淡水湖泊附着藻类生态学研究进展

附着藻类是淡水生态系统初级生产者的主要组成部分,对淡水生态系统营养盐循环及沉水植物分布具有重要的影响。本文对近年来淡水湖泊生态系统中附着藻类群落组成、生态功能以及主要影响因子进行了分析,从附着藻类种群结构入手,指出附着藻类通过改变群落中优势种的组成来适应不同的环境,阐述了附着藻类在湖泊生态系统营养盐循环中的作用及其与沉水植物之间的关系。针对淡水湖泊富营养化问题,提出了今后附着藻类生态学研究应侧重于:主要因子(如弱光、高浓度的营养盐等)的交互作用对附着藻类的影响,原位实验方法弄清楚附着藻类在湖泊生态系统碳、氮、磷生物地球化学循环中的作用,以及富营养湖泊附植藻类与沉水植物相互作用的机理。     

淡水湖泊浮游藻类对富营养化和气候变暖的响应

水体富营养化和气候变暖是淡水生态系统面临的两大威胁。文章分别阐述了富营养化和气候变暖对淡水湖泊浮游藻类直接和间接效应, 并总结气候变暖可能通过影响水体理化性质、水生植物组成、食物链结构从而直接或间接改变浮游藻类生物量或群落结构。作者重点分析了气候变暖下湖泊生态系统蓝藻水华暴发机制, 比较了不同湖泊蓝藻对气候变暖和富营养化响应的异同点, 发现气候变暖和富营养化对湖泊生态系统影响存在相似性, 表现在均促进湖泊由清水-浊水稳态转变、增加蓝藻水华发生频率和强度。然而二者对湖泊浮游藻类影响的相对重要性取决于分层型湖泊和混合型湖泊的差异性、不同营养型湖泊和不同类群蓝藻组成差异性。作者认为, 开展气候变暖和富营养化下, 湖泊浮游藻类功能群响应研究亟待进行。     

不同生活型大型植物对浮游植物群落的影响

湖泊加速富营养化是世界范围内的普遍现象,由此造成水质恶化,藻类大量增生,水生植被特别是沉水植物衰退乃至消失,生物多样性降低,严重影响湖泊主要功能的发挥。大型植物与浮游植物都是浅水湖泊的初级生产者,其间存在复杂的相互关系,如除竞争作用外,还可能存在相生...     

垂向湍流、温、光对浅水湖泊下沉藻类垂向分布的影响

垂向湍流、温、光等是影响藻类生长和垂向分布的关键因素。基于大型浅水湖泊（太湖）的背景物理场（辐射、水深、水温和消光等）,利用藻类生长-扩散模型的敏感性试验,探讨物理过程对浅水湖泊中下沉藻的垂向分布的影响机制。水温是次表层叶绿素峰值（Subsurface Chlorophyll Maxinmum：SCMax）或谷值（Subsurface Chlorophyll Minimum：SCMin）形成的限制性条件;当水温大于阈值时,随深度的增大,过强光能抑制藻类的生长转变为弱光限制藻类的生长是SCMax形成的关键;垂向湍流的裹挟作用是弱化SCMax强度的关键过程。该研究有利于厘清物理过程对藻类群落演替的作用机制,强化对水生态系统的修复效果。     

城市小型浅水人工湖泊浮游藻类与水质特征研究

研究了广州城区某富营养化小型浅水人工湖泊浮游藻类和水质特征及其变化规律。根据镜检共鉴定出7门54属浮游藻类,以绿藻门、蓝藻门、硅藻门和裸藻门为主,其中绿藻门的绿球藻目占绝对优势,达26属62种,占总属数的45.6%;在整个观测期内,浮游藻类密度均较高,05年2月藻类密度高达10.8×106cell·mL-1;根据Kolkwitz划分的水域类型,该湖泊中浮游藻类属于α、β-中污带指示种类的最多。由以修正的卡森(Carlson)指数为基础的综合营养型评价方法和Margalef生物多样性指数判断,该湖泊水体属重富营养化水平,受到重污染,且污染水平季节变化明显:冬季>秋季>夏季。     

在太湖中栽种沉水植物能使水变清吗？

浅水湖泊富营养化修复是环境科学领域的前沿研究.在富营养化的太湖中栽种沉水植物能使水变清,进而"向后跃变"为"草型湖泊"吗?回答是几乎不可能.原因在于藻类和沉水植物之间存在着竞争.在湖泊中决定沉水植物能否生长的关键是水体的光照条件.在富营养化的湖泊中,藻类对沉水植物有明显的"遮光效应",从而降低了它的竞争能力.另一种情况,枝角类的消失或者数量减少对藻类有利."下行效应"在浅水湖泊中可能更为重要,因此浅水湖泊中滤食性鱼类对浮游动物的捕食控制可能更强,导致枝角类几乎不可能通过牧食控制藻类的生长.在这样的状况下,沉水植物的恢复几乎是不可能的.如果沉水植物再遭受其它的损害或者恶劣的天气,就会突然一下子全部消失.因此在富营养化的湖泊中栽种沉水植物的成活率是很低的.这与浅水湖泊二种替代性稳定状态概念是相一致的.     

溶藻微生物净化富营养化水体的作用

湖泊富营养化导致的水华藻类频繁暴发已成为当今世界性的环境问题,溶藻微生物作为生物法防治有害藻类水华具有广泛的研究前景,通过查阅文献对微生物控制有害藻类水华进行概述,并探讨进一步的研究趋势和应用前景,以期对微生物溶藻方面的研究及开发应用有一定的参考价值。     

沉水植物化感作用控藻能力评述

沉水植物所释放的化学物质对藻类的抑制作用是浅水湖泊维持清水状态的机制之一.本文从具有化感活性的沉水植物在湖泊中出现的频度、盖度、化感物质的种类、抑藻效应等方面对化感控藻进行了评述.已有研究结果表明：穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻、伊乐藻等是具有很高活性的沉水植物,尤其是在其生物量达到一定程度,且湖泊中的优势藻为较敏感的种类时,沉水植物分泌的化感物质对浮游藻类的抑制作用更强;沉水植物释放的多酚类等化感物质具有控藻能力;化感物质对于不同种类藻的抑制作用具有选择性,蓝藻和硅藻比绿藻更为敏感,附生藻类通常比浮游藻类具有更高的耐受性;环境因素如光照、营养限制、温度等会显著影响沉水植物化感作用效果.沉水植物的化感控藻研究尚处于初始阶段,关于环境因素对化感作用的影响、化感物质的分离鉴定、选择性抑藻机理以及化感物质代谢途径等方面还有待深入、全面的研究.     

经典与非经典生物操纵理论及其应用

湖泊是我国的重要水资源之一,为人类提供了无法替代的生态及社会服务功能。但我国湖泊富营养化日趋严重。以食物网为基础的经典与非经典生物操纵成为湖泊富营养化修复的重要理论支撑。论文综述了经典与非经典生物操纵理论的原理、发展与应用,分析了鱼类(肉食性、滤食性)、浮游动物在控制藻类数量上发挥的功能,并讨论了两种理论的适用条件及实际应用中遇到的问题,以期为我国富营养化湖泊修复工作提供参考。经典与非经典生物操纵理论均是通过改变食物网结构控制藻类,分别利用浮游动物、滤食性鱼类控制藻类数量,但两者都未降低水中N、P含量。因此,实施有效的藻类水华生物操纵应与其它修复措施联合使用。     

长江中下游浅水湖泊依沙矛丝藻的分布

利用长江中下游87个浅水湖泊的调查数据,研究了依沙矛丝藻(Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi)在长江中下游湖泊中的分布现状以及生态适应性特征。结果表明,依沙矛丝藻在长江中下游湖泊中分布广泛,在调查区域内超过一半的湖泊被检测到,生物量为0.001—3.019 mg/L;依沙矛丝藻的生物量与总磷呈现负相关关系,与总氮呈现正相关关系,表明依沙矛丝藻在低磷的条件下具有更好的适应性和竞争力,水体中充足的氮源将增加依沙矛丝藻水华的风险。此外,依沙矛丝藻已被报道是中国水体中产生鱼腥藻毒素的主要类群之一,可能会对淡水生态安全造成巨大威胁。研究结果可为今后开展有害藻类的生态学研究和风险管控提供基础资料。     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of a blue-emitting Sr(3.5) Y(6.5) O(2) (PO(4) )(1.5) (SiO(4) )(4.5) :Eu(2+) phosphor

A novel blue‐emitting Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:Eu²⁺ phosphor was synthesized via a solid‐state reaction. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5 host had a hexagonal crystal structure in the space group P6₃/m and unit cell parameters a = 9.418 Å, c = 6.900 Å. The as‐prepared phosphor showed a blue emission and all the main emission peaks were located at around 466 nm for different excitation wavelengths of 297, 333 and 391 nm. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence property was investigated in the range 20–250 °C, and the emission intensity decreased to 71% of the initial value at room temperature on increasing the temperature to 150 °C. According to the classical theory of fluorescent thermal quenching, the activation energy (ΔE) for the thermal quenching luminescence of the as‐prepared Sr_3.45Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:0.05Eu²⁺ phosphor was determined to be 0.20 eV. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Collagen-like triple helix formation of synthetic (Pro-Pro-Gly)10 analogues: (4(S)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10, (4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10 and (4(S)-fluoroprolyl-4(R)-fluoroprolyl-Gly)10.

For the rational design of a stable collagen triple helix according to the conventional rule that the pyrrolidine puckerings of Pro, 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) and 4-fluoroproline (fPro) should be down at the X-position and up at the Y-position in the X-Y-Gly repeated sequence for enhancing the triple helix propensities of collagen model peptides, a series of peptides were prepared in which X- and Y-positions were altogether occupied by Hyp(R), Hyp(S), fPro(R) or fPro(S). Contrary to our presumption that inducing the X-Y residues to adopt a down-up conformation would result in an increase in the thermal stability of peptides, the triple helices of (Hyp(S)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (fPro(S)-fPro(R)-Gly)(10) were less stable than those of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (Pro-fPro(R)-Gly)(10), respectively. As reported by B?chinger's and Zagari's groups, (Hyp(R)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) which could have an up-up conformation unfavorable for the triple helix, formed a triple helix that has a high thermal stability close to that of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10). These results clearly show that the empirical rule based on the conformational preference of pyrrolidine ring at each of X and Y residues should not be regarded as still valid, at least for predicting the stability of collagen models in which both X and Y residues have electronegative groups at the 4-position.     

Role of tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) gene modules in catabolism of 3-chlorobenzoate by Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4)

The enzymes chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase, chloromuconate cycloisomerase, dienelactone hydrolase, and maleylacetate reductase allow Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4) to degrade chlorocatechols formed during growth in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate or 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB). There are two gene modules located in plasmid pJP4, tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) (module I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) (module II), putatively encoding these enzymes. To assess the role of both tfd modules in the degradation of chloroaromatics, each module was cloned into the medium-copy-number plasmid vector pBBR1MCS-2 under the control of the tfdR regulatory gene. These constructs were introduced into R. eutropha JMP222 (a JMP134 derivative lacking pJP4) and Pseudomonas putida KT2442, two strains able to transform 3-CB into chlorocatechols. Specific activities in cell extracts of chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase (tfdC), chloromuconate cycloisomerase (tfdD), and dienelactone hydrolase (tfdE) were 2 to 50 times higher for microorganisms containing module I compared to those containing module II. In contrast, a significantly (50-fold) higher activity of maleylacetate reductase (tfdF) was observed in cell extracts of microorganisms containing module II compared to module I. The R. eutropha JMP222 derivative containing tfdR-tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) grew four times faster in liquid cultures with 3-CB as a sole carbon and energy source than in cultures containing tfdR-tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II). In the case of P. putida KT2442, only the derivative containing module I was able to grow in liquid cultures of 3-CB. These results indicate that efficient degradation of 3-CB by R. eutropha JMP134(pJP4) requires the two tfd modules such that TfdCDE is likely supplied primarily by module I, while TfdF is likely supplied by module II.     

Induction of in vitro flowering in Dendrobium Madame Thong-In (Orchidaceae) seedlings is associated with increase in endogenous N(6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and N (6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenosine (iPA) levels

We analysed the endogenous cytokinin levels of Dendrobium Madame Thong-In seedlings grown in vitro during vegetative and flowering-inductive periods. HPLC was used to fractionate the extracts and radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used for assay of zeatin (Z), dihydrozeatin (DZ), N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and their derivatives. Coconut water used in experiments was found to contain high level (>136 pmol ml(-1)) of zeatin riboside (ZR). Protocorms and seedlings cultured in medium with coconut water were found to contain 0.5-3.9 pmol g(-1) FW of the cytokinins analysed. Seedlings (1.0-1.5 cm) cultured in flowering-inductive liquid medium containing 6-benzyladenine (BA, 4.4 muM) and coconut water (CW, 15%) contained up to 200 and 133 pmol g(-1) FW of iP and iPA, respectively. These levels were significantly higher than all other cytokinins analysed in seedlings of the same stage and were about 80- to 150-folds higher than seedlings cultured in non-inductive medium. During the transitional (vegetative to reproductive) stage, the endogenous levels of iP (178 pmol g(-1) FW) and iPA (63 pmol g(-1) FW) were also significantly higher than cytokinins in the zeatine (Z) and dihydrozeatin (DZ) families in the same seedlings. Seedlings that grew on inductive medium but remained vegetative contained lower levels of iPA. The importance of the profiles of iP and its derivatives in induction of in vitro flowering of D. Madame Thong-In is discussed.     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

The helix-coil transitions of poly (dA)-poly (dT) and poly (dA-dT)-poly (dA-dT)

Helix–coil transition curves are calculated for poly (dA) poly(dT) and poly (dA-dT) poly (dA-dT) using the integral equation approach of Goel and Montroll.⁵ The transitions are described by the loop entropy model with the exponent of the loop entropy factor, k, remaining an arbitrary constant. The theoretical calculations are compared with experimental transition curves of the two polymers. Results indicate that the stacking energies for these two polymers differ by about 1 kcal/mole of base pairs. Also, a fit between theory and experiment was not possible for k > 1.70.     

Spectroscopic investigations of Er(3+) :CdO-Bi(2) O(3) -B(2) O(3) glasses

This article reports on the optical properties of Er³⁺ ions doped CdO–Bi₂O₃–B₂O₃ (CdBiB) glasses. The materials were characterized by optical absorption and emission spectra. By using Judd–Ofelt theory, the intensity parameters Ω_λ (λ = 2, 4, 6) and also oscillatory strengths were calculated from the absorption spectra. The results were used to compute the radiative properties of Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. The concentration quenching and energy transfer from Yb³⁺–Er³⁺ were explained. The stimulated emission cross‐section, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and FWHM × values are also calculated for all the Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.