实验动物建筑设施相关产品研发-笼器具标准编制引发的思考

“江苏省实验动物笼器具系列标准制订”获中国实验动物学会科学技术二等奖,系列标准研究共包括八项：《实验动物笼器具塑料笼箱》、《实验动物笼器具金属笼箱》、《实验动物笼器具笼架》、《实验动物笼器具层流架》、《实验动物笼器具饮水瓶》、《实验动物笼器具独立通气笼盒（ IVC）系统》、《实验动物笼器具代谢笼》、《实验动物笼器具隔离器》.本文阐述了1）系列标准研究的背景;2）研究制订的过程,优势的先天条件,政府、专家、企业之间的联动配合,研究标准的创新意义;3）标准出台的效果,产业优势进一步扩大,社会效益明显.     

Editorial: First Issue

‘ANIMAL – An International Journal of Animal Bioscience’ is the central element in a new and exciting collaborative venture between the European Federation for Animal Science (EAAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and British Society of Animal Science (BSAS). It merges three high-quality and successful journals (Animal Science, Animal Research and Reproduction, Nutrition, Development) into a single forward-looking publication that will reduce fragmentation in the sector, improve synergies and, we hope, act as a catalyst for integrating process-level and systems science in the animal biosciences.     

中国仓鼠自发性2型糖尿病基础代谢特征及相关基因的表达差异

目的 探究自发性2型糖尿病中国仓鼠糖脂代谢、体成分、昼夜运动及新陈代谢等基础代谢特征和相关基因在骨骼肌、肝中的表达情况。方法 根据中国仓鼠空腹血糖(FBG)和餐后血糖(PBG)值,选取对照组(FBG≤4.5 mmol/L且PBG<6.0 mmol/L)与糖尿病组(FBG≥6.0 mmol/L且PBG>7.0 mmol/L),测定动物体重、血糖、血脂、血清胰岛素含量及糖耐量,分析动物体成分,昼夜运动及新陈代谢特征,检测相关基因葡萄糖转运蛋白4(glucose transporter 4,Glut4)和过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体-γ(peroxisomeproliferative activated receptor-γ,Pparg)在骨骼肌和肝中的表达情况。结果 与对照组相比,中国仓鼠糖尿病组血糖、血脂含量增加,血清胰岛素含量和胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)增大,体脂率降低,摄食量和白天活动量增加,热量消耗增大。PPARG在肝和骨骼肌中的mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著增加;GLUT4在骨骼肌中的mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著降低。结论 自发性2型糖尿病中国仓鼠属于糖脂代谢异常,能产生胰岛素抵抗的非肥胖型2型糖尿病动物模型,GLUT4的下调可能与骨骼肌中异常的糖代谢及胰岛素抵抗有关,而上调的PPARG可能有利于机体胰岛素抵抗状态的缓解。     

生理盐水实验性干预对肉鸡盲肠微生物区系和短链脂肪酸含量的影响

目的研究生理盐水实验性干预对肉鸡盲肠微生物区系和短链脂肪酸含量的影响,以期为早期菌群干预实验的研究提供一定的理论依据。方法选取80只初出壳的小鸡,随机分为2组,分别为对照组(C组)和生理盐水组(S组)。出壳后前2 d,连续每天给S组小鸡灌服0.5 mL灭菌的生理盐水,C组不做处理。第3天,第7天于两组分别随机挑选8只鸡,测定其体重后屠宰取其盲肠内容物,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对盲肠内容物菌群结构进行测定,并用气相色谱法测定盲肠内容物中短链脂肪酸的含量。结果生理盐水实验性干预对肉鸡早期阶段的平均日增重无显著影响(P>0.05)。在门的水平上,两组肉鸡盲肠菌群占比基本相似,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为早期肉鸡肠道内的优势菌门。在属的水平,3日龄时S组肉鸡盲肠中拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和蓝细菌属(Cyanobacteria_norank)的相对丰度较C组分别提高了160%和143%(P<0.05);7日龄时,两组间盲肠菌属的相对丰度无显著差异。此外,生理盐水实验性干预可极显著降低3日龄肉鸡盲肠内容物中乙酸、丁酸和异戊酸的含量(P<0.01),但7日龄时两组肉鸡盲肠内容物中短链脂肪酸的含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论生理盐水实验性干预会对3日龄肉鸡盲肠菌群结构及短链脂肪酸含量产生一定的影响,但这种影响不具有持续性,随着日龄的增加会逐渐消失。     

ANNOUNCEMENT OF DEATH

Book review in this Article
Cahill, K. M., ed. 1971 and 1972. Clinical Tropical Medicine.
Read, Clark P. 1972. Animal Parasitism.
Baer, J. G. 1971. Animal Parasites.     

Buchbesprechung

Abstract

Herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Manfred Kirchgessner Freising-Weihenstephan

Unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher Wissenschaftler

Heft 22 der “Fortschritte in der Tierphysiologie und Tierernährung”; Beihefte zur “Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie, Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde” (“Advances in Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition”; Supplements to “Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition”)

1991. 120 Seiten. Mit 41 Abbildungen und 58 Tabellen.

25 × 17 cm. Kartoniert 62, — DM. ISBN 3-490-42215-5-. Verlag Paul Parey. Hamburg und Berlin Reviewed by A. Püschner. Reviwed by A. Püschner.     

探索性试验在畜牧微生物学实验教学中的实践与思考

畜牧微生物学是一门应用性极强的课程,教师演示、学生重现的传统微生物学实验无法满足培养畜牧创新人才的需求。为提高学生在畜牧生产中灵活运用微生物学知识分析和解决实际问题的能力,经5年的摸索,针对畜牧微生物学实验,我们逐渐完善了一套理论课程铺垫、基础操作技能传授与探索性试验提升相结合的教学模式。该模式激发了学生的创新动力,提高了学生的科研能力。     

细胞基质蛋白3的功能及其参与病毒复制的分子机制

基质蛋白3(matrin 3, MATR3)是细胞核基质蛋白重要成员之一,它与细胞的基因转录调节、mRNA前体剪接和稳定性、DNA损伤修复以及细胞增殖等活动密切相关。近年来的研究表明, MATR3在逆转录病毒的复制过程中也有着重要作用。鉴于MATR3参与病毒复制的作用机制研究少有报道,该文主要从MATR3的结构特征、在细胞核中的功能、参与病毒复制的作用机制等方面进行综述,以期为深入研究MATR3在病毒生活史中的作用提供参考。     

Acoustic interference limits call detection in a Neotropical frog Hyla ebraccata

Problems1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviourassociated with communication in noisy environments include detection, discrimination, and localization of appropriate signals. I investigated the effects of broadband background noise on call detection by female Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.     

小鼠正常黑色素细胞与黑色素瘤细胞(B16)mRNA表达差异分析

黑色素瘤是一种高侵袭性的恶性皮肤肿瘤,转移率高、预后差。研究黑素瘤细胞生物学特性对黑素瘤的治疗和控制具有重要的意义。本研究以C57BL/6J小鼠的正常黑色素细胞及B16黑色素瘤细胞为研究对象,采用二代测序技术分析两种细胞间的转录组表达差异,筛选差异基因,为后续黑色素瘤的形成机制研究提供理论依据。采用差异倍数及错误率分析测序数据,鉴定出1 436个新的mRNA和4 086个差异表达的已知mRNA。GO数据库和KEGG数据库分析显示,差异表达的mRNAs参与了149个调控途径,主要集中在疾病调控、细胞周期调节和环境信息调控方面。qRT-PCR及Western印迹检测发现,调节细胞增殖、迁移的Pdgf-B、Integrinβ1和Integrinβ5以及调节黑色素颗粒增加的Mitf、Tyr、Tyrp1和Tyrp2在B16细胞中的表达量显著高于在正常黑色素细胞中的表达。本研究获得的差异基因为后续黑色素瘤的研究提供了新的候选基因。     

Animal models of drug-induced cardiomyopathy

Animal models of drug-induced cardiomyopathy relevant to clinical medicine have been difficult to produce. Animal species commonly used to study cardiomyopathies include the rabbit, rat, and mouse of which none are completely satisfactory. Recently, the turkey poult has been proposed as an attractive animal model for investigation of drug-induced cardiomyopathy.     

心肌组织特异性Isca1敲除造成新生大鼠心脏结构异常

目的通过对心肌组织特异性Isca1敲除大鼠进行磁共振分析及病理学分析,探究心肌特异性敲除Isca1对大鼠心脏结构影响。方法繁育心肌组织特异性Isca1敲除大鼠,PCR技术鉴定大鼠基因型及基因敲除效率,对新出生0.5d及2.5d心肌组织特异性Isca1敲除大鼠进行核磁共振影像分析,对新出生2.5d心肌组织特异性Isca1敲除大鼠心肌组织进行H&E染色及透射电镜分析。结果心肌组织特异性Isca1敲除大鼠敲除效率大于78%;与野生型相比,0.5d心肌组织特异性Isca1敲除大鼠心脏未见显著扩张;2.5d心肌组织特异性Isca1敲除大鼠心脏右室呈扩张趋势;2.5d心肌组织特异性Isca1敲除大鼠肌纤维排列不齐,出现排列紊乱,无层次或极向,部分心肌纤维出现溶解断裂,肌节和Z线模糊,出现肌膜损伤,线粒体嵴断裂,肿胀明显。结论心肌组织特异性Isca1敲除造成新生大鼠心脏结构异常。     

Veterinary public health activities at FAO: echinococcosis/hydatid disease

Cystic hydatidosis is a zoonotic disease that remain as a significant cause of human morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. The disease has veterinary public health implications. FAO is involved with some activities in the control of echinococcosis/hydatid disease: within the Animal Production and Health Division the Veterinary Public Health (VHP) Programme is constituted by members of the different Services (Animal Health, Animal Production, and Livestock Policy) within the Division. FAO regular programme has also established a global network of professionals directly involved in VPH. Furthermore FAO's Technical Cooperation Projects (TCP) is a tool to assist member countries in responding to urgent and unforeseen demands.     

主要组织相容性复合体单倍型鸭抗原处理相关转运体单抗的制备

目的制备鸭抗原处理相关转运体(TAP)特异性单抗,为深入利用实验鸭开展免疫学研究提供实验材料。方法利用大肠埃希菌诱导表达主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)单倍型HBW-SPF鸭TAP蛋白肽结合区片段,表达产物经镍柱纯化后免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用ELISA技术筛选特异性单抗分泌杂交瘤细胞株。将阳性细胞株制备小鼠腹水,作为一抗,与多次截短表达TAP蛋白肽结合区进行蛋白免疫印迹试验,鉴定单抗针对的抗原表位。通过间接免疫荧光试验比较该单抗对实验鸭和鸡外周血淋巴细胞的反应性,利用免疫组织化学技术检测对SPF鸡、SPF鸭、鹌鹑、鹅和SPF猪的特异性。结果获得一株鸭TAP单抗1A6,抗原表位位于²⁹⁷NARHQMLQQAVLDATAGTGMVVQEAI³²²,对鸡和鸭外周血淋巴细胞具有免疫荧光反应性;在鸡和鸭的肠黏膜固有层检测到大量特异性信号,在猪、鹌鹑和鹅没有检测到信号。结论获得了一株具有鸡和鸭反应性的抗原转运相关体特异性的单抗,可运用于禽类实验动物在禽病学和禽免疫学方面的研究。     

Spring peepers Pseudacris crucifer modify their call structure in response to noise

Acoustic interference can impede effective communication that is important for survival and reproduction of animals. In response to acoustic interference, some animals can improve signalling efficacy by altering the structure of their signals. In this study, we played artificial noise to 46 male spring peepers Pseudacris crucifer, on their breeding grounds, and tested whether the noise affected the duration, call rate, and peak frequency of their advertisement calls. We used two experimental noise treatments that masked either the high- or low-frequency components of an average advertisement call; this allowed us to evaluate whether frogs adaptively shift the peak frequency of their calls away from both types of interference. Our playback treatments caused spring peepers to produce shorter calls, and the high-frequency noise treatment caused them to lower the frequency of their calls immediately after the noise ceased. Call rate did not change in response to playback. Consistent with previous studies, ambient temperature was inversely related to call duration and positively related to call rate. We conclude that noise affects the structure of spring peeper advertisement calls, and that spring peepers therefore have a mechanism for altering signal structure in response to noise. Future studies should test if other types of noise, such as biotic or anthropogenic noise, have similar effects on call structure, and if the observed changes to call structure enhance or impair communication in noisy environments [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 438-448, 2014].     

LH concentrations in two cattle with XY gonadal dysgenesis

Two animals with XY gonadal dysgenesis both had a reproductive tract similar in size to that found in sexually immature heifers, but neither had normal testicular or ovarian tissue. All cells examined in both animals contained XY chromosomes and spinal cord neurones were sex chromatin negative. Basal LH concentrations averaged 3.1 ng/ml in Animal 1 and 2.4 ng/ml in Animal 2 but increased within 12 h of injecting oestradiol to peak concentrations of 125 and 11 ng/ml respectively. Animal 1 displayed a distinct pulsatile LH release pattern with a highly repeatable decline phase at each pulse. A GnRH injection produced a rapid rise in plasma LH in both animals, sustained in Animal 1 at greater than 500 ng/ml for more than 2 h. Each animal displayed behavioural symptoms of oestrus within 12 h of being injected with 3 mg oestradiol benzoate and was repeatedly served by a bull. These studies indicated that both animals differed from freemartins and had some hypothalamic and pituitary response patterns resembling those reported for female cattle.     

Do animal eyespots really mimic eyes？

The diversity of anti-predator adaptations in the natural world has long been an active area of research in evolutionary and behavioural biology. A common visually-obvious feature found on prey are ＇eyespots＇, being approximately circular mark- ings often with concentric rings and conspicuous colours. These are found on a range of animals, especially adult and larval Lepidoptera and fish. One of the most widespread functions of eyespots seems to be to intimidate or startle predators： delaying, preventing or halting an attack. However, while the fact that they can influence predators in this way is tmcuntroversial, the mechanism（s） behind why they are effective is debated. Traditionally, they have been assumed to work by mimicking the eyes of the predator＇s own enemies, and much research in this field is conducted under the implicit or explicit assumption that this theory is correct. However, eyespots might work simply by being highly salient stimuli that promote sensory overload, biases, or neo- phobic reactions in predators. A range of recent studies has aimed to test these alternatives. Here, we critically evaluate this work and what it tells us about the mechanisms underlying eyespot function. We conclude that although eye mimicry is plausible, there remains a lack of evidence to support it and most observations are at least equally consistent with alternative mechanisms. Finally we also discuss how the debate can be resolved     

裂腹鱼亚科鱼类Hif-α基因的分子进化及低氧诱导表达

目的 探究低氧诱导因子Hif-α在裂腹鱼亚科鱼类适应低氧环境中的作用及表达调控。方法 利用RT-PCR技术获得了裂腹鱼亚科鱼类13个代表物种的Hif-1αΑ、Hif-1αB、Hif-2αΑ和Hif-2αB基因编码区序列,基于裂腹鱼亚科鱼类系统进化关系开展了基因选择压力分析,并选取花斑裸鲤进行低氧诱导表达研究。结果 Hif-1αΑ、Hif-1αB、Hif-2αΑ和Hif-2αB基因编码区长度分别为2196、2325、2544和2511 bp。通过序列比对发现裂腹鱼亚科鱼类HIF1αΑNODD结构域中保守脯氨酸羟基化基序LxxLAP发生缺失,特化及高度特化的裂腹鱼的HIF1αBCODD结构域中脯氨酸羟基化基序突变为PxxLAP。与常氧组相比,在重度缺氧条件下花斑裸鲤的脑和心脏组织中部分Hif-α基因表达量显著下降,在中度低氧中心脏组织中的Hif-1αA和Hif-2αA基因表达量上调。结论 Hif-α基因在13个物种中受到正向选择作用,但具体物种分支有待进一步研究,同时裂腹鱼亚科鱼类在适应慢性低氧和急性低氧环境可能存在两种不同的表达调控机制。     

Whither Zoos? An Inescapable Question

ABSTRACT

As a founding coeditor of the Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science and a member of the International Advisory Committee of the Center for Zoo Animal Welfare and Ethics (CZAWE), I welcome this opportunity to publish for the third time (see earlier issues Volume 16, Number 4 [2013] and Volume 18, Supplement [2015]) selected proceedings from the Fourth Global Animal Welfare Congress of the Detroit Zoological Society’s CZAWE. I have the honor of presenting a brief overview of the congress, entitled “Zoos and Aquariums as Welfare Centers: Ethical Dimensions and Global Commitment,” which was held May 3, 2017, through May 6, 2017.