泡菜中优良乳酸菌的分离、鉴定及发酵特性

从几种泡菜中分离出86株菌,对其在适温和低温下产酸速率及硝酸盐降解能力进行测定,筛选出5株产酸速率快、硝酸盐降解能力强的菌株。经形态学鉴定及生理生化反应试验,初步鉴定为：植物乳杆菌2株,短乳杆菌1株,戊糖乳杆菌1株,肠膜明串珠菌葡聚糖亚种1株,并对5株菌的发酵性能进行了测定。     

提高泡菜汁中乳酸菌含量的研究

本研究应用一种新的高层半固体琼脂试管法,检测在不同条件下制成的泡菜汁中的乳酸菌活菌数。试验结果表明,盐浓度以４～６％为宜,物料以葫萝卜最好,调料以米酒为佳,含酒量则以４％较好。３０℃时投料３天后,即可达到最高含菌量。在多数样品中,含菌量可达１０８～１０９个／ｍｌ,ｐＨ值稳定在３．１～３．３之间。此外,文中还讨论了利用泡菜汁开发廉价的天然微生态调节剂的可能性。     

从泡菜中筛选降解胆固醇的乳酸菌

采用半选择性培养基MRS从传统食品泡菜中筛选出15株细菌,鉴定为植物乳杆菌,在MRSO-Chol培养基中对这些菌株进行体外胆固醇降解效果的研究。37℃培养24h,发现胆固醇降解量分别达到90.5,75.3和74.0μg/ml的ST1015,ST1009和ST1010三株菌,采用MRSO培养基对所有实验菌株的胆汁耐受力进行了研究,发现不同菌株之间胆汁耐受力差异显著,但胆固醇降解量和胆汁耐受力之间没有必然的联系。     

浅议实验室制作泡菜的方法

通过对泡菜工艺流程的分析,介绍了泡菜制作的原理和过程,阐述了实验过程中应注意的事项,以保证实验的顺利进行。     

果树果实的风味物质及其研究

果树果实风味和芳香物质是果实的主要组成成分,对于果实品质具有重要影响。有关果实风味和芳香物质的研究一直是果树研究领域的重点。为更好地了解果实风味和芳香物质及相关研究进展,本文对果树不同树种与品种的芳香物质、特征效应化合物、糖和酸含量、糖酸比、多酚物质以及栽培、采收、贮藏条件等果实风味物质含量与组分的影响因素进行了较全面的介绍。     

啤酒中风味物质双乙酰含量的测定

采用Turbotherm Vap40自动定氮仪进行啤酒的蒸馏操作以测定啤酒中双乙酰含量,测定结果与国标法进行了对照,结论是Turbotherm Vap40自动定氮仪可以替代国标法中的双乙酰蒸馏装置进行啤酒中双乙酰含量的测定。     

小宗特色野果风味物质研究进展

野果是非常重要的一类野生植物资源,在中国境内资源丰富,但目前野果的价值未被发挥至最大化,利用率也较低。随着天然产物中风味物质的提取、分离技术日趋成熟及高精密仪器的研发与使用,风味物质的研究也日益深入。野果因其独特的风味而被人们喜爱,其风味物质的提取和分离也是人们研究的热点。目前,关于野果中风味物质研究的文献相对零散,特别是对小宗特色野果中风味物质的含量、种类分布等研究缺乏系统、综合性报道。通过收集野果风味物质研究文献,从小宗特色野果种类、风味物质提取方法、风味物质所属类别及含量等入手,对小宗特色野果风味研究进行了文献综述;并对小宗特色野果在食品加工工业中的应用进行了分析与展望,以期为研究分析小宗特色野果风味物质、小宗特色野果类天然野生植物纵深开发及果树品种改良和选育提供参考。     

带鱼初加工过程中风味物质的检测分析

用75μmCAR/PDMS涂层的固相微萃取头萃取带鱼肉中挥发性风味成分,利用气质联用仪分析鉴定各阶段鱼肉中的挥发性成分、种类、相对质量分数等。原料鱼中检出57种化合物,风干6d的鱼肉中检测出61种化合物,以醇类、醛类、酮类、烷烃或烯烃类为主,总质量分数达75.16%。醛类、醇类、酮类、酯类等化合物对鱼肉的风味贡献较大,风味物质的形成与脂类、蛋白质等的降解有关。     

传统泡菜中乳酸菌多样性的分析

目的分析传统泡菜中乳酸菌的多样性。方法采用生理生化学特性和16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析相结合的方法,对传统泡菜中筛得的46株菌进行鉴定。结果菌株分布于乳杆菌属、肠球菌属、葡萄球菌属和片球菌属4个属的9个种,更为重要的是在泡菜中发现有Lactobacillus namurensis和巴氏葡萄球菌的存在。结论泡菜中存在着丰富的乳酸菌。     

混菌发酵对白酒液态发酵效率和风味物质的影响

<正>我国白酒发酵属于典型的自然发酵过程,其特点是在开放的生产环境中,多种不同微生物共同发酵,相互作用,最终形成具有独特风格的白酒。因此,认识微生物群体发酵机制的关键之一是认识微生物之间的相互作用。研究微生物之间的相互作用对于白酒酿造机制的认识,以及酿造技术发展具有重要作用。发酵体系中微生物相互作用关系是白酒功能微生物研究的关键,以往研究多集中于白酒微生物菌群结构及单菌种功能。而选择不同的微生物组合进行发酵,不仅是阐明微生物之间相互作用的常用研究策略,     

设计乳杆菌特异性引物并运用菌落PCR技术快速检出和鉴定四川泡菜中的乳杆菌

乳杆菌(Lactobacillus)是益生菌, 也是当前的研究热点之一。研究泡菜等样品中的乳杆菌需要快速的检出方法。根据已完成全基因组测序的14种乳杆菌的16S rDNA序列, 设计一对乳杆菌特异性引物。PCR检测结果表明该引物对乳杆菌和明串珠菌能扩增出800 bp的片段, 对表皮葡萄球菌、乳酸乳球菌和枯草芽胞杆菌却没有扩增条带, 具有一定的乳杆菌特异性。结合MRS乳杆菌半选择培养基和革兰氏染色, 运用菌落PCR技术, 可以快速高效地检出四川泡菜中的乳杆菌。再通过对PCR扩增片段测序, 可以将乳杆菌鉴定到种。从16份四川泡菜样品中检出了15株乳杆菌, 其中14株被鉴定为植物乳杆菌, 1株需进一步鉴定才能确定种。该方法可以检出乳杆菌新种。     

Lactose metabolism in Lactobacillus curvatus and Lactobacillus sake

Abstract The lactose metabolism was investigated in five strains of Lactobacillus curvatus and 14 strains of L. sake isolated from meat or meat-derived products. Strains with the ability to ferment lactose were found in both species. They exhibited either phospho-β-galactosidase (P-β-gal) or β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity, or both. P-β-gal activity of L. curvatus and L. sake was induced and detected only in the presence of lactose or galactose. Furthermore, catabolite repression by glucose was demonstrated. The immunological properties of the P-β-gal enzymes of these organisms resemble those of Lactococcus lactis . Several strains of L. sake but none of L. curvatus exhibited β-gal activity which was constitutive. In hybridisation experiments, the β-gal genes of L. sake and L. casei ATCC393 showed over 60% DNA-homology. The presence of β-gal genes in L. sake was demonstrated in both β-gal-producing and non-producing strains. This observations is consistent with a genetic potential of lactic acid bacteria exceeding their physiological capabilities.     

饲喂乳杆菌对雏鸡盲肠8种正常菌群定植的影响

本文以鸡乳杆菌培养物饲喂新生雏鸡来观察其对雏鸡盲肠８种正常菌群定植的影响。结果表明：雏鸡饲喂乳杆菌培养物后,１０日龄前,盲肠内大肠杆菌数明显降低（Ｐ＜００１）,双歧杆菌、类杆菌和乳杆菌数明显增多（Ｐ＜００１）。其它菌群未发生变化     

Identification and characterization of antibiotic resistance genes in Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum

Aims:  The study aimed to identify the resistance genes mediating atypical minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin and chloramphenicol within two sets of representative strains of the species Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum and to characterize identified genes by means of gene location and sequencing of flanking regions.
Methods and Results:  A tet (W) gene was found in 24 of the 28 Lact. reuteri strains with atypical MIC for tetracycline, whereas four of the six strains with atypical MIC for erythromycin were positive for erm (B) and one strain each was positive for erm (C) and erm (T). The two Lact. plantarum strains with atypical MIC for tetracycline harboured a plasmid-encoded tet (M) gene. The majority of the tet (W)-positive Lact. reuteri strains and all erm -positive Lact. reuteri strains carried the genes on plasmids, as determined by Southern blot and a real-time PCR method developed in this study.
Conclusions:  Most of the antibiotic-resistant strains of Lact. reuteri and Lact. plantarum harboured known plasmid-encoded resistance genes. Examples of putative transfer machineries adjacent to both plasmid- and chromosome-located resistance genes were also demonstrated.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  These data provide some of the knowledge required for assessing the possible risk of using Lact. reuteri and Lact. plantarum strains carrying antibiotic resistance genes as starter cultures and probiotics.     

Identification and characterization of a strain-dependent cystathionine β/γ-lyase in Lactobacillus casei potentially involved in cysteine biosynthesis

The trans -sulfuration pathways allow the interconversion of cysteine and methionine with the intermediary formation of cystathionine and homocysteine. The genome database of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334 provides evidence that this species cannot synthesize cysteine from methionine via the trans -sulfuration pathway. However, several L. casei strains use methionine as the sole sulfur source, which implies that these strains can convert methionine to cysteine. Cystathionine synthases and lyases play a crucial role in the trans -sulfuration pathway. By applying proteomic techniques, we have identified a protein in cell-free extracts of L. casei , which showed high homology to a gene product encoded in the genome of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus helveticus but not in the genome of L. casei ATCC 334. The presence of the gene was only found in strains able to grow on methionine as the sole sulfur source. Moreover, two gene variants were identified. Both gene variants were cloned and expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli . The recombinant enzymes exhibited cystathionine lyase activity in vitro and also cleaved cysteine, homocysteine and methionine releasing volatile sulfur compounds.     

罗伊氏乳杆菌的益生功能

罗伊氏乳杆菌是目前已报道的几乎可存在于所有脊椎动物和哺乳动物肠道内的乳酸杆菌,是具有益生功效的肠道益生菌.通过对罗伊氏乳杆菌良好的肠道定植能力和其产生的罗伊氏菌素的介绍,阐明其可能的益生作用机理.重点论述了罗伊氏乳杆菌促进人类和动物健康功能的研究进展,并探讨了今后罗伊乳杆菌益生菌制剂的工业化发展趋势.     

罗伊乳杆菌对小鼠血清细胞因子含量和肠道菌群的影响

目的 探讨罗伊乳杆菌对小鼠免疫力及肠道菌群的影响。方法 将50只昆明系小鼠按体重随机分成5组：空白对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组和发酵上清液组。空白对照组灌胃等量生理盐水,其余各组分别灌胃罗伊乳杆菌菌液及发酵液上清21 d后,眼球取血收集血清,采用ELISA法检测IL-2、IFN-γ、IgA和IgG含量;采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序分析小鼠肠道菌群变化。结果 与对照组相比,其余各组小鼠血清IL-2、IFN-γ、IgA和IgG的水平均明显升高,粪便菌群丰度有所增高,多样性降低。与对照组相比,低剂量组和中剂量组小鼠粪便菌群结构无显著差异,而高剂量组和发酵上清液组小鼠粪便菌群结构差异显著。结论 罗伊乳杆菌可以增强小鼠免疫力,提高菌群丰度,改变小鼠肠道菌群结构。     

Modeling the dynamics of risk of altitude decompression sickness

A probabilistic model of decompression sickness is modified by introducing corrections that determine more precisely the risk of tissue injury by gas bubbles as a function of blood supply and bubble nucleation intensity. Parameters of the “worst” virtual tissues and theoretical curves corresponding to empirical data on the cumulative probability of decompression sickness symptoms for some altitude decompression procedures are determined. The parameters are shown to depend on final pressure, physical load, and duration of preoxygenation.     

A one-step reaction for the rapid identification of Lactobacillus mindensis, Lactobacillus panis, Lactobacillus paralimentarius, Lactobacillus pontis and Lactobacillus frumenti using oligonucleotide primers designed from the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic sequences

Aims:  Species-specific primers targeting the 16S–23S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intergenic spacer region (ISR) were designed to rapidly discriminate between Lactobacillus mindensis , Lactobacillus panis , Lactobacillus paralimentarius , Lactobacillus pontis and Lactobacillus frumenti species recently isolated from French sourdough.
Methods and Results:  The 16S–23S ISRs were amplified using primers 16S/p2 and 23S/p7, which anneal to positions 1388–1406 of the 16S rRNA gene and to positions 207–189 of the 23S rRNA gene respectively, Escherichia coli numbering (GenBank accession number V00331 ). Clone libraries of the resulting amplicons were constructed using a pCR2·1 TA cloning kit and sequenced. Species-specific primers were designed based on the sequences obtained and were used to amplify the 16S–23S ISR in the Lactobacillus species considered. For all of them, two PCR amplicons, designated as small ISR (S-ISR) and large ISR (L-ISR), were obtained. The L-ISR is composed of the corresponding S-ISR, interrupted by a sequence containing tRNA^Ile and tRNA^Ala genes. Based on these sequences, species-specific primers were designed and proved to identify accurately the species considered among 30 reference Lactobacillus species tested.
Conclusions:  Designed species-specific primers enable a rapid and accurate identification of L. mindensis , L. paralimentarius , L. panis , L. pontis and L. frumenti species among other lactobacilli.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The proposed method provides a powerful and convenient means of rapidly identifying some sourdough lactobacilli, which could be of help in large starter culture surveys.