黄土丘陵区微地形对草地植物群落结构组成和功能特征的影响

对黄土丘陵区微地形(阳坡坡上、中、下部,坡顶,阴坡坡上、中、下部)条件下草地植物群落进行群落组成调查和地上、地下生物量测定,分析微地形对草地植物群落结构组成和功能特征的影响.结果表明： 研究区内草地植物群落主要由菊科、禾本科和豆科物种组成.群落地上和地下生物量以及根系年生长量分别为164.12 g·m^-2、1044.87 g·m^-2、731.77 g·m^-2·a^-1.群落地上和地下生物量以及根系年生长量在不同坡向的大小均为：阴坡>阳坡>坡顶.在阴坡,群落生物量和根系年生长量的大小为：坡下部>坡中部>坡上部>坡顶部,阳坡群落生物量在不同坡位的大小顺序与阴坡不同.根系生长主要集中在0～20 cm土层,且从上到下逐渐减小.根系周转率的平均值为0.75 a^-1,在不同微地形条件下不同土层内大小不同.     

黄土高原退耕还草地植物群落动态对生态系统碳储量的影响

退化农地通过植被恢复能够提高生态系统的固碳能力,但是植被恢复中植物群落特征如何影响生态系统碳储量仍存在不确定性。以农田为对照,选取自然恢复8、15、25、35 a草地为对象,探讨退耕还草地植物群落特征对生态系统碳储量的影响。结果表明：群落盖度随着恢复年限的增加而显著增加,恢复35 a时达到最大值（64.0%）,优势种从达乌里胡枝子、赖草、茵陈蒿演变为长芒草、铁杆蒿;禾草类、多年生草本和灌木逐渐成为优势种。Shannon-Weiner指数、Patrick指数均呈先上升后下降的趋势,均在第15年达到最大值。地上植被碳储量和地下植被碳储量在恢复期间呈直线增加的趋势,且均在35 a达最大值,分别为0.83 Mg C/hm²、1.49 Mg C/hm²,而凋落物碳储量在第25年达到最大值,为0.40 Mg C/hm²。土壤碳储量与有机碳含量总体呈先下降后上升的趋势,在第8年达到最低值,在第35年恢复到农田水平之上,占生态系统碳储量的93.3%-99.6%;表层0-10 cm土壤碳储量占0-30 cm碳储量的38.9%-50.3%,呈表聚现象。生态系统碳储量与土壤碳储量趋势一致,即恢复到第8年最低,为24.32 Mg C/hm²,恢复到第35年最高,为43.70 Mg C/hm²。群落盖度、地上生物量、凋落物生物量、禾草、豆科以及多年生植物的重要值与生态系统碳储量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,杂草和一年生植物重要值与生态系统碳储量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。研究表明植被群落组成的动态变化通过增加植被碳储量和土壤碳储量实现生态系统碳储量的增加,而多年生植物、杂草与禾草的重要值和地下生物量与凋落物生物量是影响生态系统碳储量的重要植被因子。     

长期施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤微生物丰度的影响

以长武黄土高原农业生态试验站的长期定位试验为平台,通过荧光实时定量PCR (real-time PCR) 技术,研究不同施肥制度下的黄土旱塬农田土壤微生物群落丰度,揭示长期不同施肥制度对土壤微生物群落的影响规律.结果表明: 单施化肥处理细菌数量较CK裸地增加21％,古菌增加32％;化肥配施有机肥处理细菌数量增加37％,古菌数量增加36％.化肥配施有机肥处理显著增加了土壤细菌和古菌的丰度.30年长期施氮肥处理导致氨氧化细菌(AOB)的增幅达7.13倍,而氨氧化古菌(AOA)的增幅仅为0.2倍.AOB对施肥的响应程度较高,尤其是对氮肥具有较高的敏感性.与单施氮肥和氮肥混施有机肥处理相比,施磷肥处理显著增加了固氮酶铁蛋白和甲烷氧化菌含量,撂荒地的固氮酶铁蛋白、亚硝酸还原酶和甲烷氧化菌含量显著高于耕作土壤.结合土壤基本理化性质的相关性分析结果,pH、全氮和有机碳含量是影响土壤微生物群落丰度的重要因子.总之,长期施肥显著改变了黄土旱塬农田土壤各微生物丰度,不同施肥模式、耕作方式对微生物群落丰度具有显著影响.     

Effects of grazing disturbance on plant diversity,community structure and direction of succession in an alpine meadow on Tibet Plateau,China

To elucidate the effects of grazing intensity and grazing time on plant diversity and community structure, as well as the successional differentiation in an alpine meadow, a controlled grazing trial, with six grazing intensities on an alpine meadow was conducted in the eastern Qilian Mountain region for four years. Using species accumulation curves, RDA ordination and variance decomposition, we analyzed the changes in proportion of dominant species, richness, abundance, as well as the life forms of plant communities under grazing disturbance. Both the grazing intensity and grazing time had a significant effect on these dominant species, richness, abundance, as well as the life forms in the plant community (P < 0.01). More detailed results showed that: (1) The richness and abundance of plant species were highest in the light grazing plot, and these increased as time passed. In the heavy grazing plot, the abundance of plant species decreased as time passed, but the richness of these species did not change significantly. (2) The abundance of Gramineae and Umbelliferae were negatively and significantly correlated with the duration of grazing treatments, whereas Plantaginaceae and Geraniaceae were positively and significantly correlated with the grazing intensity. Over time, the abundance of bunch-type plants decreased and other life forms of plants have increased. With the increase in grazing intensity, the plants' abundance with the rosette type did not change, but other life forms of plants decreased. The results of variance decomposition indicated that grazing disturbance has had greater effects on life forms and plant populations, followed by the changes in the dominant species and their abundance, with lesser effects on the richness of the species. Grazing intensity had a greater effect than the duration of the grazing treatment had. The results of PCA showed that the climax community in both the lowest and the highest grazing intensity plots had changed over time. In the sample plots with light grazing intensity, the plant community changed to an Elymus nutans + Poa crymophila community, but later changed to a Melilotoides ruthenicus + Kobresia humilis community under heavy grazing.     

黄土高原子午岭森林群落演替与结构特征演化

森林群落演替机制的研究对于加速黄土高原地区的生态环境建设,特别是人工植被建设具有重要的理论意义。采用时空互代的方法研究了黄土高原子午岭林区不同演替阶段3种演替森林群落山杨(Populus davidiana)林、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林与辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林的群落结构特征,结果表明,(1)子午岭林区群落自然进展演替过程中,群落物种丰富度、植物多样性以及个体密度均呈降低趋势。该区森林群落以地面芽植物占绝对优势,而高位芽植物比例较低。各演替阶段群落的空间成层现象明显,并发育有一定数量的层间植物。群落各层主要优势种的水平分布均表现为均匀连续分布状态,而多数非优势种则为零星分布特征。(3)茶条械在该地区具有较宽的生态位,建议作为人工造林树种考虑。     

Effects of grazing disturbance on plant diversity,community structure and direction of succession in an alpine meadow on Tibet Plateau,China

To elucidate the effects of grazing intensity and grazing time on plant diversity and community structure, as well as the successional differentiation in an alpine meadow, a controlled grazing trial, with six grazing intensities on an alpine meadow was conducted in the eastern Qilian Mountain region for four years. Using species accumulation curves, RDA ordination and variance decomposition, we analyzed the changes in proportion of dominant species, richness, abundance, as well as the life forms of plant communities under grazing disturbance. Both the grazing intensity and grazing time had a significant effect on these dominant species, richness, abundance, as well as the life forms in the plant community (P < 0.01). More detailed results showed that: (1) The richness and abundance of plant species were highest in the light grazing plot, and these increased as time passed. In the heavy grazing plot, the abundance of plant species decreased as time passed, but the richness of these species did not change significantly. (2) The abundance of Gramineae and Umbelliferae were negatively and significantly correlated with the duration of grazing treatments, whereas Plantaginaceae and Geraniaceae were positively and significantly correlated with the grazing intensity. Over time, the abundance of bunch-type plants decreased and other life forms of plants have increased. With the increase in grazing intensity, the plants' abundance with the rosette type did not change, but other life forms of plants decreased. The results of variance decomposition indicated that grazing disturbance has had greater effects on life forms and plant populations, followed by the changes in the dominant species and their abundance, with lesser effects on the richness of the species. Grazing intensity had a greater effect than the duration of the grazing treatment had. The results of PCA showed that the climax community in both the lowest and the highest grazing intensity plots had changed over time. In the sample plots with light grazing intensity, the plant community changed to an Elymus nutans + Poa crymophila community, but later changed to a Melilotoides ruthenicus + Kobresia humilis community under heavy grazing.     

鼢鼠土丘植物群落演替生态位动态及草地质量指数

采用"空间代替时间"的方法,以不同演替系列的鼢鼠土丘植物群落为对象,通过种群生态位动态和功能群变化探讨其演替机制.选取20个主要群落组分种,采用Shannon生态位宽度和Pianka生态位重叠指数进行定量分析.结果表明:较大的生态位宽度常伴随着较大的生态位重叠,但一些具较小生态位宽度的物种之间也存在着较大的生态位重叠;物种之间的生态位重叠普遍较大.功能群变化分析表明:随着演替的进行,1、2年生杂草先迅速减小后缓慢增大,但总体减小;多年生杂草先增大后减小;多年生禾草类线性增加.反映了多年生禾草类最终在演替顶极群落中占据主导地位.采用草地质量指数分析了鼢鼠土丘植被状况,表明随着演替的进行,草地质量指数显著增加.     

Above- and belowground biomass allocation and its regulation by plant density in six common grassland species in China

Above- and belowground biomass allocation is an essential plant functional trait that reflects plant survival strategies and affects belowground carbon pool estimation in grasslands. However, due to the difficulty of distinguishing living and dead roots, estimation of biomass allocation from field-based studies currently show large uncertainties. In addition, the dependence of biomass allocation on plant species, functional type as well as plant density remains poorly addressed. Here, we conducted greenhouse manipulation experiments to study above- and belowground biomass allocation and its density regulation for six common grassland species with different functional types (i.e., C₃ vs C₄; annuals vs perennials) from temperate China. To explore the density regulation on the biomass allocation, we used five density levels: 25, 100, 225, 400, and 625 plant m^?2. We found that mean root to shoot ratio (R/S) values ranged from 0.04 to 0.92 across the six species, much lower than those obtained in previous field studies. We also found much lower R/S values in annuals than in perennials (C. glaucum and S. viridis vs C. squarrosa, L. chinensis, M. sativa and S. grandis) and in C₄ plants than in C₃ plants (C. squarrosa vs L. chinensis, M. sativa and S. grandis). In addition to S. grandis, plant density had significant effects on the shoot and root biomass fraction and R/S for the other five species. Plant density also affected the allometric relationships between above- and belowground biomass significantly. Our results suggest that R/S values obtained from field investigations may be severely overestimated and that R/S values vary largely across species with different functional types. Our findings provide novel insights into approximating the difficult-to-measure belowground living biomass in grasslands, and highlight that species composition and intraspecific competition will regulate belowground carbon estimation.

     

黄土高原退耕地的生态恢复

在刈割干扰下,黄土高原退耕地恢复进程中植被从沙蓬（Agriophyllum arenarium)单优群落向以达乌里胡枝子（Lespedeza davurica)为优势种的群落演替。物种增加速度初期快,后期慢,退耕后恢复初期的新增物种主要是沙蓬和白草（Pennisetum flaccidum);中前期主要是茵陈蒿（Artemisia capillaris),可成为群落的次优势种;中后期新增物种主要是多年生豆科植物,只是群落的伴生种,群落中1年生和多年生植物地上生物量分别以8.8%的年平均速率减少或增加,豆科植物地上生物量及所占比例上升,在退耕地恢复过程中,上层土壤中植物地下生物量比例与变化幅度增加,表现出浅层化趋势,退耕地恢复演替1-7年,土壤粘粒和粉粒减少,砂粒增加,7年后变化趋势相反,退耕地0-100cm土壤含水量在恢复期间呈逐渐上升趋势,中期增幅显著,全N和速效N在恢复前期减少,后期增加,在刈割利用下,退耕地恢复过程中土壤全P,速效P和有机C持续衰竭,退耕地恢复到当前稳定的群落所需时间分别为优势种群8-9年,群落9-11年和土壤11-12年。     

黄土高原植被不同演替阶段优势种的光合生理特性

在黄土高原子午岭林区,按照植被的演咎序列,分别选择植被次生演替不同阶段的优势种-白羊草、铁杆蒿、沙棘、狼牙刺、山杨和辽东栎,对其土壤与叶片氮素含量、叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数进行了观测．结果表明：随着植被演替,0—20cm土壤全氮含量呈增大趋势,植被优势种叶片氮含量先升高后降低,叶绿素含量变化与优势种叶片氮含量相似．灌木群落优势种（沙棘、狼牙刺）叶片氮含量明显高于其它群落优势种（P〈0．05）,草本群落优势种（白羊草、铁杆蒿）和灌木群落优势种的光合速率（Pn）高于早期森林群落优势种（山杨）和顶级群落优势种（辽东栎）,叶片气孔导度（ga）与Pn变化规律相似．草本群落和灌木群落优势种叶片蒸腾速率（Tr）较高,随着演替的进行t逐步下降,顶级群落优势种辽东栎Tr较低．PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率（Fv／Fm）值呈缓慢增长趋势,辽东栎〉山杨〉沙棘〉狼牙刺〉铁杆蒿〉白羊草,而PSⅡ量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）值呈先增加后降低趋势;光化学淬灭系数（qp）在演替过程中呈整体增加趋势,而非光化学淬灭系数（qNP）呈先增加后降低趋势．这说明植被不同演替阶段优势种的光合生理特征以及对微生境的适应性存在明显差异．     

黄土高原南部麻栎不同群落类型乔木种群结构及演替模拟

由于对黄土高原南部麻栎天然次生林的群落稳定机制缺乏了解,以不同群落类型麻栎天然次生林为研究对象,通过样地监测及时间序列模型预测的方法,重点研究了不同群落类型中重要乔木的种群结构动态,并根据不同群落类型重要乔木种群的年龄结构数据,用时间序列模型预测未来20、30、40和50年的种群发展趋势。结果表明：（1）不同群落类型中各重要乔木种群生存能力均较好,但松栎混交林中的槲栎种群及麻栎纯林中的茶条槭种群生存能力欠佳;（2）除麻栎纯林中杜梨种群及栎阔混交林中槲栎种群,其余乔木种群的存活曲线皆呈Deevey-Ⅲ型;（3）不同麻栎群落类型中各个重要值较高的乔木种群幼龄级个体数量相对丰富,时间序列分析表明,在未来20、30、40和50年中,不同群落类型中各重要乔木种群均可持续发育,并未出现衰退迹象。同时麻栎纯林具有向混交林演替的趋势,说明未来对不同类型麻栎林经营均应以顺应自然演替规律的近自然经营方式为主。研究结果可为促进次生林持续经营及恢复提供理论依据。     

黄土高原天然次生林植被演替过程中土壤团聚体有机碳动态变化

土壤团聚体物理保护是促进有机碳积累主要机制之一。以黄土高原子午岭林区天然次生林植被演替群落为对象,研究从农田、草地（白羊草,Bothriochloa ischaemum）、灌木林（沙棘,Hippophae rhamnoides）、先锋林（山杨,Populus davidiana）到顶级林（辽东栎,Quercus liaotungensis）5个植被演替阶段0-20 cm土壤团聚体稳定性和团聚体有机碳的动态变化,并分析团聚体有机碳的影响因素。结果表明：土壤团聚体稳定性随着植被演替显著提高（P<0.05）,顶级林的团聚体稳定性最高;土壤有机碳含量和各粒径土壤团聚体（> 2 mm、2-0.25 mm、0.25-0.053 mm、<0.053 mm）有机碳含量均随着植被演替而增加。除草地0.25-0.053 mm团聚体有机碳含量最高外,其他演替阶段均为0.25-2 mm粒径最高。根系生物量、凋落物生物量、微生物生物量碳、团聚体稳定性均与团聚体有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。总体而言,长期植被演替有助于团聚体稳定性和团聚体有机碳累积。     

外来物种刺槐对黄土丘陵区植物群落功能结构的影响

在黄土丘陵区草原带、森林草原带和森林带3个植被带选取成对的刺槐群落和乡土植物群落功能性状值,研究不同植被带刺槐群落、乡土植物群落功能结构的变化,以及同一植被带下刺槐的引入对群落功能结构的影响.结果表明: 刺槐群落和乡土植物群落的叶碳、叶氮、叶磷、比叶面积、叶组织密度等功能性状随植被带的变化规律一致.刺槐群落叶碳、叶氮、比叶面积显著高于乡土植物群落,且2种群落功能多样性指数(FR_ic、FE_ve、FD_iv、FD_is、Rao)随植被带的变化趋势并不完全一致,在森林带刺槐的引入提高了植物群落功能多样性,在草原带降低了植物群落功能多样性.     

黄土高原退耕还草地C、N、P生态化学计量特征对植物多样性的影响

为探讨退耕还草地生态化学计量特征随恢复年限的变化以及其对植物多样性的影响,选取黄土高原不同恢复年限退耕还草地为研究对象,分别为农田（对照）、恢复8 a、15 a、25 a和35 a,测定了植物地上部分和土壤C、N、P含量,并分析了其C：N：P化学计量特征与植物多样性之间的关系。结果表明：（1）总体上,随着恢复年限的增加,植物地上部分C、N、P含量呈现增长趋势,而其C：N、C：P以及N：P呈现降低趋势,其中C含量在恢复35 a时达到最大值（434.95 g/kg）;N含量在农田阶段最高（2.29 g/kg）,P含量在恢复25 a时达到最高（1.23 g/kg）。（2）土壤C、N、P含量及N：P随恢复年限的增加总体上呈现增加趋势,C：N呈现降低趋势,而C：P基本保持不变;土壤C、N、P含量的最大值均出现在恢复35 a,其值分别为10.94 g/kg、0.07 g/kg、0.06 g/kg。（3）随着植物地上部分C含量和C：N的增加,Shannon-Weiner指数降低;植物地上部分C含量和土壤P含量是影响Simpson指数的主要因子,其与植物地上部分C含量负相关,而与土壤P含量显著正相关;Pielou均匀度指数与土壤N含量、N：P、C：P以及植物地上部分C含量等因子正相关;Margalef指数与植物地上部分N含量、P含量等因子正相关。研究表明草地恢复中植物和土壤C：N：P化学计量特征对植物多样性具有重要的影响。     

黄土高原草地植物多样性与群落稳定性的关系及其驱动因素

植物多样性对维持生态功能的稳定发挥具有重要作用。以黄土高原不同植被带草地为研究对象,基于野外调查和实验分析,探究黄土高原不同植被带草地植物多样性与群落稳定性特征和二者之间的关系以及影响因素。结果表明：黄土高原草地群落结构特征(地上生物量、地下生物量)与植物多样性具有明显的纬度分布格局,草地植物多样性和生物量均表现出自东南向西北沿森林草原带—森林带—草原带—草原荒漠带逐渐递减趋势。森林草原带草地植物多样性和群落稳定性显著高于森林带、草原带和草原荒漠带;植物多样性与群落稳定性之间存在显著正相关关系,可以作为衡量群落稳定性的指标,其稳定性大小表现为森林草原带>森林带>草原带>草原荒漠带。降雨量是影响植物多样性和群落稳定性的主要因素,并通过改变土壤含水量影响群落稳定性。研究结果揭示了草地植物多样性与群落稳定性之间的关系及驱动机制,为维持黄土高原草地生态系统的群落稳定性提供了科学依据。     

黄土高原典型草原群落结构和土壤水分对划破的响应

划破是草原改良的基础措施之一,划破强度是划破措施的关键环节,划破对草原健康持续管理有重要意义。目前的研究主要集中在划破对植物群落结构和生产力的影响上,然而草原植物群落与土壤水分对划破强度的响应尚不清楚。在黄土高原典型草原开展不同程度的草地划破试验,探究不同划破强度（27.4%、46.3%和61.9%）对草地植物群落物种多样性、生物量和土壤水分的影响。结果表明：3个划破强度下划破带物种丰富度显著低于未划破带1-3种/m²,划破带和未划破带群落相似性分别低于整区23.85%-119.23%和44.43%-84.55%。地上生物量随物种丰富度的增加而增大,且地上生物量与Simpson指数和Shannon Weiner指数显著负相关。3个划破强度下未划破带地下生物量和总生物量分别高于划破带88.2%-134.6%、52.4%-67.8%、2.5%-16.6%和103.9%-152.9%、59.3%-75.8%、9.1%-22.6%。植物群落物种丰富度和地上生物量随划破强度的增加呈"驼峰"型曲线变化,当划破强度分别为43.7%-55.3%和43.8%-45.7%时,植物群落物种丰富度和生物量均最高。本试验阐明了划破对典型草原植物群落特征和土壤水分的作用机制,研究结果为采用划破措施实现草地培育和草原修复提供了科学依据,对保护草地生物多样性和提高生产力具有重要意义。     

种植模式和施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤团聚体及其碳分布的影响

本研究以长武黄土高原农业生态试验站33年长期定位试验处理为研究对象,选取撂荒(R)、小麦连作(CK/W)、小麦玉米轮作(L),小麦连作选取单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、施氮磷肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、氮肥配施有机肥(NM)、磷肥配施有机肥(PM)、氮磷肥配施有机肥(NPM)共10种不同种植模式和施肥田间处理,运用...     

黄土高原草地净初级生产力时空动态及其影响因素

利用光能利用效率模型(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach,CASA)模拟2000-2015年黄土高原草地净初级生产力(NPP),分析黄土高原草地NPP的时空动态、NPP变化稳定性和持续性特征,从植被类型、地形因素、气候变化和人类活动4个方面探讨黄土高原草地NPP的影响因素.结果表明:黄土高原草地NPP的平均值为202.93 g C·m^-2·a^-1,其年际变化特征呈现显著增加的趋势,平均年增加速率为2.43 g C·m^-2·a^-1;分布具有明显的空间异质性,大体呈南高北低的状态.黄土高原草地NPP呈增加趋势的区域占总草地面积的91.2%,主要分布在陕西省的大部分地区、甘肃陇东及陇中地区和青海等地.草地NPP变化较为稳定的区域主要集中在鄂尔多斯的南部地区、陕北地区和甘肃等地.大部分地区草地NPP未来的变化趋势与过去一致,且陕西省的大部分地区以及甘肃省的陇中及陇东地区的草地NPP将呈现持续显著增加的趋势.坡面草地的平均NPP值最高,为703.37 g C·m^-2·a^-1;而高山亚高山草地NPP平均值最低,为57.28 g C·m^-2·a^-1.高海拔地区的草地NPP较高,而平原及丘陵地带草地NPP相对较低.研究期间黄土高原降水量的增加对草地NPP的增加具有明显的促进作用;人类活动诸如过度放牧状况的改善以及退耕还草等政策的实施对黄土高原草地NPP的增加也具有重要作用.     

Changes in Soil Carbon and Nitrogen following Land Abandonment of Farmland on the Loess Plateau,China

The revegetation of abandoned farmland significantly influences soil organic C (SOC) and total N (TN). However, the dynamics of both soil OC and N storage following the abandonment of farmland are not well understood. To learn more about soil C and N storages dynamics 30 years after the conversion of farmland to grassland, we measured SOC and TN content in paired grassland and farmland sites in the Zhifanggou watershed on the Loess Plateau, China. The grassland sites were established on farmland abandoned for 1, 7, 13, 20, and 30 years. Top soil OC and TN were higher in older grassland, especially in the 0–5 cm soil depths; deeper soil OC and TN was lower in younger grasslands (<20 yr), and higher in older grasslands (30 yr). Soil OC and N storage (0–100 cm) was significantly lower in the younger grasslands (<20 yr), had increased in the older grasslands (30 yr), and at 30 years SOC had increased to pre-abandonment levels. For a thirty year period following abandonment the soil C/N value remained at 10. Our results indicate that soil C and TN were significantly and positively correlated, indicating that studies on the storage of soil OC and TN needs to focus on deeper soil and not be restricted to the uppermost (0–30 cm) soil levels.