内源性吗啡样多肽和镇痛

内源性吗啡样多肽(简称内啡肽)是近年来从脑、垂体、肠分离出来的一类具有吗啡样活性的神经多肽,目前已达8种,它们可能是一类新的神经递质或神经调节物质。其中脑啡肽是两个5肽:亮-脑啡肽及甲硫-脑啡肽,其脑内分布与(阿片)受体有相当显著的平行关系。β-内啡肽首先发现于垂体,然后亦在脑内找到。在脑内给药时其镇痛作用比脑啡肽强而持久。最近有许多资料提示脑刺激或针剌引起的镇痛都可能是由于激活了脑内的内啡肽能神经原使之释放内啡肽。本文讨论了有关的进展。     

蛋氨酸脑啡肽—阿片受体激活免疫细胞抗肿瘤活性的研究进展

蛋氨酸脑啡肽(MENK)是人体中的一种神经递质,其阿片受体广泛存在于免疫细胞表面。MENK与阿片受体相结合,通过调节cAMP-PKA信号通路、Ca2+-钙调蛋白、蛋白激酶C等多种物质的表达,参与到免疫细胞的成熟分化。进一步研究提示,适当剂量的MENK通过激活T细胞、NK细胞、LAK细胞等发挥抗肿瘤的作用。此外,MENK-阿片生长因子受体(OGFr)通路的过表达,直接抑制肿瘤发展与血管生长。     

羟甲芬太尼──高选择性μ阿片受体激动剂及与μ-阿片受体相互作用的研究

吗啡的强效镇痛功能及广泛的生理、药理作用是几百年来药学、药理学研究的重要对象,但其作用机理未能得到阐明。70年代初发现脑内存在阿片受体以来,随之在脑内找到内源性阿片肽──甲硫氨酸脑啡肽和亮氨酸脑啡肽;接着又发现了β内啡肽、强啡肽等多种内啡肽（endophines）,从而在学术界里掀起一股研究神经肽的热潮,对吗啡药理机理研究又进入一个新的阶段,对阿片肽的生理功能成为研究的热点。利用各种阿片受体配体特性功能表达的差异,证明脑内存在多种阿片受体类型。公认的主要有μ、三种亚型。要深入研究阿片受体亚型的结构功能,必须…     

β-内啡肽和强啡肽参与可乐宁和去甲肾上腺素的中枢降压效应

大鼠侧脑室注射(icv)可乐宁和去甲肾上腺素(NE)引起血压降低和心率减慢。此效应可被α受体阻断剂酚妥拉明对抗。icvβ-内啡肽抗体、强啡肽抗体或大剂量阿片受体阻断剂纳洛酮也可防止可乐宁和 NE 降压效应的出现;而甲啡肽抗体、亮啡肽抗体或小剂量纳洛酮均无拮抗作用。以上结果表明,内源性β-内啡肽和强啡肽参与可乐宁和 NE 脑室注射所引起的降压效应。     

应澄清两个β-内啡肽的错误概念

最近几年,对内啡肽和脑啡肽虽做了大量研究,但仍有些错误概念未予澄清。第一、内啡肽和脑啡肽在血中或组织中受氨基肽酶迅速作用,立刻转变为无活性的去酪化合物。实验证明,这一概念有两方面错误:(1)去酪~1—甲啡肽和去酪~1—内啡肽并不是无活性化合物,它们不作用于阿片受体,但却有强烈的行为效应。(2)β-内啡肽能在血液中循环而不被立即破坏。大鼠注射~3H标记的人β-内啡肽后45分钟,血浆中50%的放射性仍来自于完整的β-内啡肽。据认为,β-内啡肽N-端的裂解是产生行为活性衍生物的一个选择性代谢途径的开始。     

阿片肽抑制肺癌细胞生长的作用可被烟碱翻转

Maneckfee和Minna应用特异的放射性配基受体亲合实验,发现多种肺癌细胞株均可表达高亲合性的μ、δ、κ型阿片受体,也能表达烟碱和α-银环蛇毒受体。培养液内加入阿片肽和烟碱后,肺癌细胞的cAMP含量降低,说明这些受体是具有生物活性的。应用放射免疫分析法发现,肺癌细胞还能表达多种具有免疫活性的阿片肽,如β-内啡肽、脑啡肽及强啡肽。在培养体系内加入1～100 nmol/L的μ、δ、κ阿片受体激     

甲硫氨酸脑啡肽和抗δ阿片受体抗体对小鼠骨髓瘤细胞信号传递系统的作用

为了探讨阿片肽与细胞表面受体结合后所产生的生物效应及其机制 ,用不同浓度甲硫氨酸脑啡肽 ( MENK)及抗 δ阿片受体单克隆抗体处理小鼠的骨髓瘤细胞 ( NS- 1 ) ,然后测定蛋白激酶A( PKA) ,蛋白激酶 C( PKC)活性及三磷酸肌醇 ( IP3 )含量 .研究结果表明 ,NENK可升高细胞胞浆及胞膜 PKA的活性 ,且这一作用可被抗δ阿片受体抗体所拮抗 .MENK对 PKC影响呈双向反应 ,0 .1 μmol/L MENK可以升高胞浆 PKC活性 ,但却明显降低胞膜 PKC活性 ;在 MENK浓度为 1 0μmol/L时则情况刚好相反 .1 μmol/L的 MENK可明显降低胞浆及胞膜 PKC活性 ,抗体可拮抗这种下调作用 .MENK可降低细胞内 IP3 的含量 ,且这一作用可被抗δ阿片受体抗体所拮抗 .由此可以推论 :MENK在与 δ阿片受体结合后 ,可以经过多种信号传导系统来调节细胞功能 ,从而产生不同的生物效应 .     

阿片肽类物质对大鼠黄体细胞孕酮生成的影响

本文观察了外源性阿片肽对大鼠离体黄体细胞孕酮生成的影响,结果表明:β-内啡肽以剂量-反应依赖方式促进黄体细胞孕酮生成,有效浓度范围是10~(-8)-10~(-6) mol/L;强啡肽仅在浓度为10~(-6)mol/L时才显示刺激孕酮生成的作用;而甲硫-脑啡肽无明显作用。μ-阿片受体激动剂DAGO和乙基吗啡也能明显促进孕酮的生成。纳洛酮可完全阻断β-内啡肽,DAGO和乙基吗啡的作用。由于大鼠血液中β-内啡肽含量较低,而卵巢局部具有较高浓度的β-内啡肽。因此,我们认为,β-内啡肽可能在卵巢局部参与黄体细胞孕酮生成的调节,是卵巢内促黄体因子之一,这种作用可能是由μ-型阿片受体介导的。     

阿片受体的研究进展

阿片及其衍生物在神经系统中具有很强的镇痛作用,对阿片受体的研究已有20多年的历史。20世纪70年代发现了阿片受体的存在并先后发现了脑啡肽、β-内啡肽和强啡肽等阿片肽,随后发现了孤啡肽。如年代3种阿片受体的基因均已克隆成功,氨基酸序列表明它们均属G蛋白偶联受体,为7螺旋跨膜受体家族的成员,具有很高的同源性,功能包括介导腺苷酸环化酶的抑制作用以及一些离子通道的激活和抑制作用等。阿片受体基因的克隆将有利于新型临床药物的开发以及耐受和药物成瘾性分子基础的研究。目前阿片受体基因敲除、计算机结构模拟分析以及寻找新型阿片受体基因的研究均在深入进行。     

内啡素的生成释放和降解

自从1975年Hughes等发现两种脑啡肽(甲啡肽,MEK;亮啡肽,LEK)以来,陆续发现存在于体内具有阿片样作用的肽类物质不下20余种。Simon曾建议用endorphins一词泛指内源性吗啡样肽,中文译为内啡肽。但以后此名称多用作β-趋脂素(β-LPH)分子中的特定片断如β-内啡肽(31肽,β-EP)、δ-内啡肽(19肽)、γ-内啡肽(17肽)、α-内啡肽(16肽)等的总称,而不包括脑啡肽、强啡肽等在内。看来,内源性阿片(吗啡)样     

Development and distribution of a human B cell subpopulation identified by the HB-4 monoclonal antibody

Monoclonal antibodies have been successfully used to identify B cell differentiation antigens, few of which mark discrete B cell subpopulations. We have produced a monoclonal antibody, HB-4, against a cell surface antigen on the human B cell line, BJAB, which has an unusual distribution on normal lymphoid cells. HB-4, an IgM antibody, was found to react with an antigen that is expressed by a subpopulation of B cells, approximately 50% of natural killer cells, and not by other types of cells in bone marrow, blood, and lymphoid tissues. In two-color immunofluorescence assays, the HB-4-reactive antigen was found on less than 5% of immature IgM+ B cells in fetal liver and bone marrow and on 25% of B cells in fetal spleen. The HB-4 antibody reacted with 40% of IgM+ cells in newborn blood and 60% of B cells in adult blood. In contrast, only 2 to 26% of IgM+ B cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissues of adults were HB-4+. HB-4+ B cells could be induced to proliferate by cross-linkage of their surface immunoglobulins but not by T cell-derived growth factors. The subpopulation of activated B cells that is responsive to T cell-derived differentiation factors was HB-4-, as were plasma cells. The HB-4 antibody was reactive with some but not all B cell malignancies and cell lines, and not with malignancies or cell lines of other lineages. The HB-4 antigen may therefore serve as a useful nonimmunoglobulin marker for the identification of a subpopulation of mature resting B cells that are present in the highest frequency in the circulation.     

Mononuclear phagocyte maturation: a cytotoxic monoclonal antibody reactive with postmonoblast stages

The rat IgM monoclonal antibody B23.1 was found to bind to mononuclear phagocytes that had matured beyond the monoblast stage. Macrophages from several anatomical sites, elicited by different means, as well as those cultured from bone marrow precursors, bound B23.1 antibody. The increase, with time, of B23.1-positive cells in the nonadherent fraction of cultured bone marrow paralleled that of immature mononuclear phagocytes as detected by esterase staining. Treatment of freshly explanted bone marrow cells with B23.1 and complement did not reduce the number of macrophage colony-forming cells (monoblasts) in that population. Treatment with B23.1 antibody alone did not alter the activation of macrophages for tumor cell killing; however, with added complement, B23.1 reduced activated macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity to background levels. In similar studies B23.1 and complement did not affect antibody production by B cells, the cytotoxic capacity of T cells, or NK cell-mediated lysis. These data indicate that antibody B23.1 is useful for either the detection or elimination of mouse mononuclear phagocytes from the promonocyte stage to that of the mature macrophage.     

Definition of a novel cellular constituent of the bone marrow that regulates the response of immature B cells to B cell antigen receptor engagement

Previously we defined a Thy1(dull) bone marrow-derived cell population that regulated fate decisions by immature B cells after Ag receptor signaling. The microenvironmental signals provided by this cell population were shown to redirect the B cell Ag receptor -induced apoptotic response of immature B cells toward continued recombination-activating gene (RAG) expression and secondary light chain recombination (receptor editing). Neither the identity of the cell responsible for this activity nor its role in immature B cell development in vivo were addressed by these previous studies. Here we show that this protective microenvironmental niche is defined by the presence of a novel Thy1(dull), DX5(pos) cell that can be found in close association with immature B cells in vivo. Depletion of this cell eliminates the anti-apoptotic effect of bone marrow in vitro and leads to a significant decrease in the number and frequency of bone marrow immature B cells in vivo. We propose that, just as the bone marrow environment is essential for the survival and progression of pro-B and pre-B cells through their respective developmental checkpoints, this cellular niche regulates the progression of immature stage B cells through negative selection.     

Suppression of the polyclonal B-cell responses by concanavalin A-treated bone marrow B cells in vitro

A suppressor cell that inhibits the development of a polyclonal antibody response of splenic B cells to lipopolysaccharide is generated in the bone marrow cell culture in response to a mitotic dose (10 micrograms/ml) of concanavalin A (Con A). The Con A-responding suppressor cell is radioresistant and found in a bone marrow B (BM-B) cell population of normal as well as athymic mice. The suppressor activity of Con A-treated BM-B cells was consistently higher (P less than 0.01-0.0001) than those of untreated BM-B and fresh BM cells. The BM-B cell population recovered from short-term (3-day) cultures with Con A contained about 65% surface immunoglobulin (Ig)-positive cells, about 6% T cells, and less than 0.5% plastic-adherent cells, the latter two of which did not contribute to the suppressive activity. Thus, cytolytic treatment with various anti-T-cell antibodies could not eliminate the suppressive activity of the Con A-treated BM-B cells, and the Con A-treated macrophage population provided no significant suppression. The Con A-treated BM-B cells adherent to anti-Ig or anti-Con A dishes exhibited highly enriched suppressive activity. It was therefore concluded that an immature B-cell population of bone marrow could develop in response to stimulation with Con A into surface Ig-positive suppressor cells, contributing to the regulation of nonspecific B-cell responses.     

Cellular aspects of tolerance. II. Unresponsiveness of B cells

The responsiveness of bone marrow cells from tolerant donors was examined by reconstitution of lethally irradiated tolerogen-free recipients. In these animals, stem cells from tolerant donors gave rise to immunologically competent antigen sensitive B cells. The antibody produced by these cells could be detected by a sensitive plaque assay in liquid and by antigen elimination. The antibody was not demonstrable by an assay which only detected plaque forming antibody which was highly avid or was formed in large quantity per cell. In lethally irradiated animals, partially purified B cells from a tolerant animal could not cooperate with T cells from normal donors to reconstitute immunological responsiveness to immunogenic doses of the tolerance inducing antigen. We concluded that antigen sensitive B cells in the bone marrow become unresponsive following administration of tolerogenic forms of antigen. Responsiveness of the reconstituted recipient animals was due to the differentiation of donor stem cells and subsequent antibody production by their descendants. Earlier contradictory findings could be unified in terms of these observations and conclusions.     

Cell surface antigens expressed by subsets of pre-B cells and B cells

A large number of monoclonal antibodies, produced by immunizing rats with mouse pre-B cell lines, have been analyzed for their ability to define cell surface antigens expressed by B cells at early stages of differentiation. Whereas many antibodies recognized antigens on pre-B cell lines, only two clones detected cell surface antigens that were distinguished by their restricted distribution among a panel of continuous cell lines and cells from various tissues. Monoclonal antibody clone AA4.1 recognized a cell surface antigen found on all pre-B lymphomas and on one of three B lymphomas tested. This antigen was found on cells at highest frequency in the bone marrow. Adult spleen and fetal liver also have detectable numbers of AA4.1+ cells. Cells that did not express this antigen include plasmacytomas, two of three B lymphomas, T lymphomas, a stem cell line, adult liver, brain, thymus, and lymph node cells. Clone GF1.2 detected an antigen on some pre-B cell lines, one of three B lymphomas tested, and a small fraction of cells from adult bone marrow, spleen, lymph node, and fetal liver. Plasmacytomas, some pre-B lymphomas, two B lymphomas, T lymphomas, adult liver, brain, and thymus cells were negative. In adult bone marrow, AA4.1 bound to all cytoplasmic IgM+ pre-B cells, whereas GF1.2 detected one-half of these cells. Both antibodies recognized approximately 50% of surface IgM+ (sIgM+) bone marrow cells. A small population of bone marrow cells lacking any detectable Ig (surface or cytoplasmic) also reacted with these antibodies. Depletion of AA4.1 or GF1.2 antigen-bearing cells from bone marrow reduced the ability of bone marrow B cells to respond to LPS by 50 to 65%. Experiments with a cloned pre-B lymphoma demonstrate that AA4.1+ pre-B cells become sIgM+ GF1.2+ B cells after activation with LPS. These antibodies recognize cell surface determinants with restricted distribution among the B lymphocyte lineage because they detect antigens displayed by normal and transformed immature B lymphocytes.     

The affinity threshold for antigenic triggering differs for tolerance susceptible immature precursors vs mature primary B cells

The specificity of antibody responses is dependent on the extent to which a given antigen selectively stimulates cells from within a diverse B cell repertoire. Previous studies have shown that the triggering of B cells by T cell-dependent antigens is a highly discriminatory process, and that tolerance induction of immature B cells by antigen is equally discriminatory. This symmetry in the requirements for stimulation and tolerance induction could provide a basis for the capacity of antibody responses to discriminate among foreign antigens and yet minimize self recognition. The extent to which this potential for discriminate recognition is applicable to the mature immune system remains controversial, because B cells reactive to self antigens have been identified and, in addition, several investigators have identified heteroclitic immune responses, such as the response to NP of Ighb mice, wherein antibodies are found with higher affinities for analogues of the immunogen than for the immunogen itself. To further investigate the capacity of B cells to discriminate among closely related antigenic determinants, we analyzed the fine specificity and idiotypic distribution of monoclonal antibodies derived from both splenic B cells and immature sIg- bone marrow B cell precursors stimulated in fragment culture with NP-Hy and its structural analogues NIP-Hy and NNP-Hy. The results indicate that the majority of responsive B cells discriminate among these haptenic determinants; however, lambda-bearing B cells responsive to the NP and NIP determinants represent a highly overlapping set of clonotypes. Comparison of the responses to NP-Hy and NIP-Hy of splenic vs sIg- precursors of this clonotype family suggests that the T cell-dependent stimulation of both mature and immature B cells by antigen is highly affinity dependent. Significantly, the affinity thresholds for both stimulation and tolerance induction of immature B cells appears to be higher than that required for the stimulation of mature splenic B cells. Such a disparity in the requisites for triggering mature vs immature B cells could readily account for the presence of low-affinity self-reactive B cells in the mature B cell pools of normal individuals.     

Expression of C3d receptors during human B cell differentiation: immunofluorescence analysis with the HB-5 monoclonal antibody

We have examined human B lymphocytes at different stages of differentiation for the expression of surface receptors for the C3d fragment of complement. C3d receptors (C3dR) were identified by indirect immunofluorescence using the HB-5 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes a 145,000 m.w. C3dR molecule on B lymphocytes. Pre-B and immature B cells from fetal bone marrow and liver did not express C3dR, whereas a small subpopulation (25%) of B cells in fetal spleen were C3dR+. Approximately 50% of the B cells in adult bone marrow were C3dR+, whereas the more mature B cells in the blood of newborns and adults and in peripheral lymphoid tissue of adults uniformly expressed the C3dR. Activated B cells responsive to T cell-derived differentiation factors were C3dR+, whereas plasma cells rarely expressed C3dR. T cells, NK cells, erythrocytes, and myelomonocytic cells did not express detectable surface C3dR. These results suggest that in hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, the expression of C3dR is a specific feature of relatively mature lymphoid cells of B lineage.     

The BiP Cochaperone ERdj4 Is Required for B Cell Development and Function

ERdj4 is a BiP cochaperone regulated by the unfolded protein response to facilitate degradation of unfolded and/or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. As the unfolded protein response plays a critical role in B cell maturation and antibody production, ERdj4 gene trap mice were generated to determine if this chaperone was required for B cell homeostasis. Homozygosity for the trapped allele resulted in hypomorphic expression of ERdj4 in bone marrow cells and abnormal development of hematopoietic lineages in the bone marrow. The number of myeloid cells was increased, while the number of erythroid and B lymphoid cells was reduced in ERdj4 gene trap mice compared to controls. An intrinsic B cell defect was identified that decreased survival of B cell precursors including large and small pre-B, and immature B cells. Consistent with impaired B lymphopoiesis, the number of mature follicular B cells was reduced in both the bone marrow and spleen of ERdj4 gene trap mice. Paradoxically, unchallenged ERdj4 gene trap mice showed non-specific hypergammaglobulinemia and gene trap B cells exhibited increased proliferation, survival and isotype switching in response to LPS stimulation. Although ERdj4 gene trap mice responded normally to T cell-independent antigen, they failed to mount a specific antibody response to T cell-dependent antigen in vivo. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the chaperone activity of ERdj4 is required for survival of B cell progenitors and normal antibody production.     

Selection of antibody repertoires by anti-idiotypes can occur at multiple steps of B cell differentiation

These experiments were designed to evaluate whether alterations in Id expression after anti-Id treatments result from direct modulation of Id-producing B cells, and whether idiotypic selection operates in bone marrow or spleen B cells. By using the NPb Id model, we have studied the functional behavior of isolated LPS-reactive B cells transferred from B6 mice into histocompatible LPS-NR B10.Cr hosts and primed with LPS conjugates of anti-Id antibodies. We have found that previous anti-idiotypic manipulation of host mice by neonatal administration of suppressive doses of Ac 38 antibodies, or adult injection of enhancing doses of Ac 146 antibodies, modulated the T cell-independent Id response of either immature bone marrow or mature splenic responding cells, transferred from normal, untreated donors. These results are interpreted to suggest that selection of antibody repertoires by anti-Id may occur at multiple steps of B cell differentiation.