濒危植物南川升麻的生殖生物学研究Ⅱ．大孢子发生和雌配子体发育

濒危植物南川升麻的生殖生物学研究Ⅱ．大孢子发生和雌配子体发育奇文清,尤瑞麟（北京大学生命科学学院,北京１００８７１）南川升麻是毛莨科升麻属植物。８月开花,总状花序具分枝,花柱短,柱头不明显;心皮多数,离生,子房一室,每室２－４个胚珠。在花药发育至四分...     

单穗升麻的柱头和雌配子体发育及胚胎发生

单穗升麻的雌蕊群由1～5枚离生心皮组成。子房单室,4～9枚倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心;大孢子四分体呈线形或T形排列,合点端一个具功能。胚囊发育为蓼型。成熟胚囊中3个单核反足细胞,胞质浓密,在球形胚时期尚能观察到其退化痕迹。极核融合早,次生核位于合点端。胚胎发生为柳叶菜型;核型胚乳。雄蕊凋谢后1～2天花柱顶端腹缝线周围出现乳突细胞,雄蕊凋谢后3～5天延长成柱头毛。讨论了单穗升麻与南川升麻柱头可授期与花粉生活力的差异对传粉效果和结籽率的显著影响。     

滇鼠刺花的形态发生(鼠刺科)

在扫描电镜下,观察了滇鼠刺(Itea yunnanensis Franch.)花的形态发生.花3朵一束,排成总状花序.花器官为轮状结构,向心发生;花萼以2/5螺旋式相继发生,5个花瓣原基几乎同步地在花萼内侧与其互生的位置发生.雄蕊单轮对萼.当雄蕊发生后,花顶中心的分生组织开始凹陷,成为浅锅状;在其周围出现一个环状的分生组织,随之,2心皮原基产生,进而发育为马蹄形.初期的心皮相互分离,随着进一步发育,心皮内卷,彼此靠近、紧贴,逐渐于腹面合生,形成2室的中轴胎座;花柱的腹维管束通过薄壁组织连通;花期柱头融合,因此该种为合生心皮.对鼠刺属(Itea)及相关类群花发育性状和花结构进行了比较,支持把鼠刺属提升为鼠刺科(Iteaceae)的观点.     

滇鼠刺花的形态发生（鼠刺科）

在扫描电镜下 ,观察了滇鼠刺 (IteayunnanensisFranch .)花的形态发生。花 3朵一束 ,排成总状花序。花器官为轮状结构 ,向心发生 ;花萼以 2 /5螺旋式相继发生 ,5个花瓣原基几乎同步地在花萼内侧与其互生的位置发生。雄蕊单轮对萼。当雄蕊发生后 ,花顶中心的分生组织开始凹陷 ,成为浅锅状 ;在其周围出现一个环状的分生组织 ,随之 ,2心皮原基产生 ,进而发育为马蹄形。初期的心皮相互分离 ,随着进一步发育 ,心皮内卷 ,彼此靠近、紧贴 ,逐渐于腹面合生 ,形成 2室的中轴胎座 ;花柱的腹维管束通过薄壁组织连通 ;花期柱头融合 ,因此该种为合生心皮。对鼠刺属 (Itea)及相关类群花发育性状和花结构进行了比较 ,支持把鼠刺属提升为鼠刺科 (Iteaceae)的观点。     

中国木兰亚科植物的主要分类性状观察

对木兰亚科植物花的着生式样、心皮中的胚珠数目和花的性别等主要分类性状进行了研究。在毛果含笑、云南含笑等含笑属植物中观察到了顶生花。含笑属的聚伞花序不是一个花序,而是一个具有多花的枝条,其“总花梗”实质上是一个枝条,其节上的花顶生于次级侧枝上,属于顶生花式样。山玉兰和盖裂木每心皮中的胚珠数目为2～7个,而不是2个。在山玉兰、黄兰、合果木等植物上观察到了单性雄花,而在云南拟单性木兰的雄株上观察到了少数具有1～8个心皮的两性花。根据观察结果,本文讨论了这3个主要分类性状在木兰亚科分类系统中的意义,并对现有分类系统进行了分析,在此基础上对中国木兰亚科的分类系统做了修订,依据分枝式样、花药的开裂方式,将中国木兰亚科植物归并为木兰属和含笑属。     

有待开发利用的野生植物──播娘蒿

有待开发利用的野生植物──播娘蒿播娘蒿（Ｄｅｓｃｕ。ｉｎｉａｓｏｐｈｉａＬ．Ｓｃｈｕｒ）俗称麦蒿子、野芥菜,属十字花科,一年生或越年生草本植物,株高３０～８０ｃｒｎ;叶互生,二羽状深裂;总状花序,顶生,开黄色小花;长角果,长２～３ｃｔｎ,宽约０．Ｉｃ...     

基部被子植物雪香兰（金粟兰科）单性花的形态发生和发育

基部被子植物金粟兰科（Chloranthaceae）的单性花或两性花结构十分简单,雪香兰（Hedyosmum orientale）花单性、雌雄异株,花的形态及结构与其它属物种具有显著的差异,对于研究被子植物花特别是花被的起源和系统进化具有重要意义。该研究采用电子显微镜和光学显微镜观察了雪香兰单性花的器官发生及发育过程。结果表明,雌、雄花均为顶生和腋生,多个小花呈聚伞圆锥状排列。雄花外侧是苞片,每朵雄花上着生150–200个雄蕊,花轴基部着生少数退化的叶原体。苞片原基及其腋生的花原基最初呈圆丘状,随后伸长。在雄花发育过程中,苞片原基比雄蕊原基生长快,雄花原基纵向伸长,叶原体原基在基部发生,雄蕊原基自下而上发生。每2朵雌花底部合生形成小聚伞花序,每朵雌花被一苞叶包裹,由单心皮和三棱型子房构成,外覆三裂叶状花被。在雌花发育过程中,雌花原基比苞片原基生长快,花被原基首先于花顶端发生,随后花顶端中心凹陷,进一步发育成具有单心皮的子房原基。雪香兰的单性花发育不经过两性同体阶段,花分生组织只起始雄蕊器官或雌蕊器官的发育。研究结果支持雪香兰单性花是原始性状的观点,雄花叶原体与雌花三裂叶状花被同源,可能是花被（萼片与花瓣）的起源。     

从胚胎学特征探讨四合木的系统位置

本文从胚胎学特征探讨了四合木的系统位置。胚胎学研究表明,四合木与蒺藜利具较近亲缘关系,但又有明显区别。表现为。四合木花药壁发育为基本型,绒毡层细胞多数具单核,心皮合生但深裂至近基部,胚株直生,具较长珠柄,无承珠盘,无珠被绒毡层,只具一列线形大孢子四分体,成熟胚囊为四细胞(四核),珠被在胚胎发育过程逐渐退化,因此,成熟种子中只具外珠被内层残迹;胚乳大部分细胞解体,而外缘胚乳细胞特化,在成熟种子中代替种皮起保护功能。因此,四合木是否应从蒺藜科分出而另列一种,值得进一步研究。     

中国一新记录属--线隔孢属

Septonema Corda, Icon. Fung., 1: 9, 1837. 菌落铺展型,绒毛状,淡青褐色至黑褐色。菌丝体埋生或部分表生。无子座、刚毛和附着枝。分生孢子梗分化明显,通常单生,直或稍微弯曲,不分枝或具短侧枝,褐色,外壁光滑,有隔膜。产孢细胞单芽生或有时多芽生,顶生或居间生于柄或分枝上,与梗合生,有限生长,柱状。分生孢子大多顶生,形成长且常分枝的向顶序列孢子链,易分离,柱状或长方形,椭圆形或纺锤形,至端部突然变细,最末端平截,淡褐色至深青褐色,褐色或红褐色,表面光滑,厚壁,具1至若干个横膈膜。 模式种：Septonema se…     

凤丹栽培群体的表型变异研究

从我国6个凤丹(Paeonia ostii T.Hong et J.X.Zhang)中心产区,选取15个群体共398个单株,对20个表型性状进行调查和分析。结果显示,枝条数、地径、株高、茎长、冠幅长、冠幅宽、成花枝、芽位数、叶长和叶宽等10个表型性状受植株株龄的影响显著,随着株龄增加,除叶长和叶宽的平均值呈递减趋势外,其他8个性状的平均值都呈现递增趋势。凤丹群体间的表型分化系数为0~50.14%,平均值为27.62%,变化幅度最大的是二年生枝长,最小的为心皮数和二年生枝径。对当年生枝长、芽位高、当年生枝径、顶生小叶长、二年生枝径、顶生小叶宽、复叶数、心皮数、二年生枝长和叶柄长等不受株龄影响的10个表型性状进行主成分分析,结果显示前6个性状是影响表型差异的主要性状。各表型性状间存在一定的相关性,聚类分析结果将受株龄影响的10个性状划分为4组。研究结果表明凤丹表型性状在群体间和群体内的变异非常丰富,可为遗传改良和品种选育储备丰富的植物材料。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.