一粒小麦抗白粉病和条锈病基因的分析

一粒小麦是普通小麦抗性改良的宝贵资源.本研究对24份一粒小麦分别进行了白粉病和条锈病混合菌种苗期接种鉴定,进一步分别用一套白粉病菌菌株(15个)对2份乌拉尔图小麦和条锈病菌小种(21个)对1份栽培一粒小麦进行接种鉴定,其中乌拉尔图小麦UR206能抵抗所有供试白粉菌菌株,UR204除对白粉菌菌株E11感病外,对其余菌株表现抗性;栽培一粒小麦MO205对不同条锈菌小种表现出不同的抗性反应,研究表明乌拉尔图小麦UR206、UR204和栽培一粒小麦MO205分别含有与已知抗白粉病和抗条锈病基因不同的新基因.对乌拉尔图小麦UR204、UR206和栽培一粒小麦MO205分别进行抗白粉和条锈病基因的遗传分析,结果表明乌拉尔图小麦UR204和UR206分别含有一对显性抗白粉病基因,栽培一粒小麦MO205含有两对独立遗传的显性抗条锈病基因.     

小麦-冰草多粒新种质的抗白粉病和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

穗粒数是决定小麦产量的三因素之一,因此通过远缘杂交创造多粒新种质,对于拓宽小麦育种的遗传基础和促进育种水平的持续提高具有重要意义。本研究以通过多年多点鉴定证明具有多粒特性(粒数/穗>80)的31份普通小麦-冰草(Agropyron cristatum,2n=4x=28,PPPP)衍生后代为材料,通过田间接种白粉病生理小种E09进行抗病性鉴定、采用SDS-PAGE方法进行高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成分析以及株高、有效分蘖等农艺性状调查,发现26份材料表现抗白粉病,12份材料具有优质高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组合,亚基组成为(2*,7+8,5+10)或(1,7+8,5+10)。其中,8份材料的穗粒数大于80粒、株高小于75 cm、抗白粉病且具有优质高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组合,这为未来培育兼具高产、优质、抗白粉病小麦新品种提供了重要的物质基础。此外,对多粒、抗白粉病和优质亚基的可能来源进行了讨论。     

小麦-冰草多粒新种质的抗白粉病和高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析北大核心CSCD

穗粒数是决定小麦产量的三因素之一,因此通过远缘杂交创造多粒新种质,对于拓宽小麦育种的遗传基础和促进育种水平的持续提高具有重要意义。本研究以通过多年多点鉴定证明具有多粒特性(粒数/穗>80)的31份普通小麦-冰草(Agropyron cristatum,2n=4x=28,PPPP)衍生后代为材料,通过田间接种白粉病生理小种E09进行抗病性鉴定、采用SDS-PAGE方法进行高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成分析以及株高、有效分蘖等农艺性状调查,发现26份材料表现抗白粉病,12份材料具有优质高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组合,亚基组成为(2*,7+8,5+10)或(1,7+8,5+10)。其中,8份材料的穗粒数大于80粒、株高小于75 cm、抗白粉病且具有优质高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组合,这为未来培育兼具高产、优质、抗白粉病小麦新品种提供了重要的物质基础。此外,对多粒、抗白粉病和优质亚基的可能来源进行了讨论。     

多粒小麦种质普冰10696的幼穗发育特性分析

小麦-冰草远缘杂交后代品系普冰10696具有多粒的遗传特性.为深入了解其多粒性状形成的发育进程,本研究以多粒品系普冰10696和黄淮冬麦区主推品种为供试材料,通过解剖学和统计学方法比较小花分化、退化和结实的动态进程差异,进一步解析冰草多花多粒的特性,为多粒基因型材料在育种中的应用提供理论参考.农艺性状比较结果显示,普冰...     

抗条锈病小麦品种9365在抗病育种中的利用与评价

9365是陕西省小麦研究中心创制的抗条锈病小麦品种.经多年观察、利用发现,9365对条锈病表现高抗,其穗大、成穗率高、落黄好、高产、综合农艺性状好,是陕西省小麦抗条锈病育种可资利用的抗条锈小麦品种.其缺点是植株偏高、成熟偏晚、抗性受隐性基因控制.     

杂交小麦品质改良技术体系的建立

利用生化标记辅助选择与温室加代回交育种相结合的方法,将优质高分子量谷蛋白亚基14＋15与5＋10的基因分别导入和聚合到高产杂交小麦‘西杂一号’亲本,用含有目标亚基的杂交小麦亲本组配杂交组合,获得含有单个优质亚基144-15、5＋10和聚合这两种优质亚基的‘西杂一号’,在保持原品种高产性状的同时提高了其HMW-GS组成品质评分,有望实现杂交小麦高产优质。     

1E~e染色体对小麦农艺和品质性状的影响研究

二倍体长穗偃麦草含有抗条锈病、抗赤霉病和耐盐碱等优异基因,是小麦遗传改良的重要基因源之一。为明确1E~e染色体片段对小麦农艺和品质性状的影响,利用1E~e(1A)代换系和中国春为试验材料,多年多点鉴定,农艺性状分析结果表明,1E~e取代1A染色体,不仅降低了旗叶长度和旗叶宽度等农艺性状,而且降低了粒长、粒宽、穗粒数、小穗数和千粒重等产量相关性状,但显著增加了穗长。品质相关性状分析结果表明,1E~e染色体可以显著增加面团最大峰值高度和8分钟带宽,但对蛋白质含量、SDS沉降值、湿面筋含量、面筋指数和峰值高度时间等5个指标上没有显著影响。另外,本研究开发了17个1E~e染色体特异分子标记。总之,1E~e染色体可提高小麦品质,但对产量相关性状有不利影响,本研究开发的分子标记对于进一步打破连锁累赘,创制小麦-长穗偃麦草Glu-Ee1短片段易位系具有重要意义。     

小麦白粉病抗性基因的导入及AFLP分析

本研究以簇毛麦为抗源,采用杂交与辐射、组织培养相结合的方法,将簇毛麦的抗白粉病基因导入小麦,选育出高产、抗白粉病的小麦新品种和农艺性状较好、抗白粉病的小麦新种质。经AFLP分析,确定4个抗白粉病种质均为含有一段簇毛麦DNA的易位系。并得到3个可能与抗性基因紧密连锁的标记。     

小麦—中间偃麦草衍生材料农艺性状、HMW-GS及GISH鉴定

本研究分析了143个小麦—中间偃麦草种质材料的农艺性状、高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基及部分代表性材料的染色体构成,旨在为小麦育种中广泛有效地利用这些种质提供有用信息。结果表明,小麦—中间偃麦草种质主要农艺性状变异丰富,其在穗长、小穗数和分蘖数性状上明显优于主栽品种,分别有142(99.3%)、125(87.4%)和62(43.4%)个小麦—中间偃麦草材料的穗长、分蘖数和小穗数大于主栽品种的平均值。供试材料在Glu-1的3个基因位点上共检测到12个等位变异,形成15种亚基组合类型,以(2*,7+8,5+10)为主,占所有材料的25.7%;Glu-A1(1和2*)、Glu-B1(7+8)和Glu-D1(5+10)位点的优质亚基比例分别达到了68.4%、68.4%和52.0%,有102(71.3%)个材料在Glu-1的2或3个位点同时具有优质亚基;有17个材料的优质亚基组合为(2*,7+8,5+10)或(1,7+8,5+10),且在穗长、小穗数和分蘖数性状上均优于主栽品种。进一步对30个代表性材料GISH分析发现,8个为八倍体小偃麦,其他为非整倍体。研究结果表明这些材料可以作为改良普通小麦的有益基因资源。     

普通小麦-冰草6P染色体中间插入易位系的鉴定

远缘杂交技术是将小麦野生近缘植物的染色体片段导入小麦的有效途径。通过这种方法可以拓宽小麦的遗传基础,导入携带控制优异性状的基因从而达到改良小麦的目的。为了获得在小麦遗传及育种中具有较高研究利用价值的纯合的小麦-冰草小片段异源染色体易位系,我们利用细胞学手段对普通小麦-冰草的远缘杂交后代进行鉴定。本研究以小麦-冰草二体代换系4844-8、二体附加系4844-12与普通小麦杂交后辐照产生的易位系为材料,利用基因组原位杂交（GISH）技术从中鉴定出了2个具有冰草染色体小片段的纯合中间插入易位系。其中1个纯合中间插入易位系（104-3）具有高抗小麦白粉病和高千粒重的特性。另1个纯合中间插入易位系（19-2）具有较高的穗粒数和较高的千粒重的特性。本研究鉴定出的2个小麦-冰草6P小片段纯合中间插入易位系的优异农艺性状表明,它们是丰富小麦基因资源的优异的遗传材料,具有很高的研究利用价值。     

QTL mapping of adult-plant resistances to stripe rust and leaf rust in Chinese wheat cultivar Bainong 64

Stripe rust and leaf rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Erikss. and P. triticina, respectively, are devastating fungal diseases of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Chinese wheat cultivar Bainong 64 has maintained acceptable adult-plant resistance (APR) to stripe rust, leaf rust and powdery mildew for more than 10?years. The aim of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci/locus (QTL) for resistance to the two rusts in a population of 179 doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from Bainong 64?×?Jingshuang 16. The DH lines were planted in randomized complete blocks with three replicates at four locations. Stripe rust tests were conducted using a mixture of currently prevalent P. striiformis races, and leaf rust tests were performed with P. triticina race THTT. Leaf rust severities were scored two or three times, whereas maximum disease severities (MDS) were recorded for stripe rust. Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, five independent loci for APR to two rusts were detected. The QTL on chromosomes 1BL and 6BS contributed by Bainong 64 conferred resistance to both diseases. The loci identified on chromosomes 7AS and 4DL had minor effects on stripe rust response, whereas another locus, close to the centromere on chromosome 6BS, had a significant effect only on leaf rust response. The loci located on chromosomes 1BL and 4DL also had significant effects on powdery mildew response. These were located at the same positions as the Yr29/Lr46 and Yr46/Lr67 genes, respectively. The multiple disease resistance locus for APR on chromosome 6BS appears to be new. All three genes and their closely linked molecular markers could be used in breeding wheat cultivars with durable resistance to multiple diseases.     

Identification of introgressed segments conferring disease resistance in a tetrageneric hybrid of Triticum, Secale, Thinopyrum, and Avena.

Using genomic in situ hybridization to chromosomes, we identified introgressed segments in a tetrageneric hybrid of Triticum, Avena, Thinopyrum, and Secale, which conferred high resistance to leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, powdery mildew, and root rot to wheat. The disease-resistance traits of the hybrid originated from three wild related genera of Triticum, namely Avena, Thinopyrum, and Secale. The new breeding system that combined traditional wide hybridization with anther culture was efficient and rapid in creating wheat germplasms resistant to major diseases.     

Powdery mildew resistance and Lr34/Yr18 genes for durable resistance to leaf and stripe rust cosegregate at a locus on the short arm of chromosome 7D of wheat

The incorporation of effective and durable disease resistance is an important breeding objective for wheat improvement. The leaf rust resistance gene Lr34 and stripe rust resistance gene Yr18 are effective at the adult plant stage and have provided moderate levels of durable resistance to leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks. and to stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici. These genes have not been separated by recombination and map to chromosome 7DS in wheat. In a population of 110 F₇ lines derived from a Thatcher × Thatcher isogenic line with Lr34/Yr18, field resistance to leaf rust conferred by Lr34 and to stripe rust resistance conferred by Yr18 cosegregated with adult plant resistance to powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis (DC) EO Speer f. sp. tritici. Lr34 and Yr18 were previously shown to be associated with enhanced stem rust resistance and tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus infection. This chromosomal region in wheat has now been linked with resistance to five different pathogens. The Lr34/Yr18 phenotypes and associated powdery mildew resistance were mapped to a single locus flanked by microsatellite loci Xgwm1220 and Xgwm295 on chromosome 7DS.     

Prospects for exploitation of disease resistance from Hordeum chilense in cultivated cereals

Hordeum chilense is a South American wild barley with high potential for cereal breeding given its high crossability with other members of the Triticeae. In the present paper we consider the resistance of H. chilense to several fungal diseases and the prospects for its transference to cultivated cereals. All H. chilense accessions studied are resistant to the barley, wheat and rye brown rusts, the powdery mildews of wheat, barley, rye and oat, to Septoria leaf blotch, common bunt and to loose smuts, which suggests that H. chilense is a non-host of these diseases. There are also lines resistant to wheat and barley yellow rust, stem rust and to Agropyron leaf rust, as well as lines giving moderate levels of resistance to Septoria glume blotch, tan spot and Fusarium head blight. Some H. chilense lines display pre-appressorial avoidance to brown rust. Lines differ in the degree of haustorium formation by rust and mildew fungi they permit, and in the degree to which a hypersensitive response occurs after haustoria are formed. Unfortunately, resistance of H. chilense to rust fungi is not expressed in tritordeum hybrids, nor in chromosome addition lines in wheat. In tritordeum, H. chilense contributes quantitative resistance to wheat powdery mildew, tan spot and loose smut. The resistance to mildew, expressed as a reduced disease severity, is not associated with macroscopically visible necrosis. Hexaploid tritordeums are immune to Septoria leaf blotch and to common bunt although resistance to both is slightly diluted in octoploid tritordeums. Studies with addition lines in wheat indicate that the resistance of H. chilense to powdery mildew, Septoria leaf blotch and common bunt is of broad genetic basis, conferred by genes present on various chromosomes.     

1994 - 2002年小麦品种(系)抗条锈性鉴定与监测

1994—2002年经对3822份小麦品种(系)材料抗条锈性鉴定结果表明,冬小麦抗条锈性优于春小麦,甘肃品种抗条锈性优于国内其它省区品种。田间抗条锈性监测结果表明,我国主要生产品种均表现感病,甘肃主要生产品种仅陇鉴127等少数几个品种抗病,抗源材料中也仅有中四等少数品种表现抗病,结合抗病性鉴定、监测结果及田间综合农艺性状观察,筛选出20余份可供育种利用的抗源材料。同时在针对今后抗条中31、32号等主要小种类型的抗病育种、抗病性监测等方面进行了讨论。     

A mutagenesis-derived broad-spectrum disease resistance locus in wheat

Wheat leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, and powdery mildew caused by the fungal pathogens Puccinia triticina, P. graminis f. sp. tritici, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, and Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, respectively, are destructive diseases of wheat worldwide. Breeding durable disease resistance cultivars rely largely on continually introgressing new resistance genes, especially the genes with different defense mechanisms, into adapted varieties. Here, we describe a new resistance gene obtained by mutagenesis. The mutant, MNR220 (mutagenesis-derived new resistance), enhances resistance to three rusts and powdery mildew, with the characteristics of delayed disease development at the seedling stage and completed resistance at the adult plant stage. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the resistance in MNR220 is conferred by a single semidominant gene mapped on the short arm of chromosome 2B. Gene expression profiling of several pathogenesis-related genes indicated that MNR220 has an elevated and rapid pathogen-induced response. In addition to its potential use in breeding for resistance to multiple diseases, high-resolution mapping and cloning of the disease resistance locus in MNR220 may lead to a better understanding of the regulation of defense responses in wheat.     

Genetics of flowering time in bread wheat <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis>: complementary interaction between vernalization-insensitive and photoperiod-insensitive mutations imparts very early flowering habit to spring wheat

Time to flowering in the winter growth habit bread wheat is dependent on vernalization (exposure to cold conditions) and exposure to long days (photoperiod). Dominant Vrn-1 (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1) alleles are associated with vernalization independent spring growth habit. The semidominant Ppd-D1a mutation confers photoperiod-insensitivity or rapid flowering in wheat under short day and long day conditions. The objective of this study was to reveal the nature of interaction between Vrn-1 and Ppd-D1a mutations (active alleles of the respective genes vrn-1 and Ppd-D1b). Twelve Indian spring wheat cultivars and the spring wheat landrace Chinese Spring were characterized for their flowering times by seeding them every month for five years under natural field conditions in New Delhi. Near isogenic Vrn-1 Ppd-D1 and Vrn-1 Ppd-D1a lines constructed in two genetic backgrounds were also phenotyped for flowering time by seeding in two different seasons. The wheat lines of Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1 Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1a, Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1 Ppd-D1a and Vrn-A1a Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1a (or Vrn-1 Ppd-D1a) genotypes flowered several weeks earlier than that of Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1 Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1b, Vrn-A1b Ppd-D1b and Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1b (or Vrn-1 Ppd-D1b) genotypes. The flowering time phenotypes of the isogenic vernalization-insensitive lines confirmed that Ppd-D1a hastened flowering by several weeks. It was concluded that complementary interaction between Vrn-1 and Ppd-D1a active alleles imparted super/very-early flowering habit to spring wheats. The early and late flowering wheat varieties showed differences in flowering time between short day and long day conditions. The flowering time in Vrn-1 Ppd-D1a genotypes was hastened by higher temperatures under long day conditions. The ambient air temperature and photoperiod parameters for flowering in spring wheat were estimated at 25°C and 12 h, respectively.     

The Lr34 adult plant rust resistance gene provides seedling resistance in durum wheat without senescence

The hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) adult plant resistance gene, Lr34/Yr18/Sr57/Pm38/Ltn1, provides broad‐spectrum resistance to wheat leaf rust (Lr34), stripe rust (Yr18), stem rust (Sr57) and powdery mildew (Pm38) pathogens, and has remained effective in wheat crops for many decades. The partial resistance provided by this gene is only apparent in adult plants and not effective in field‐grown seedlings. Lr34 also causes leaf tip necrosis (Ltn1) in mature adult plant leaves when grown under field conditions. This D genome‐encoded bread wheat gene was transferred to tetraploid durum wheat (T. turgidum) cultivar Stewart by transformation. Transgenic durum lines were produced with elevated gene expression levels when compared with the endogenous hexaploid gene. Unlike nontransgenic hexaploid and durum control lines, these transgenic plants showed robust seedling resistance to pathogens causing wheat leaf rust, stripe rust and powdery mildew disease. The effectiveness of seedling resistance against each pathogen correlated with the level of transgene expression. No evidence of accelerated leaf necrosis or up‐regulation of senescence gene markers was apparent in these seedlings, suggesting senescence is not required for Lr34 resistance, although leaf tip necrosis occurred in mature plant flag leaves. Several abiotic stress‐response genes were up‐regulated in these seedlings in the absence of rust infection as previously observed in adult plant flag leaves of hexaploid wheat. Increasing day length significantly increased Lr34 seedling resistance. These data demonstrate that expression of a highly durable, broad‐spectrum adult plant resistance gene can be modified to provide seedling resistance in durum wheat.     

Genetic analysis of a novel broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance gene from the wheat-<Emphasis Type="Italic">Agropyron cristatum</Emphasis> introgression line Pubing 74

Main conclusion

A novel broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance gene PmPB74 was identified in wheat- Agropyron cristatum introgression line Pubing 74. Development of wheat cultivars with broad-spectrum, durable resistance to powdery mildew has been restricted by lack of superior genetic resources. In this study, a wheat-A. cristatum introgression line Pubing 74, originally selected from a wide cross between the common wheat cultivar Fukuhokomugi (Fukuho) and Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn (2n = 4x = 28; genome PPPP), displayed resistance to powdery mildew at both the seedling and adult stages. The putative alien chromosomal fragment in Pubing 74 was below the detection limit of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), but evidence for other non-GISH-detectable introgressions was provided by the presence of three STS markers specific to A. cristatum. Genetic analysis indicated that Pubing 74 carried a single dominant gene for powdery mildew resistance, temporarily designated PmPB74. Molecular mapping showed that PmPB74 was located on wheat chromosome arm 5DS, and flanked by markers Xcfd81 and HRM02 at genetic distances of 2.5 and 1.7 cM, respectively. Compared with other lines with powdery mildew resistance gene(s) on wheat chromosome arm 5DS, Pubing 74 was resistant to all 28 Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici (Bgt) isolates from different wheat-producing regions of northern China. Allelism tests indicated that PmPB74 was not allelic to PmPB3558 or Pm2. Our work showed that PmPB74 is a novel gene with broad resistance to powdery mildew, and hence will be helpful in broadening the genetic basis of powdery mildew resistance in wheat.