形态对不同小麦基因型氮素吸收的光合作用的影响

利用水培试验,研究了3个小麦基因型对不同形态N素吸收和积累的差异,结果表明,在不同N浓度优势,与次敏感型莱州953和钝感到江东门相比,敏感型扬麦158不仅具有较强的NO3^-和NH4^ 吸收能力,而且具有最强的增铵营养吸收能力,增铵营养促进了扬麦158和莱州953对NO3^-和NH4^ 的吸收,但在一定程度上抑制了江东门对NO3^-的吸收,与NO3^-营养及NH4^ 营养相比,增铵营养显著提高了杨表158和莱州953的全株、地上部N积累量和叶片合速率,而对江东门影响较小,因此,增铵营养促进了植株的N吸收,提高了N积累和光合速率,从而促进了小麦生长。     

小流域内植被类型对土壤NO3-/NH4+空间变化的影响

流域内植被类型、地形地貌特征对土壤氮循环过程有重要的作用,是影响下游水体无机氮素来源以及富营养化的关键因子。通过比较小流域内4种植被类型(落叶松人工林、油松人工林、天然阔叶次生林和农田(玉米))对土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量空间变化的影响,揭示流域内不同立地条件下水源涵养林与土壤无机氮变化特征之间的关系。结果表明:4种植被类型土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量差异显著(P<0.05);由坡上到坡下土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量显著降低;在土壤表层NO3--N和NH4+-N含量最高,随着土层深度增加无机氮含量减少;与水源涵养林天然植被和人工林植被相比,农田土壤NO3--N含量最高(11.86mg·kg-1),有较高的氮流失风险。     

植物对有机氮源的利用及其在自然生态系统中的意义

近来大量实验研究表明,许多植物能够在不经矿化的情况下直接吸收、利用环境介质中的生物有机氮,尤其氨基酸类。而且,有些植物利用氨基酸的效率可以与矿质氮源(NH4 、NO3)相当或更高。自然界植物赖以生存的土壤生境中同时存在多种有机氮和矿质氮养分,这是导致植物(至少部分植物)进化产生利用各种不同氮源能力的环境驱动力。土壤中的游离氨基酸尽管含量不高,但其周转快、通量大,理论上可远大于植物的氮需求。尽管植物在与土壤微生物的有机氮源竞争中处于根本性劣势,但土壤中氨基酸的巨大潜在通量和植物相对于微生物的生命周期仍可使植物在长期竞争中获取数量可观的氮。基于植物根对氨基酸的吸收能力、土壤中游离氨基酸库的大小和通量、植物与土壤微生物对氨基酸氮源的竞争以及有关的原位实验结果,近来许多研究者都认为植物有机氮营养在多种生态系统中是重要或潜在重要的。尤其是在一些极地、高山、亚高山、北方针叶林或泰加林生态系统中,由于低温等因素限制有机氮矿化,土壤氨基酸浓度常超过矿质氮(NH4 、NO3-)浓度,氨基酸可能代表着植物的一个主要氮源。认识到现实生态系统中植物对有机氮源利用的重要性意味着传统的矿质营养观念的更新,这将在很大程度上改变人们对某些重要生态过程的理解,并导致对若干生态学中心问题的再认识。研究以森林生态系统为例,阐述了我国开展该领域研究的科学意义和基本框架。     

4种外生菌根真菌吸收氮素营养的特性

该试验利用从我国西南林区分离获得的外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinct,rius 715)、松乳菇(Lactarius deliciosus)的3个株系为供试菌种,研究它们在离体培养条件下的氮营养吸收特性.结果表明,供试菌株均能较好地吸收3种氮源,其中Pisolithus tinctorius 715的优势氮源为NO3--N,Lactarius delicious-1、Lactarius delicious-2和Lactarius delicious-3的优势氮源为NH4+-N.Lactarius delicious-3吸收NH4+-N和Glu-N的Km和Cmin值最小,能适应低养分的土壤环境,是供试松乳菇株系中吸收NH4+-N和Glu-N效率最高的菌株,因此该菌株对在贫瘠土壤上植树造林可能有一定的应用前景.     

缓/控释复合肥料对土壤氮素库的调控作用

采用小麦盆栽生物试验、实验室化学分析和仪器分析方法研究了缓/控释复合肥料(SRF)对土壤氮素养分库中不同组分(微生物量氮、固定态铵、NH4+-N、NO3--N、铵离子周转库)动态变化的影响及其与小麦吸收氮素养分的关系。结果表明,在小麦分蘖初期,SRF处理土壤微生物量氮、NH4+-N含量较普通复合肥料(CCF)低,此后整个小麦生育期的土壤微生物量氮、NH4+-N含量的总体变化趋势以SRF处理高于CCF处理,其中SRF处理的小麦土壤NH4+-N含量较CCF处理高108.1%—271.7%;在小麦生长前期,SRF处理土壤固定态铵含量较CCF低;在小麦生长中期,SRF处理土壤固定态铵含量较CCF处理高;与CCF处理比较,SRF处理小麦土壤硝态氮含量经历先升高后降低、在生育后期又升高的趋势。在小麦生育前期,CCF处理土壤"铵离子周转库"由371.3 mg/kg降至259.1 mg/kg;SRF处理土壤"铵离子周转库"由306.5 mg/kg升至324.5 mg/kg。在小麦需氮量较高的拔节期,CCF处理土壤"铵离子周转库"与前一次之差值仅为34.18 mg/kg,而SRF处理则达到77.21 mg/kg,表明小麦生育前期SRF土壤"铵离子周转库"能够固定更多的铵离子,降低铵离子的损失;在小麦需氮量较高的时期,"铵离子周转库"则释放更多的铵离子以供给小麦吸收利用。小麦生长初期CCF处理释放养分速率较快,小麦植株吸氮量高于SRF处理;生长中、后期SRF处理释放养分量较CCF处理高,此阶段小麦吸氮量以SRFCCF。不同处理对小麦吸氮量的影响与对小麦生物量变化是基本一致的,即初期以CCFSRF,中后期以SRFCCF,收获期SRF处理较CCF处理分别提高小麦生物量15.32%、吸氮量13.51%。相关分析表明,小麦生物试验中SRF处理土壤微生物量氮、固定态铵以及"铵离子周转库"的动态变化与小麦吸氮量之间达到显著或极显著负相关关系(r=-0.8728*—-0.9006**),SRF调控土壤氮素库的能力较CCF更强,能更好的协调土壤氮素养分供应与小麦氮素需求间的动态平衡和提高肥料氮素利用效率。     

粉绿狐尾藻和凤眼莲对不同形态氮吸收动力学研究

采用改进常规耗竭法,研究了粉绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)、凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)在抑菌和非抑菌两种处理中对NO3-、NH4+吸收的动力学特征。结果表明:两种植物对NO3-和NH4+的最大吸收速率(Imax)和亲和力(1/Km)有显著差异,凤眼莲对NO3-、N H4+的吸收速率显著高于狐尾藻,说明凤眼莲更适宜用于污染水体养分的去除;不同植物对NO3-、NH4+表现出吸收偏好性,凤眼莲对NO3-有较高的Imax值和亲和力,而狐尾藻对NH4+有较高的Imax值和亲和力;抑菌处理能显著增加凤眼莲对NH4+的吸收速率,NO3-浓度高于1.00 mmol/L时,抑菌处理能显著减小凤眼莲对NO3-的吸收速率,狐尾藻对NO3-、N H4+的吸收未受到抑菌处理的显著影响。       

不同氮效率水稻全生育期内对增硝营养的响应及其生理机制

通过添加硝化抑制剂（二氰胺,DCD）来控制硝化作用的水培试验方法,研究了氮高效水稻品种南光和氮低效水稻品种ELIO的籽粒产量对增硝营养（NH4＋∶NO3-比例为100∶0和75∶25）的响应,同时从产量构成、不同生育时期水稻生长、氮素吸收和同化4个方面研究了造成其产量差异的生理机制。结果表明：增NO3-营养可以显著促进氮高效水稻品种南光的生长,从而使其籽粒产量水平提高21%,而对氮低效水稻品种ELIO的籽粒产量没有显著影响。进一步分析表明：在增NO3-营养条件下,南光的穗粒数增加了25%,结实率增加了16%,而氮低效水稻品种ELIO的结实率和穗粒数在两种营养条件下没有显著变化;增NO3-营养可以促进南光对氮素的吸收,使其在苗期、分蘖盛期、齐穗期和成熟期对氮素的吸收量平均增加了36%,进而促进了其生长,干物质积累量在四个生育时期平均增加了30%;南光叶片硝酸还原酶和根系谷氨酰胺合成酶的活力在增硝营养条件下分别增加了100%和95%,说明增硝营养促进了南光对NH4＋和NO3-的同化利用。与氮低效水稻品种（ELIO）相比,氮高效水稻品种（南光）对增硝营养表现出较强的生理响应。     

莴笋对不同形态氮素的反应

探讨了不同形态氮素对莴笋生长发育的影响及其营养特性。结果表明,莴笋幼苗根系对NH4^+ -N的亲和力稍大于NO3^- -N的亲和力;分别供给NO3^- -N+NO3^- -N及NH4^+ -N,莴笋的生物学产量和吸N量均依次递减（分别为100：56.9：12.4,100：48.9：8.6）,因此在水培条件下,NO3^- -N是最适合莴笋生长发育的氮源,NH4^+ -N与NO3^- -N各占50％时对莴笋的生长发育已有一定的抑制作用,仅以NH4^+ -N作氮源则莴笋很难生长;NH4^+ -N与NO3^- -N各占50％时,莴笋倾向于吸收较多的NH4^+ -N,而且在培养不同阶段NH4^+/NO3^-吸收比例均大于1,莴笋表现出喜铵性,但NH4^+ -N并非莴笋很适合的氮源;营养液中NO3^- -N不足,主要影响莴笋茎叶的生长,而NH4^+ -N所占比例达50％时,莴笋根系生长受到抑制,且有明显的受害症状;以NO3^- -N作氮源预培养两周,以含微量NO3^- -N的自来水为水源,再单独以NH4^+ -N为氮源,对莴笋生长有极大的促进作用,同时还大幅度降低了体内硝酸盐的含量。尿素作氮源莴笋未出现受害症状,但莴笋的生长发育状况明显劣于其它氮源。     

水曲柳幼苗根系吸收不同形态氮的动力学特征

采用常规耗竭法研究水曲柳幼苗根系吸收不同形态氮素特征的结果表明:二年生水曲柳幼苗根系对NO3-和NH4 离子的亲和力比一年生幼苗要小许多,二年生幼苗对氮素的吸收优势比较明显;苗木根系吸收NH4 离子的最大吸收速率(Imax)均大于对N03一的吸收,而米氏常数(Km)则相反;在低浓度范围内随着NO3-浓度的增加,根系吸收NO3-的速率增大并趋稳定:NH4 的存在明显抑制根系对NO3-吸收,其对一年生幼苗的影响大于二年生幼苗.     

空气 NH3增高和不同氮源供应下大叶相思叶片光合参数的变化

生长在空气 NH3增高下 45 d的 NOˉ3- N大叶相思植株 ,其光饱和光合速率较对照的植株高 ;而生长在空气 NH3增高下的 NH 4- N和 NH4 NO3- N的大叶相思 ,当光强在 70 0 μmol·m- 2 ·s- 1左右时 Pn 达到最大值 ,较对照植株的要高。而当光强 >70 0 μmol·m- 2·s- 1时 ,Pn 降低 ,且较生长在对照条件下的低。表明在空气 NH3增高下生长的 NH 4- N和 NH4 NO3- N植株 ,其净光合速率 Pn会受到强光抑制。空气 NH3增高并不明显改变光呼吸 ( Rd)和无光呼吸下的 CO2 补充点 (Γ* )。无论生长在何种氮源下的大叶相思 ,其最大Ru BP饱和羧化速率 ( Vcmax)和最大电子传递速率 ( Jmax)均较生长在对照植株的高 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,其叶氮含量亦较高 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,其碳氮比较对照的低。在空气 NH3增高下 ,无论何种氮源生长的大叶相思 ,其 PR和 PB明显高于对照的植株 ,表明大叶相思能从空气 NH3中摄取和同化氮 ,增加氮积累和有利于 Rubisco和电子传递组分的合成 ,增高光合速率。空气 NH3增高可能有利于 Rubisco和电子传递组分的合成 ,在较低光强下能增高光合速率。空气 NH3增高可能有利于退化生态系统的生态恢复过程中的氮积累和先锋植物的早期生长。     

l-Methionine-dl-sulfoximine resistant Het+ Nif+ and Het− Nif− strains of Nostoc muscorum assimilating methylamine as ammonium nitrogen source

Abstract The Het⁺ Nif⁺ and Het⁻ Nif⁻ strains of Nostoc muscorum sensitive to growth inhibition by methylamine (MA), overcame the MA inhibition as a result of their mutation to l -methionine- dl -sulfoximide (MSX)-resistant phenotype, which enabled them to assimilate MA like an ammonium nitrogen source. The MSX-resistant Het⁺ Nif⁺ strain synthesized the inhibitor-resistant transferase-defective glutamine synthetase (GS), which unlike parental GS underwent MA-dependent in vivo activation. These results suggest the involvement of GS enzyme in control of MA assimilation in cyanobacteria.     

The Family of Na+/Cl− Neurotransmitter Transporters

Abstract: The termination of neurotransmission is achieved by rapid uptake of the released neurotransmitter by specific high-affinity neurotransmitter transporters. Most of these transporters are encoded by a family of genes (Na⁺/Cl⁻ transporters) having a similar membrane topography of 12 transmembrane helices. An evolutionary tree revealed five distinct subfamilies: γ-aminobutyric acid transporters, monoamine transporters, amino acid transporters, "orphan" transporters, and the recently discovered bacterial transporters. The bacterial transporters that belong to this family may help to develop heterologous expression systems with the aim of solving the three-dimensional structure of these membrane proteins. Some of the neurotransmitter transporters have been implicated as important sites for drug action. Monoamine transporters, for example, are targeted by major classes of antidepressants, psychostimulants, and antihypertensive drugs. Localization of individual transporters in specific cells and brain areas is pertinent to understanding their contribution to neurotransmission and their potential as targets for drugs. The most important questions in the field include resolving the mechanism of neurotransmitter transport, the structure of the transporters, and the interaction of each transporter in complex neurological activities.     

nif Gene expression in a Nif+, Fix−Bradyrhizobium japanicum variant

Abstract Bradyhizobium japonicum USDA 110 has been shown to contain several genetically similar, naturally occurring colony morphology variants. One of these variants, L2-110, although devoid of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, retains significant levels of explanta nitrogen fixation ability relative to other symbiotically competent USDA 110 variants (MN-110 and I-110). Interestingly, Northern blot analyses revealed that L2-110 nodules, despite their lack of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, contained 65% the level of mRNA for dinitrogenase ( nif DK) and 64% the level of dinitrogenase reductase ( nif H) mRNA relative to MN-110 nodules. Western blot analyses of tissue from the same nodules detected 32% the level of dinitrogenase and 31% the level of dinitrogenase reductase in L2-110 relative to MN-110. L2-110 appears to be a new class of mutant based on the complete absence of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Fix⁻ and the presence of significant exanta nitrogen fixation (Nif⁺).     

Relationships between the kinetics of NH4+ and NO3− absorption and growth in the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cv T-5)

Tomato growth was examined in solution culture under constant pH and low levels of NH₄⁺ or NO₃^?. There were five nitrogen treatments: 20 mmoles m^?3 NH₄⁺, 50 mmoles m^?3 NO₃^?, 100 mmoles m^?3 NH₄⁺ 200 mmoles m^?3 NO₃^?, and 20 mmoles m^?3 NH₄₊+ 50 mmoles m^?3 NO₃^?. The lower concentrations (20 mmoles m^?3 NH₄⁺ and 50 mmoles m^?3 NO₃^?) were near the apparent K_m for net NH₄⁺ and NO₃^? uptake; the higher concentrations (100 mmoles m^?3 NH₄⁺ and 200 mmoles m^?3 NO₃^?) were near levels at which the net uptake of NH₄⁺ or NO₃^? saturate. Although organic nitrogen contents for the higher NO₃^? and the NH₄⁺+ NO₃^? treatments were 22.2–30.3% greater than those for the lower NO₃^? treatment, relative growth rates were initially only 10–15% faster. After 24 d, relative growth rates were similar among those treatments. These results indicate that growth may be only slightly nitrogen limited when NH₄⁺ or NO₃^? concentrations are held constant over the root surface at near the apparent K_m concentration. Relative growth rates for the two NH₄⁺ treatments were much higher than have been previously reported for tomatoes growing with NH₄⁺ as the sole nitrogen source. Initial growth rates under NH₄⁺ nutrition did not differ significantly (P≥ 0.05) from those under NO₃^? or under combined NH₄⁺+ NO₃^?. Growth rates slowed after 10–15 d for the NH₄⁺ treatments, whereas they remained more constant for the NO₃^? and mixed NH₄⁺+ NO₃^? treatments over the entire observation period of 24–33 d. The decline in growth rate under NH₄⁺ nutrition may have resulted from a reduction in Ca²⁺, K⁺, and/or Mg²⁺ absorption.     

角果藜的生长动态及其生殖配置

通过对角果藜(Ceratocarpus arenarius L.)的地上与地下部分生长动态以及生物量配置进行研究,结合其生活周期内土壤含水量变化规律,分析了角果藜的生态适应对策。结果表明:①角果藜植株高度生长速率随时间变化呈"增加—减缓—增加"的模式,而根的生长速率呈"逐渐减缓"的模式。角果藜株高、垂直根的生长速率变化同土壤水分的变化密切相关。②地上部分生物量在5月果实初形成时期和8月至9月的果实成熟期形成两个高峰值。地下部分生物量在3月至5月增长缓慢,随后以最大增长速率迅速达到地下生物量的最大值。角果藜地上、地下生物量的积累动态体现了其与季节变化相吻合的生长发育特点。③具有地上地下结果性的角果藜的生殖配置高达40%以上,高于一次结实的草本植物的生殖投入。这些特性是角果藜适应荒漠生境生长策略选择的综合表现。     

Potential NH4+ and NO3− uptake in seven Sphagnum species

The rate of nitrogen uptake by seven Sphagnum species, which from a gradient from hummock to hollow and from ombrotrophic to minerotrophic conditions, was measured as the decrease in the concentrations of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ from solutions in which capitula were grown under laboratory conditions.
The highest uptake rate was by individuals of each species with large capitula and a high number of ion exchange sites, i.e. lawn species ( S. pulchrum , S. fallax , S. papillosum and S. magellanicum ). On a dry-mass basis, the most effective species were the hummock species ( S. fuscum and S. rubellum ), even though these species have a low dry mass. Hummock species, which occur in high densities and have high potential N-uptake rates on a dry-mass basis, were the most effective species in retaining available nitrogen.     

Home Range, Habitat Use, and Activity of Baird's Tapir in Costa Rica1

Home range size, habitat utilization, and activity patterns of five adult Bairds tapirs (Tapirus bairdii) were studied via radiotelemetry from June 1995 to May 1996 in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica. Estimates of 4153 animal locations were made. Home range sizes (95% minimum convex polygon) for the entire study period (wet season and dry season) averaged 125.0 ha (SD = 72.7), 94.9 ha (SD = 47.6), and 96.8 ha (SD = 51.2), respectively. Monthly home range sizes averaged 55.5 ha (SD = 32.1) and did not vary between seasons. Across the entire study, secondary forest, the most commonly used habitat type (61.3%) was utilized more than expected as predicted by availability (49.6%), while the second most used habitat, primary forest, was used (25.0%) less than expected (36.2%). The same general habitat selection pattern was observed in the dry season. Wet season habitat utilization values showed tapirs using both primary and secondary forest habitats in proportion to their availability. Diurnal and nocturnal activity levels were estimated at 20.2 and 80.4 percent, respectively. More diurnal and less nocturnal activity was observed during the wet season compared to the dry season.     

Variation in growth and accumulation of N, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ among barley cultivars exposed to various nutrient regimes and root/shoot temperatures

Six cultivars of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L., cvs Salve, Nürnberg II, Bomi, Risø 1508, Mona and Sv 73 608) were exposed for three weeks to combinations of high and low mineral supply and differential root/shoot temperature. For all the parameters tested [fresh and dry weights, contents and levels of N, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, and influx of Rb⁺(⁸⁶Rb)] the cultivar differences were influenced by the mineral supply, the root temperature and the age of the plants.
The cultivar differences in N nutrition of three-week-old plants could partly be attributed to variation in root size, uptake of N and in use-efficiency of the element. The cultivar variation in root-shoot partitioning of N was small, except when low mineral supply was combined with a low root temperature. Similarly, cultivar differences in contents of K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were influenced by variation in uptake, use-efficiency and root/shoot partitioning of the elements. Low root temperature increased cultivar variation in K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ partitioning.
The modern cultivar Salve was compared with Nürnberg II, which is derived from a German land race. Nürnberg II performed better than Salve when low root temperature and restricted mineral supply were combined. Otherwise Salve grew better, partly due to a more efficient use of N.
Two high-lysine lines, Risø 1508 and Sv 73 608, were compared with their mother lines Bomi and Mona. The differences obtained revealed no general effect of the high-lysine genes on growth and mineral nutrition of up to three-week-old barley plants.