郧县人类头骨化石与周口店直立人头骨的形态比较

对郧县人类头骨化石与周口店直立人头骨作了形态上的比较以检验直立人特征在郧县头骨化石上的表现情况．比较项目包括眶上圆枕、枕骨圆枕、枕平面与项平面之间的转折情况、眶后收缩、颅骨最大宽位置、颅盖低平情况、前额后倾情况和颅容量．结果表明,在郧县人类头骨化石的这些特征项目中,有的因头骨破损和变形而难以肯定．其余的则应是早期智人的特征．从形态上讲,郧县人类头骨化石目前还难肯定是属于直立人,而有可能属于智人,如果认为“直立人”和“智人”是两个不同的物种的话．     

甘肃泾川化石人类头骨性别鉴定

1984年刘玉林等报道了在甘肃泾川发现的一具晚期智人头骨化石,判定该头骨代表一个女性青年个体。本文检查了顶矢状脊、乳突、耳孔上脊、枕外脊、枕外隆凸、枕骨上项线、枕骨圆枕和肌脊8项非测量性状,及星点间宽、星点至人字点距离、颅宽、耳上颅高、顶矢状弦、颞骨鼓板长和宽7项测量性状,并就7项测量性状与武山头骨进行了对比,认为它更有可能属于男性。     

侧位X片上颅内面积的研究—其逐步回归方程式与评价

本文对１８－７６岁正常成人１０４人（男６７,女３７）的Ｘ线颅侧位片进行了颅最大长（Ｘ１）、颅高（Ｘ２）、颅底长（Ｘ３）、鼻根点－枕外隆凸点长（Ｘ４）、耳上颅高（Ｘ５）、颅矢状弧（Ｘ６）和侧位片上颅腔面积（Ｙ）的测量,用电子计算机对数据进行了逐步回归分析处理,筛选出推算颅腔侧面积的最佳因子Ｘ１、Ｘ２和Ｘ４。它们之间呈正相关关系,其复相关系数Ｒ＝０．６２,Ｐ〈〈０．０００５,相关系数有高度显著性。故建     

南京人头骨化石研究新进展

1 993年在南京汤山葫芦洞发现了2具人类头骨化石-南京1号头骨和南京2号头骨.这2具头骨化石先后经过两次研究都被认为是属于直立人.近几年来,对南京人类头骨化石作了更深入的研究,研究涉及的内容可归纳为:1)对南京2号头骨作了复位和复原、进行了重新鉴定.对南京1号头骨作了颅容量计算;2)对南京1号头骨作了更广泛的比较,对比标本包括周口店直立人头骨、印尼Sangiran 17直立人头骨、肯尼亚KNM-ER3733头骨和东非Bodo头骨;3)对南京1号头骨的适应性特征-鼻梁高耸进行了论证.这些研究的结果表明:1)南京2号头骨应属于早期智人而不是直立人.南京1号头骨的颅容量,经计算,为871 ml.该颅容量与周口店3号头骨的相当,二者年代也应相近(周口店3号头骨的年代为57.8万年);2)南京1号头骨显示出地区性的形态特征.提示了中国人群南北两大类型的形态差别早在南京直立人生活时期已显出端倪.南京1号头骨及和县头骨可能代表一类中国南方的直立人群,其形态与以周口店直立人为代表的中国北方直立人群有些不同.南京1号头骨在脑颅上显示出较多的与KNM-ER 3733头骨相近的特征,但在面颅上二者相差较大,提示了直立人某些成员在至少1Ma期间脑颅形态保持稳定.南京1号头骨与Bodo头骨的比较结果与"中心和边缘"假说的推测相符合,在东亚这个"边缘地区",现代人群的面颅测量性特征可追溯到直立人群那里;3)南京直立人的高耸鼻梁是适应性特征,是对寒冷或(和)干燥气候适应的结果,并不意味着"西方血统".     

中国新疆马鹿亚种头骨形态的地理变化

新疆马鹿（Cervus elaphus）有3个亚种（塔里木亚种C．e．yarkandensis、天山亚种C．e．songarieus和阿勒泰亚种C．e．sibirieus）。本文报道新疆马鹿3个亚种头骨形态学特征描述和14项形态学指标测定。被测定的指标主要有颅全长（GLC）、颜面长（FL）、鼻骨全长（GLN）、前头长（MFL）、眼窝长（OFW）、基底全长（CBL）、口盖最大幅（GPB）、前臼齿间距离（Pm—P）、眼间最小幅（ZB）、筋突起高（CH）、关筋突起高（LH）、牙齿间隙裂高（DH）、前下颚骨高（HMP2）、后下颚骨高（HMM,）,采用主成分分析并在这3个亚种之间进行了比较。结果表明：1）阿勒泰亚种的头骨长度和高度值比塔里木亚种大,宽度值比塔里木亚种小;2）天山亚种的头骨大小一般处在塔里木亚种和阿勒泰亚种的中间,但三者之间没有显著性差异;3）阿勒泰亚种和天山亚种的头骨形态测量数据比较接近,塔里木亚种的头骨形态比较特殊（塔里木亚种的头骨短而宽,明显区别于其他两亚种的特征）。在新疆导致马鹿3个亚种头骨形态差异的主要因素有栖息地环境和气候因素的差异。阿勒泰亚种和天山亚种栖息在大陆性气候寒冷区的针叶林中,冬天气候比较寒冷;塔里木亚种栖息在大陆性气候温热区的塔里木河流域胡杨林中,气候干旱炎热。因此,阿勒泰和天山亚种在适应寒冷的气候并适应生软食物的食性过程中头骨变成长细,而塔里木亚种长期适应干旱炎热并适应生硬食物的食性使头骨变的短而宽。     

红嘴鸥的骨骼系统解剖

本文对红嘴鸥（Ｌａｒｕｓｒｉｄｂｕｎｄｎｓ）的骨骼系统进行了系统的解剖观察。下列部分作了较详细描述：头骨（颅骨背面、侧面、底面、下颌）,脊柱（颈椎、胸椎和胸骨、综合荐椎、尾椎）,附肢骨（肩带、前肢骨、腰带、后肢骨）。红嘴欧属新腭型（ｎｅｏｇｎａｔｈｏｕｓｔｙｐｅ）中的裂腭型类型。文中还对红嘴鸥的体重、体尺、头骨和附肢骨进行了测量。     

魏敦瑞对北京猿人化石的研究及其人类演化理论

魏敦瑞对中国猿人（现为直立人北京亚种）,化石作了详尽而深入的描述并指出了直立人的典型特征。他正确地推测, 在从猿到人的演化过程中首先是直立姿势的采用, 跟着是头骨的变化, 脑的扩张是头骨变化的动因。本世纪前半叶, 魏敦瑞第一次用一个图将所有已知的人类化石集合在一起, 作系统排列的尝试, 来表示整个人类的演化过程。他相信所有化石人类属于一个种, 能够互相杂交, 人类不是起源于一个地方, 而是起源于几个地方。他反对南方古猿曾经参与人类进化的说法, 代之以认为人类进化的早先各期是巨人阶段, 但是他的巨人理论迄今没有化石的证据。关于现代人的起源, 多地区起源说和非洲起源说目前正在激烈争论之中。     

南京1号与东非Bodo人类头骨化石:对"中心和边缘"假说的检测

"中心和边缘"假说认为非洲是人类演化的中心地区,东亚等地区是边缘地区。在边缘地区,人群的地区性形态特征出现较早,可上溯到直立人生活时期;在中心地区,人群的地区性形态特征出现较晚。Bodo人类头骨化石和南京1号人类头骨化石分别出自中心地区和边缘地区,二者年代都是距今60万年左右,二者都保留有面颅。因此,Bodo人类头骨化石和南京1号人类头骨化石是检测"中心和边缘"假说的最合适的材料。本文是对南京1号和Bodo头骨的面颅测量性特征作比较研究。研究结果表明:1.二者面颅测量性特征上的差别远大于这两个相应地区现代人群之间的差别,提示了人类的地区性体质形态差别早在60万年前就很明显;2.东亚的南京1号人类头骨和东非的Bodo人类头骨尽管同样古老,但各自与当地区的现代人群的面颅上的差异情况并不一致。Bodo头骨与东非现代人群显得差异较大,南京1号头骨与东亚现代人群显得较相近。这种相近,提示了在东亚这个"边缘地区",现代人群的面颅测量性特征可追溯到以南京1号头骨为代表的远古人类那里,而在"中心地区",现代人群的面颅测量性特征还很难与以Bodo为代表的远古人群相联系。本项研究结果与"中心和边缘"假说的推测相符合。     

南非古人类学研究最新进展（一）

南非共和国（ＲｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｏｆＳｏｕｔｈＡｆｒｉｃａ）地处“人类的摇篮”非洲大陆的最南端 ,是最早的人科成员（南方古猿）首先发现的地方。在二十世纪二十年代 ,达特（ＲａｙｍｏｎｄＡ．Ｄａｒｔ）辨认出第一个南方古猿标本———汤恩（Ｔｕａｎｇ）小孩头骨 ,迄今在南非已有９个地点发现南方古猿化石。南非在古人类学上的独特之处 ,就在于具有比较完全的人类化石出产 ,除了南方古猿（Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｏｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓ）外（至少２个种） ,还有早期人属（Ｈｏｍｏ）的标本（能人、匠人或直立人） ,早期智人 ,以及目前年代最早的晚…     

最完整的南方占猿化石

非洲大陆是人类的诞生地。自1924年在南非汤恩（Taung）石灰岩采石场发现了一件像人类幼年头骨的化石“汤恩小孩”（Taung Child）,并经威特沃特斯兰德大学的雷蒙德·达特（Raymond Dart）教授研究后命名为南方古猿非洲种（Austra／opithecus africanus）起,     

青甘锦鸡儿和沧江锦鸡儿(豆科)的分类学订正

根据对乐都锦鸡儿Caragana leduensis Y.Z．Zhao,Y.H．Wu＆L．Q．Zhao和玉树锦鸡儿CtanguticaMaxim．ex Kom．var．yushuensis Y.H．Wu模式标本的观察及对国内标本馆大量标本的研究,将它们分别处理为青甘锦鸡儿C.tangutica Maxim．ex Kom．和沧江锦鸡儿C.kozlowi Kom．的新异名,并对二者的地理分布范围进行了讨论。     

Clinical Features of Brain Metastases in Small Cell Lung Cancer: an Implication for Hippocampal Sparing Whole Brain Radiation Therapy

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical features and distribution of brain metastases (BMs) of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in the hippocampal and perihippocampal region, with the purpose of exploring the viability of hippocampal-sparing whole-brain radiation therapy (HS-WBRT) on reducing neurocognitive deficits. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of the clinical characteristics and patterns of BMs in patients with SCLC. Associations between the clinical characteristics and hippocampal metastases (HMs)/perihippocampal metastases (PHMs) were evaluated in univariate and multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 1594 brain metastatic lesions were identified in 180 patients. Thirty-two (17.8%) patients were diagnosed with BMs at the time of primary SCLC diagnosis. The median interval between diagnosis of primary SCLC and BMs was 9.3 months. There were 9 (5.0%) and 22 (12.2%) patients with HMs and PHMs (patients with BMs located in or within 5 mm around the hippocampus), respectively. In the univariate and multivariate analysis, the number of BMs was the risk factor for HMs and PHMs. Patients with BMs ≥ 5 had significantly higher risk of HMs (odds ratio [OR] 7.892, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.469-42.404, P = .016), and patients with BMs ≥ 7 had significantly higher risk of PHMs (OR 5.162, 95% CI 2.017-13.213, P = .001). Patients with extracranial metastases are also associated with HMs. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that patients with nonoligometastatic disease are significantly associated with HMs and PHMs. The incidence of PHMs may be acceptably low enough to perform HS-WBRT for SCLC. Our findings provide valuable clinical data to assess the benefit of HS-WBRT in SCLC patients with BMs.     

居住环境、基因交流和体质性状──评《海南岛少数民族人类学考察》

居住环境、基因交流和体质性状──评《海南岛少数民族人类学考察》（吴汝康,吴新智,张振标,杨东亚,李愉著,１９９３年１２月海洋出版社出版）近１０多年来,我国的少数民族人类学考察工作得到了长足的发展,发表了不少有价值的研究成果;其中,若以数据的丰富、分析...     

Vascular smooth muscle cell senescence and age-related diseases: State of the art

Aging is a worldwide challenge, and it is accompanied by the accumulation of senescent cells. Cellular senescence is traditionally defined as permanent cell growth arrest and currently includes the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). There are two main types of cellular senescence, including telomere-dependent replicative senescence and stress-induced premature senescence. The process of cellular senescence is mainly controlled by two effector pathways, namely, the p53-p21 and p16-retinoblastoma protein (pRB) pathways. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are integral parts of arteries and play an important role in vascular structure and function. VSMC senescence may be triggered by many factors, such as angiotensin II, oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and small molecule compounds. These inducers are able to genetically and epigenetically regulate VSMC senescence. The senescence of VSMCs together with the SASP contributes to chronic vascular inflammation, the loss of arterial function, and the development of age-related diseases. Current evidence suggests that the senescence of VSMCs might be harmful to individual health, whereas its influence on the lifespan is not clear. The purpose of this paper was to review the current knowledge regarding VSMC senescence and its relevance to hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes, as well as the potential mechanisms responsible for VSMC senescence in these age-related diseases.     

Serum MicroRNAs Related with Chemoradiotherapy Resistance in Advanced-Stage Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the serum microRNAs as biomarkers in predicting chemoradiotherapy resistance in advanced-stage cervical squamous cell carcinoma (ACSCC) patients. METHODS: Serum samples were collected from International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIB to IIIB cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with platinum based Concomitant Chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in our hospital during September 2013 to November 2015. Twenty well-matched samples (10 resistant and 10 sensitive) were chosen to screen the miRNA expression profile using serum samples pooled with microarrays. miRNAs expressed significantly different between two groups were further verified in 131 patients (29 resistant and 102 sensitive) serum samples with TaqMan Real-time PCR. The AUC was used to evaluate the accuracy of the biomarkers for prediction. RESULTS: MiR-136-5, miR-152-3p and miR-206 were expressed significantly different between sensitive and resistant groups. Results of 131 patients verification showed that the levels of miR-206 in sensitive samples and resistant samples were 2.715 ± 0.2115 and 14.64 ± 1.184, respectively, which was significantly different (P < .0001), while miR-136-5p and miR-152-3p could not be tested without pre-amplification reactions. Univariate analysis revealed that miR-206 expression was significantly associated with patients' DFS. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that miR-206 expression, tumor differentiation and pelvic lymph nodes metastasis were the independent prognostic factors associated with DFS in this cohort (P = .008, 0.000, 0.000, respectively). The probability of the prognostic accuracy of miR-206 expression in predicting chemoradiotherapy sensitivity of ACSCC patients was 91.3% (79.3% sensitivity and 92.2% specificity). CONCLUSION: Serum miR-206 is a powerful tool in predicting chemoradiotherapy sensitivity in ACSCC patients.     

油茶地蜂的传粉生物学特性研究

油茶地蜂是普通油茶的主要传粉昆虫,为深入研究其传粉生物学特性,采用标准株全天观察法、杯罩法、花粉计数法,对油茶地蜂访花行为、访花过程、访花节律、携粉足构造及载粉量等传粉生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,典型的油茶地蜂访花过程呈现"双峰型"的访花节律。油茶地蜂每天进出巢3~4次。第一次回巢到达的最早时间为10:22,最后一次出巢的最晚时间为16:34。出巢到进巢的时间间隔为(1.67±0.46)h(n=27),进巢到出巢的时间为(21.43±8.09)min(n=46)。地蜂总的携粉数量为(2 036±860)粒(n=25)。地蜂携粉足的结构分为两部分,第一部分是由胫节及第一跗节上密集轮生的、较坚硬的、圆锥状毛丛组成的花粉刷;第二部分为股节外部和转节端部有羽状分枝的弧形长毛组成的花粉篮。每只携粉足上的载粉量为(1.64±0.56)mg(n=10),携带的花粉总数为(9 068±2 364)粒(n=42)。地蜂对白色有偏好。对地蜂的传粉生物学特性和普通油茶花的传粉综合征的研究表明,油茶地蜂是高度特化的传粉者,而普通油茶花的传粉综合征是泛化的,两者间构成了一种非对称的进化关系。     

New methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions

New methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions per site were developed. The methods are unweighted pathway methods based on Kimura's two-parameter model. Computer simulations were conducted to evaluate the accuracies of the new methods, Nei and Gojobori's (NG) method, Miyata and Yasunaga's (MY) method, Li, Wu, and Luo's (LWL) method, and Pamilo, Bianchi, and Li's (PBL) method. The following results were obtained: (1) The NG, MY, and LWL methods give overestimates of the number of synonymous substitutions and underestimates of the number of nonsynonymous substitutions. The major cause for the biased estimation is that these three methods underestimate the number of synonymous sites and overestimate the number of nonsynonymous sites. (2) The PBL method gives better estimates of the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions than those obtained by the NG, MY, and LWL methods. (3) The new methods also give better estimates of the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions than those obtained by the NG, MY, and LWL methods. In addition, estimates of the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous sites obtained by the new methods are reasonably accurate. (4) In some cases, the new methods and the PBL method give biased estimates of substitution numbers. However, from the number of nucleotide substitutions at the third position of codons, we can examine whether estimates obtained by the new methods are good or not, whereas we cannot make an examination of estimates obtained by the PBL method. (5) When there are strong transition/transversion and nucleotide-frequency biases like mitochondrial genes, all of the above methods give biased estimates of substitution numbers. In such cases, Kondo et al.'s method is recommended to be used for estimating the number of synonymous substitutions, although their method cannot estimate the number of nonsynonymous substitutions and is time-consuming. These results, particularly result (1), call for reexaminations of some genes. This is because evolutionary pictures of genes have often been discussed on the basis of results obtained by the NG, MY, and LWL methods, which are favorable for the neutral theory of molecular evolution.     

乌羊和小香羊的RAPD分析

用40条多态引物对乌羊、小香羊、南江黄羊、黑山羊、川东白山羊、波尔山羊和马头山羊7个品种（或群体）进行RAPD分析,其中28条引物扩增出多态性普带,并用于进一步对12只乌羊个体和12只小香羊个体基因组进行扩增。扩增产物以1．5％琼脂糖凝胶（含0．5μg/ml溴化乙锭）电泳分离。Nei氏计算品种间的遗传距离指数和品种内的遗传相似指数。NJ法构建系统聚类图。结果表明：乌羊和川东白山羊间的遗传距离最小,亲缘关系较近,而小香羊与品种间的遗传距离都较大,亲缘关系较远。乌羊群体及小香羊品种都具有一定的遗传稳定性。     

五加皮及其混乱品种的药理作用研究

本文对刺五加、细柱五加、红毛五加、香加皮的醇提物及红毛五加水提物五种药液的药理作用进行了比较研究。结果如下：（１）分组腹腔注射五种药液对巴豆油引起的小鼠耳部炎症均有显著的抑制作用,其中以红毛五加水提物的抗炎作用最强。（２）灌胃给五种药液只有红毛五加水提物和刺五加醇提物能明显延长小鼠游泳时间。（３）对环磷酰胺所致白细胞数减少的小鼠分组灌胃五种药液,结果表明红毛五加水提物、刺五加醇提物及细柱五加醇提物均有明显的升白作用。（４）在研究五种药液影响巴比妥钠诱导小鼠睡眠的实验中,结果显示灌胃刺五加醇提物能明显延长小鼠的睡眠时间,香加皮和红毛五抓醇提物则明显缩短小鼠的睡眠时间,细住五加醇提物和红毛五加水提物对小鼠睡眠时间无影响。