紫外线—B辐射与3种植物幼苗的光合作用：光合作用对紫外线—B敏 …

紫外线－Ｂ辐射降低豌豆、大豆和黄瓜３种植物幼苗的净光合作用速率（Ｐｎ）和表观量子效率（ＡＱＥ）,Ｐｎ和ＡＱＥ的减少幅度随紫外线－Ｂ辐射时间的延长逐渐增大。３种植物的光合作用对此外线－Ｂ辐射的敏感性依为：豌豆〉黄瓜〉大豆,光合作用光抑制的发生程度与光合作用对ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射敏感性有内在联系。定量分析显示,光合作用光抑制的发生程度随ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射时间增加,是ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射剂量的累积效应。     

紫外线辐射增加对大豆光合作用和生长的影响

通过模拟南京地区自然光中有效紫外线Ｂ和紫外线Ａ辐射,增大辐射剂量对大豆光合作用,生长及生物量形成的影响迸行了研究。３个加强的ＵＶ辐射（０．１５,０．３５,０．７０Ｗ·ｍ－２）处理均使大豆植株矮化,抑制根、茎、叶的生长及干物质的积累。在３个ＵＶ处理中,生物效应以０．７０Ｗ·ｍ－２处理力最大,０．１５Ｗ·ｍ－２处理影响最小。ＵＶ辐射匀能使大豆叶片光合作用下降。下降幅度随ＵＶ辐射强度的增大而增大,本文还对ＵＶ影响大豆生长的可能机制进行了探讨。     

低温与水分胁迫对黄瓜和豌豆叶圆片光合作用的影响及与光的关系

黄瓜幼苗在照光下遭受低温(5℃),光合作用量子效率和叶绿素荧光迅速受到抑制,并随处理时间的延长而加重。在暗中遭受低温,光合器官的伤害则明显减轻。豌豆幼苗不论在暗或光下低温处理,其光合作用量子效率和叶绿素荧光均无明显变化。 持续温和的水分胁迫(-0.95MPa)对光合作用量子效率只有轻微影响,但光-CO_2饱和下的最大光合速率对胁迫却较敏感。光合滞后期与水分胁迫程度也有密切关系。     

镉和增强紫外线-B辐射复合作用对大豆生长的影响

研究了Cd^2+和增强紫外线-B(UV-B)辐射以及二者复合胁迫(Cd+UV-B)对大豆生长、光合作用、抗氧化酶活性和吲哚乙酸(IAA)氧化酶活性的影响,结果表明,UV-B辐射对大豆生长较CA^2+有更明显的抑制作用,主要是降低了光合作用,生物量减小;抑制节间的分化和伸长,节间减少,株高降低。UV-B辐射对POD、SOD活性有显著诱导作用,而Cd^2+明显颉颃UV-B对POD活性的诱导并抑制IAA氧化酶活性．在复合作用下,植物体内IAA氧化酶和POD活性较UV-B单独作用下显著降低,这两种酶活性降低会引起植物体内IAA含量升高,同时光合作用略有升高,这是株高和生物量较UV-B作用下有所增加的重要原因,复合胁迫还增强了对根伸长生长的抑制作用,根长度较对照显著降低(P<0．05)。IAA氧化酶和POD活性变化以及光合强度变化与大豆株高和生物量变化密切相关,这也是复合胁迫影响大豆生长状况的重要因素。     

荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣在不同水分条件下的光合作用特征

在我国河西走廊中部沙漠区,选择20年生以上C4荒漠植物梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）植株,分干旱环境、雨后近地层空气湿润和人工树下挖坑浇水补充土壤水等3种水分条件,比较研究它们的光合作用特征。结果表明,在干旱环境下,梭梭和沙拐枣均表现出不同程度的强光下光合速率（Pn）下降现象,光系统Ⅱ光化学效率（Fv／Fm）明显降低,表现为光抑制。但在雨后空气湿润和人工浇水,使空气湿度和土壤湿度提高的条件下,2种植物的Pn日变化呈单峰型,Fv／Fm日变化小,没有光抑制现象。2种植物的Pn日平均值在雨后空气湿润条件下小于浇水后,浇水后第1天的Pn值明显高于第2天。水分条件改善后,梭梭和沙拐枣光合作用的光补偿点降低,光饱和点升高,光合速率对时间的积分加大。研究得出,水分胁迫导致C4荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣出现光抑制,提高空气湿度或者土壤湿度,都能避免光抑制,提高光能利用率。     

不同海拔地区紫外线B辐射状况及植物叶片紫外线吸收物质含量的分析

对不同海拔地区的太阳 UV- B辐射和植物叶片的光学特性进行了比较研究。结果表明 :位于高海拔地区的海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站 ,太阳 UV- B辐射明显高于相近纬度的西宁、兰州和南京地区。UV- B辐射与总辐射和 PAR的日变化规律相似 ,都受太阳高度角的直接影响 ,在当地太阳正午时最高。UV- B/Q的日变化也为单峰曲线 ,海北站地区的 UV- B/Q高于西宁的同期测定结果。对珠芽蓼等植物的研究表明 ,生长于海北站地区的珠芽蓼 ,其叶片中紫外线吸收物质的含量明显高于西宁的同种植物 ,也略高于海拔较高的达坂山和小达坂山山顶的同种植物。叶绿素含量以海北站珠芽蓼最低 ,达坂山和小达坂山的同种植物最高。珠芽蓼叶片中类胡萝卜素的含量以西宁最低 ,海北站、达坂山和小达坂山依次升高。海北站矮嵩草与从海北站移植到西宁生长 4年的同种植物相比 ,叶片中紫外线吸收物质、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的变化与生长于两地区的珠芽蓼相同     

光合作用的光抑制

虽然光是植物光合作用的根本推动力,没有光植物便不能进行光合作用,光不足则不能高速地进行光合作用,可是光过剩对植物来说也不是好事。当叶片接受的光能超过它所能利用的量时,光可以引起光合活性的降低。这就是光合作用的光抑制现象。它的最明显特征是光合效率的降低。在没有其它环境胁迫的条件下,晴天中午许多植物冠层表面的叶片和静止的水体表层的藻类经常发生光抑制。由于发生光抑制的前提是光能过剩,所以,任何妨碍光合作用正常进行而引起光能过剩的因素,如低温、干旱等,都会使植物易于发生光抑制。因此,在两种或两种以上环境…     

虉草光合作用日变化及其与环境因子的关系

对镇江北固山湿地优势植物——虉草的光合作用进行了试验研究。结果表明,春夏季晴天虉草净光合速率(Pn)的日变化为双峰曲线,有明显的光合“午休”现象;多云天虉草的Pn主要受光强制约,随光合有效辐射(PAR)变化而变化。经统计学验证,虉草的Pn与PAR、气孔导度(Gs)有显著正相关关系,而与细胞间隙CO_2浓度(Ci)呈显著负相关。用一元二次方程拟合了虉草的光响应曲线,得到光补偿点为38.572μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),光饱和点为2087.5μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。     

杨树无性系幼苗光合作用的光抑制

为更多地了解自然条件下活体叶片的光抑制, 以LI-6200 便携式光合系统测定了杨树无性系幼苗叶片叶的净光合速率(Pn)、表观量子产量(AQY)等, 比色法测定了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果表明, 中午Pn 降低, 出现光合"午休"现象, 此时Pn 受非气孔因素限制, Pn 的降低与气孔关闭关系不大。低湿、高温、强光条件下杨树无性系幼苗叶片AQY 降低, 发生了明显的光抑制。SOD 对光合作用具有保护作用, SOD 抑制剂使光抑制加剧, 抗氧化剂使光抑制得到缓解, 表明光抑制的发生可能与活性氧的积累有关。     

夜间低温对不同光强下生长的两种热带树苗光合作用的影响

于雾凉季测定了叶片叶绿素荧光和气体交换参数、H2 O2 和丙二醛 (MDA)含量 ,探讨了 4～ 6℃夜间低温对 3种相对光强 (太阳光的 8%、2 5 %和 5 0 % )下生长的 2种山地雨林树苗光合作用的影响。夜间低温处理导致 3种光强下生长的 2种植物叶片日间和胁迫诱导的光抑制加剧 ,净光合速率 (Pn)和光呼吸速率降低 ,H2 O2 和MDA含量升高。生长环境光强升高可加剧夜间低温的效应 ,弱光下 2种植物受夜间低温影响较小 ,间接表明雾使光强减弱可缓解自然夜温降低对西双版纳热带植物的危害。处理期间滇南插柚紫Pn 主要受气孔限制 ,滇南红厚壳Pn 降低与活性氧增加引起的羧化效率降低有关 ,两种植物Pn 的降低均与光抑制关系不大。夜间低温后滇南红厚壳气孔导度降低较少 ,H2 O2 和MDA含量较高 ,光抑制较重 ,5 0 %相对光强下其未做夜间低温处理的对照植株发生了胁迫诱导的光抑制 ,表明它对夜间低温较敏感。     

干旱胁迫和CO2浓度升高条件下白羊草的光合特征

采用盆栽控制试验,研究了黄土丘陵区乡土种白羊草在不同水分水平(80%FC和40%FC)和CO₂浓度(375和750 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) 处理下的光合生理变化特征.结果表明： 干旱胁迫使白羊草的最大净光合速率(P_nmax)、表观量子效率(AQE)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、潜在光化学效率(F_v/F_o)和光合色素含量降低,丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量升高.水分充足条件下,与正常大气CO₂浓度相比,大气CO₂浓度倍增下白羊草的P_{n max}、MDA和Pro含量无显著差异.干旱胁迫下,CO₂浓度升高提高了白羊草的最大荧光(F_m)、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、叶绿素含量和AQE, P_nmax比正常CO₂浓度下高23.3%,差异达到显著水平,而MDA和Pro含量均显著降低.CO₂浓度升高对干旱胁迫引起的白羊草光合能力下降有一定的补偿作用,减轻了干旱胁迫对白羊草的伤害.     

Effects of solar radiation and solar radiation deprived of UV-B and total UV on photosynthetic oxygen production and pulse amplitude modulated fluorescence in the brown alga Padina pavonia

Abstract: The effects of solar radiation on photosynthetic oxygen production and pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence were measured in the marine brown macroalga Padina pavonia harvested from different depths from the Greek coast near Korinth. In fluence rate-response curves the light compensation point for photosynthetic oxygen production increased and the saturation level decreased with increasing exposure time to solar radiation. Cutting off the UV-B wavelength range (280–315 nm) from solar radiation reduced the inhibition of photosynthesis, and the organisms were less affected when all of the UV radiation was filtered out. Algae collected from 7 m depth were much more prone to photoinhibition than those harvested from rock pools exposed to unfiltered solar radiation. During continuous exposure to solar radiation, rock pool algae showed photoinhibition after longer periods of time than specimens from 7 m or from dark adapted habitats. When subjected to unfiltered solar radiation the ratio of the variable fluorescence to the maximal fluorescence     (F_v = F_m− F_o) rapidly declined with increasing exposure time. However, again algae from 7 m depth were more prone to photoinhibition than rock pool algae. The differences between the two ecological strains were less obvious when UV-B or total UV was removed from solar radiation. Only in the latter case a complete recovery was observed after 2 h while, when exposed to unifiltered sunlight, only the rock pool algae recovered completely within that time.     

Combined effects of light and nitrate supplies on the growth,photosynthesis and ultraviolet‐absorbing compounds in marine macroalga Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta), with special reference to the effects of solar ultraviolet radiation

It is well known that light and nutrients are essential to plants; however, there are few investigations in which these have been studied in combination on macroalgae, especially when solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is concerned. We cultured the red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bory) at different nitrate concentrations and light levels with or without UVR for 24 days. The results showed that nitrate supply markedly enhanced the growth and photosynthesis, increased the absorptivity of UV‐absorbing compounds (UVACs), and decreased photoinhibition in the presence of UVR. The thalli that received photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) treatment exhibited higher growth rates than those that received PAR + UVR at ambient or enhanced nitrate concentrations. However, under PAR + UVR treatment, the absorptivity of UVACs was higher than that of PAR and fluctuated with light levels. UVR was found to reduce the maximal net photosynthetic rate, apparent photosynthetic efficiency and light‐saturating irradiance while increasing the dark respiration rate, and inducing higher inhibition of growth and photosynthesis under high light versus under low light. Ultraviolet B significantly induced the synthesis of UVACs but led to higher inhibition on growth and photosynthesis than ultraviolet A.     

云锦杜鹃叶片光合作用日变化特征

自然条件下, 对云锦杜鹃光合作用日进程和光响应进行了观测, 结果表明:夏季晴天云锦杜鹃阳叶净光合速率日进程曲线为"双峰"型, 光合效率午间明显降低。胞间CO₂ 浓度的日进程基本与净光合速率相反, 中午胞间CO₂ 浓度增高表明净光合速率午间降低主要受非气孔限制因素的影响。暗呼吸速率日进程呈单峰曲线, 中午最高。阴叶净光合速率在一天的大部分时间里变化不大。一天分时段光响应试验表明, 阳叶饱和光强和表观量子效率上午较高, 下午有所降低, 而光补偿点下午有所上升。阴叶的这些光合参数在上午和下午没有明显的变化。这些研究结果表明, 强光下光抑制的发生是引起云锦杜鹃阳叶光合效率午间降低的重要原因。逐步多元回归和通径分析表明, 光合有效辐射和空气温度是直接影响净光合速率日变化的主要因子。     

Photoinhibition by visible and ultraviolet radiation in the red macroalga Porphyra umbilicalis grown in the laboratory

Photosynthetic oxygen production and PAM fluorescence measurements were used to follow photoinhibition in the red macroalga Porphyra umbilicalis. Exposure to simulated solar radiation caused inhibition of the effective photosynthetic quantum yield from which the thalli partially recovered in the shade in subsequent hours. There were no significant differences between samples exposed to unfiltered radiation and those exposed to radiation from which increasing portions of UV radiation had been removed indicating that the thalli are well adapted to current levels of solar PAR and UV radiation. This notion was supported by the finding of high concentrations of UV screening pigments which were even enhanced by exposure to increased UV radiation. However, when exposed to (only) UV radiation about 50% higher than that encountered by the organisms in their natural habitat, the photosynthetic yield decreased slowly and did not show any recovery even when the degree of inhibition did not exceed 10%.     

Beneficial effects of solar UV‐B radiation on soybean yield mediated by reduced insect herbivory under field conditions

Ultraviolet‐B radiation (UV‐B: 280–315 nm) has damaging effects on cellular components and macromolecules. In plants, natural levels of UV‐B can reduce leaf area expansion and growth, which can lead to reduced productivity and yield. UV‐B can also have important effects on herbivorous insects. Owing to the successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol, current models predict that clear‐sky levels of UV‐B radiation will decline during this century in response to ozone recovery. However, because of climate change and changes in land use practices, future trends in UV doses are difficult to predict. In the experiments reported here, we used an exclusion approach to study the effects of solar UV‐B radiation on soybean crops, which are extensively grown in many areas of the world that may be affected by future variations in UV‐B radiation. In a first experiment, performed under normal management practices (which included chemical pest control), we found that natural levels of UV‐B radiation reduced soybean yield. In a second experiment, where no pesticides were applied, we found that solar UV‐B significantly reduced insect herbivory and, surprisingly, caused a concomitant increase in crop yield. Our data support the idea that UV‐B effects on agroecosystems are the result of complex interactions involving multiple trophic levels. A better understanding of the mechanisms that mediate the anti‐herbivore effect of UV‐B radiation may be used to design crop varieties with improved adaptation to the cropping systems that are likely to prevail in the coming decades in response to agricultural intensification.     

Photoinhibition by solar radiation in the Mediterranean alga Peyssonnelia squamata measured on site

Photoinhibition of photosynthesis, defined as reversible decrease in the effective photosynthetic quantum yield, was measured in the Mediterranean red alga, Peyssonnelia squamata, using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen production on site. This alga is adapted to very low fluence rates of solar radiation and is easily inhibited by exposure to excessive radiation. At high solar angles its photosynthetic capacity is impaired even in its natural habitat, in the protective shade of overhanging rocks. Oxygen production was maximal at 5 m depth and decreased to almost zero at the surface. When exposed at the surface oxygen production ceased within 16 min. The optimal photosynthetic quantum yield, defined as Fv/Fm, was about 0.45 in dark-adapted specimens. After 30 min of exposure to unattenuated solar radiation the (effective, Fv/Fm) quantum yield decreased to below 0.1. Removing solar UV (especially UV-B) significantly reduced photoinhibition: the quantum yield of a sample exposed under a UV-B cut-off filter was double that of a sample exposed to full solar radiation after 30 min exposure. Recovery from photoinhibition took several hours and was not complete after prolonged exposure (1.5 h) to direct solar radiation. The degree of photoinhibition depended on the depth at which the thalli were exposed. Recovery from photoinhibition was complete within 2 h except when the algae were exposed at the surface. When measured over the whole day, the effective photosynthetic quantum yield significantly decreased by about 25% from initially high values toward early afternoon and rose again towards evening. The data indicate that this alga is adapted to very low irradiances and is easily inhibited by excessive solar radiation; solar UV contributes substantially to the observed photoinhibition.     

晋西黄土区果农间作的种间主要竞争关系及土地生产力

以晋西黄土区核桃×花生、核桃×大豆、苹果×花生和苹果×大豆4种典型果农间作模式为研究对象,分析果农间作模式中作物光合有效辐射（PAR）、净光合速率（P_n）、土壤水分和产量情况.结果表明：与农作物单作相比,间作模式中作物的PAR和P_n均出现不同程度的降低,并且离树体越近,PAR和P_n越小;P_n与作物产量呈显著正相关,说明光照是影响作物产量的重要因素之一;从整体趋势来看,核桃间作农作物0～100 cm土壤水分与相应单作模式间无明显差异,而苹果间作农作物0～100 cm土壤水分与相应单作模式间差异显著,说明苹果对作物土壤水分的竞争比核桃剧烈.研究区果农间作的土地利用效率平均提高70%,经济效益平均提高14%,且核桃间作模式优于苹果间作模式.为了提高间作作物产量,应加强水肥管理、增加树体与作物的间作距离或设置根障、定期适当修剪果树并种植耐荫作物.     

金钟藤叶片的气体交换特性

用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统(Li-CorInc.,USA)对广州林区新发现的入侵杂草金钟藤(Merremiaboisiana)叶片的气体交换进行了测定。结果表明(1)净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(E)的日变化均表现为单峰型曲线,中午金钟藤未出现光合作用抑制;最大光合速率可达20μmolCO2.m-2.s-1左右,Pn日平均值为8.8±0.75μmolCO2.m-2.s-1。(2)金钟藤光合作用的光饱和点较高,为1000~1200μmolphotons.m-2.s-1,表现出比较典型的阳生植物的特性。结果表明,金钟藤在自然环境中具有快速生长的特性可能与其较强和较稳定的光合能力有关。研究的初步结果对了解金钟藤迅速生长、具有高生产力和强大入侵力的原因提供了进一步深入探讨的思路和基础数据。