溢,细胞畸变.其作用机理是破坏了菌体的细胞膜结构和抑制了CAT、POD酶活,使其丧失细胞膜的屏障和酶系的保护功能.     

植物与病原真菌互作的形态变化及其生理 生化机制和基因调控

本文从生理、生化、酶学及基因调控等方面对植物与病原真菌互作过程中的形态变化进行了综述,以期为植物抗病方面的研究提供参考。     

Large-Scale Screening of the Plant Extracts for Antifungal Activity against the Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Plants produce chemicals of immense diversity that provide great opportunities for development of new antifungal compounds. In search for environment-friendly alternatives to the fungicide of current use, we screened plant extracts obtained from more than eight hundred plant materials collected in Korea for their antifungal activity against the model plant pathogenic fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. This initial screening identified antifungal activities from the eleven plant extract samples, among which nine showed reproducibility in the follow-up screening. These nine samples were able to suppress not only M. oryzae but also other fungal pathogens. Interestingly, the plant extracts obtained from Actinostemma lobatum comprised five out of eight samples, and were the most effective in their antifungal activity. We found that butanol fraction of the A. lobatum extract is the most potent. Identification and characterization of antifungal substances in the A. lobatum extracts would provide the promising lead compounds for new fungicide.     

11种植物精油对6种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性研究

为筛选有效的植物杀菌成分,采用菌丝生长法,测定了香茅油、薰衣草油、菊花油、月桂油、柠檬油、广藿香油、肉桂油、天竺葵油、迷迭香油、茶树油、薄荷油对6种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。发现在2 g/L的浓度下,上述11种精油对6种供试病菌均有明显的抑制作用,其中香茅油、肉桂油、天竺葵油、月桂油、茶树油和薄荷油对6种病原真菌的抑制率均为100%。剂量效应试验表明,肉桂油对灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）和禾谷镰孢菌（Fusariumgraminearum）的EC50值分别为29.05μg/mL和42.96μg/mL,而天竺葵油对灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）和禾谷镰孢菌（Fusarium graminearum）的EC50值分别为34.02μg/mL和68.48μg/mL。     

关于“植物病原菌物”的教学探讨

为了提高植物病理学中"植物病原菌物"教学单元的教学效果,作者梳理了菌物的涵义和演变历史,以及不同教材中相关内容的编排特点。提出了要针对不同授课对象、教学计划和教学目的选择合适的教材,并针对性地进行课堂教学设计的观点。即,植物保护专业的课程设计可以结合生物系统分类学进展对"真菌"和"菌物"的概念进行梳理,而植物生产类非植物保护专业的植物病理学相关课程则直接讲解植物病原菌物的概念。通过差异化教学设计,提高教学效果,满足不同专业的学生学习需求。     

Lauric Acid Exhibits Antifungal Activity Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi

This study aimed at examining the effects of the saturated fatty acid lauric acid on mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum and on infection of barley seedlings with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Mycelial growth of R. solani and P. ultimum in agar culture was significantly reduced by lauric acid at concentrations of 100 μm and above, while no fungal growth occurred in liquid culture at concentrations above 50 μm . Application of lauric acid at concentrations ranging from 250 to 1000 μm to barley leaves before or after inoculation with B. graminis f. sp. hordei led to significant reductions in infection. This study provides the first report of the activity of lauric acid against plant pathogenic fungi and indicates the need for investigation of its mechanism of action.     

拮抗植物病原真菌放线菌的筛选与数值分类研究

分离塔里木盆地两地区不同生态土壤中的放线菌,并以14个靶标植物病原真菌进行拮抗性测定,筛选出10个具有拮抗活性的放线菌菌株,以天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor)、紫色直丝链霉菌(S.lavendu-larectus)为参比菌株进行生理生化特性、生长条件、抗生素敏感性、抗菌活性等96项指标测定以及数值分类。结果表明:10株供试菌株在0.38的水平上分为6个表观群:第Ⅰ群、第Ⅱ群为白孢类群,第Ⅲ群为烬灰类群,第Ⅳ群为灰褐类群,第Ⅴ群和第Ⅵ群为待定种,另外塔里木盆地具有抗病原真菌活性的放线菌以白孢类群最多,占总数的60%,为优势类群。     

卷叶黄精对植物病原菌的抗菌活性研究

采用菌丝生长速率法研究了卷叶黄精根提取物对植物病原菌的抗菌活性。结果表明:卷叶黄精对所选10种植物病原菌中的7种呈现不同程度的抗菌活性,而且各萃取物的抑菌菌种各不相同,其中正丁醇萃取物对4种病原菌、乙酸乙酯萃取物对3种病原菌有明显的抑菌活性,水浓缩物仅对1种病原菌有抗菌活性,而石油醚萃取物对供试植物病原菌没有抗菌活性;正丁醇萃取物对苹果褐腐病、玉米大斑病、棉黄萎病病原菌抑制作用较强,EC50分别为261.26、376.03和430.05μg.mL-1;乙酸乙酯萃取物对苹果腐烂病、番茄黑霉病病原菌抑制作用较强,EC50分别为386.00和865.75μg.mL-1,各样品对植物病原菌的毒力随着浓度的增高而增强;卷叶黄精对植物病原菌的抑菌活性随着作用时间的延长,均呈现不同的下降趋势。     

Antifungal Activities of Four Fatty Acids against Plant Pathogenic Fungi

The effect of the fatty acids linolenic acid, linoleic acid, erucic acid and oleic acid on the growth of the plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum, Pyrenophora avenae and Crinipellis perniciosa were examined in in vitro studies. Linolenic and linoleic acids exhibited activity against all of the fungi. However, whereas linolenic acid reduced mycelial growth of R. solani and C. perniciosa at 100 microM, the concentration had to be increased to 1000 microM before any effect on mycelial growth of P. ultimum and P. avenae was observed. Linoleic acid only reduced mycelial growth of R. solani, P. ultimum and P. avenae at 1000 microM, but led to a significant reduction in growth of C. perniciosa at 100 microM. In contrast, oleic acid had no significant effect on growth of R. solani or P. avenae, but gave significant reductions in mycelial growth of P. ultimum at 100 microM and reduced growth of C. perniciosa significantly at 1000 microM. All of the fatty acids reduced biomass production by all of the fungi significantly in liquid culture when added to the media at 100 microM. Erucic acid had no effect on fungal growth at any concentration examined. The antifungal activities exhibited by linolenic, linoleic and oleic acids may be useful in the search for alternative approaches to controlling important plant pathogens, such as those examined in this study.     

食草动物与植物的相互关系

动植物相互作用是决定动植物群落结构的重要因素[50 ] 。动物从多方面和多层次影响植物 ,最后都反映到植物群落结构的变化。而变化的植物群落又从各方面影响动物的生理、行为、种群特征、分布、种间关系等方面 ,最终反映到动物群落水平层次的改变 ,所以对动物群落与植物群落关系及机理的研究是个内容十分丰富的重要领域。1　食草动物的牧食作用对植物的影响食草动物的牧食作用 ,常使植物形态和结构发生变化 ,如导致植株的“矮化”或“匍匐化”,增加剌结构和机械结构 ,以抵御进一步被牧食[42 ] 。一定强度的牧食会加速植物光合作用强度 ,从而…     

小桐子枝叶提取物对植物病原真菌的生物活性

采用菌丝生长抑制法,测定了小桐子枝叶6种不同溶剂提取物对小麦赤霉病菌、稻瘟病菌、烟草疫霉菌和辣椒疫霉菌的抑制作用,从中筛选出抑制作用最强的粗提物进行进一步的活性组分分离和抑菌活性测定。结果表明小桐子枝叶的乙醇提取物对4种植物病原菌抑制活性最高,在浓度为0.8 g·L^-1时,小桐子枝叶的乙醇提取物对小麦赤霉病菌、稻瘟病菌、烟草疫霉菌、辣椒疫霉菌菌丝生长抑制率分别为：87.1%、90.3%、86.4%、77.9%,其抗菌活性与农药世高均无显著差异;在小桐子枝叶乙醇提取物的不同溶剂萃取物对稻瘟病菌和烟草疫霉病菌进行生物活性追踪测试中发现,石油醚和水萃取物都具有较好的活性,当浓度为0.8 g·L^-1时,石油醚和水萃取物对两种病菌抑制率都达50%以上。表明小桐子枝叶含有丰富的抗植物病原真菌活性物质,且主要存在于小桐子枝叶乙醇提取物的石油醚相和水相中。