油茶低产林养分需求和时间配置动态变化研究

以常宁油茶低产林为研究对象,分析了油茶低产林树体各器官及土壤养分时间动态变化。结果表明:油茶低产林树体在不同生长期需求的大量元素均为全N、Ca和全K最多,而需求的Mg和全P最少;需求的微量元素均为Mn和Fe最多,Cu和Cd最少;春梢期供应的土壤养分元素是速效N和Mg,夏梢期主要供应的土壤元素是速效K、全N、全P、Fe和有机质,果实成熟期主要供应的土壤养分元素是全K,开花期主要供应的土壤元素是速效P和Ca;不同时间油茶低产林养分需求为春梢期(28.36%)夏梢期(26.17%)果实成熟期(22.75%)开花期(22.73%);土壤养分供应为夏梢期(2999.83±87.04 mg/kg)果实成熟期(2703.93±292.26 mg/kg)开花期(2554.60±508.84 mg/kg)春梢期(2385.88±199.62 mg/kg);油茶低产林在不同生长期需要的养分和土壤供应的养分并不一一对应。研究结果可为油茶低产林的施肥时间配置和养分时间变化提供科学依据,在春梢期多施肥。     

结果初期黄冠梨对春施15N-尿素的吸收、分配与利用

以3年生黄冠梨为材料,探讨了早春施用¹⁵N尿素后,树体在萌芽期-新梢缓慢生长期和新梢缓慢生长期-果实成熟期对氮素的吸收、分配与利用特性。结果表明: 梨树在萌芽期-新梢缓慢生长期主要以新梢和叶片等营养器官生长为核心;在新梢缓慢生长期-果实成熟期则以根系等贮藏器官生长为主,果实产量品质形成为辅,且树体尤其是贮藏器官的生物量成倍增加。由于各器官尤其是新梢和叶片生长旺盛、新梢缓慢生长期吸收的标记氮量相对较多,各器官吸收的肥料氮(Ndff)值相对较高;果实成熟期除粗根外各器官的Ndff值均低于新梢缓慢生长期。萌芽期到新梢缓慢生长期吸收的标记氮主要分配在新梢和叶片营养器官中,新梢缓慢生长期到果实成熟期吸收的标记氮则主要分配在贮藏器官中;整个生育期间,植株吸收的标记氮在贮藏器官中分配率最高,营养器官次之,生殖器官中分配率最低。3年生梨树从萌芽期-新梢缓慢生长期、新梢缓慢生长期-果实成熟期吸收的肥料氮分别占当年总吸氮量的31.1%和21.0%,而两个时期内吸收的土壤氮占比分别达68.9%和79.0%。     

益智等4种中药材无机元素含量与临床功效相关性分析

为探讨益智等4种中药材中无机元素含量与功效关系．用等离子发射光谱法测定锌、铁、锰、铜、钴、镍等元素含量、原子吸收石墨炉法测定铅元素含量、原子荧光法测定砷、汞元素含量．结果表明,海南特产益智等4种中药材中锌元素均处于高含量水平;锌、铁、锰、铜、钴、镍等元素含量不同程度高于市售同种药材的含量水平．而重金属铅、砷和汞却不同程度低于市售水平．可认为海南生态环境优良。造就了品质好、药效高的道地药材．     

恒磁场对癫痫病人微量元素锌、铜、铁的影响分析

本文选择34例癫痫病人,采用恒磁片穴位埋藏治疗癫痫发作,分析埋磁6个月、12个月、36个月后与埋磁前头发微量元素锌、铜、铁的变化。结果发现埋磁12个月和36个月后锌元素测定值明显高于埋磁前,铜、铁元素在埋磁前后变化不明显。提示穴位埋磁对癫痫病人头发锌、铜、铁元素可能有调节作用。     

恒磁场对癫痫病人微量元素锌、铜、铁的影响分析

本选择34例癫痫病人,采用恒磁片穴位埋藏治疗癫痫发作,分析埋磁6个月、12个月、36个月后与埋磁前头发微量元素锌、铜、铁的变化。结果发现埋磁12个月和36个月后锌元素测定值明显高于埋磁前,铜、铁元素在埋磁前后变化不明显。提示穴位埋磁对癫痫病人头发锌、铜、铁元素可能有调节作用。     

西天目山金钱松树轮中五种金属元素的含量分析

本文报道西天目山金钱松(Pseudolarix kaempferi Cord.)木质部中铝、铁、钙、锰、锌5种元素含量和累积量自1711年以来的变化情况。1711～1900年期间,钙的含量(μg/g)明显增大,铁和锰稍有上升,而铝和锌则略有下降;最近25年来,铝、铁、锰元素的含量升高,而锌含量下降。1711～1900年期间,5种元素的累积量(μg/Yr)都轻微下降,但最近20～25年来,铁、铝、锰的累积量又明显上升,锌元素变化不大。笔者认为铝、铁、钙、锰、锌元素在1711～1900年出现下降,可能是由于植被遭破坏的缘故,而在近25年中,铝、铁、锰元素的急速上升,则可能是工业污染的结果。     

富士苹果幼树生长与氮素积累和利用动态

以6年生烟富3/SH6/平邑甜茶为试材,用整株破坏性解析的方法,研究了萌芽期至果实成熟期7个时期下的树体生长和氮素积累动态,并借助¹⁵N同位素示踪技术研究了树体对肥料氮的吸收利用和分配特性,以期阐明苹果树的氮积累动态和肥料氮的最大效率期,从而为科学施氮提供理论依据.结果表明: 萌芽期(3月25日)至果实成熟期(萌芽后210 d)红富士苹果幼树整株干物质净积累量为4.51 kg,其中果实占66.5%,叶梢(叶片与新梢,下同)占20.2%,多年生器官占13.3%;叶梢干物质积累量在萌芽后30～60 d增长幅度较大,占其整个处理时期的42.9%;果实干物质积累量在萌芽后120～180 d增长幅度大,占整个处理时期的70%.整株氮素净积累量为29.1 g,在萌芽后30～60 d和120～180 d增长较快,分别为7.2和12.8 g,占整个处理时期的24.7%和44%;叶梢在萌芽后0～60 d氮积累速率较快,占其整个时期的69.1%;果实的氮积累量在萌芽后120～180 d最快,占其整个时期的60.8%;多年生器官的氮积累量在处理周期内呈先下降后上升的趋势,并在萌芽后 60 d到达最低水平.树体在不同时期的¹⁵N利用率差异显著,分别在萌芽后30～60、120～150和150～180 d处于较高水平,¹⁵N利用率分别为2.3%、4.1%和4.0%;多年生器官在各个时期的¹⁵N分配率均呈现较高水平,新生器官的¹⁵N分配率均为先上升后下降的趋势,其中叶片新梢在萌芽后30～60 d达到最高水平,为38.4%;果实在萌芽后120～150 d和150～180 d到达最高水平,分别为15.0%和16.6%.因此,叶片和新梢氮素积累的关键时期为萌芽后30～60 d;果实氮素积累的关键时期为萌芽后120～180 d;树体对肥料氮的最大效率期为萌芽后30～60 d和120～180 d.     

东北羊草草地锰、铜、锌含量特征的研究

 本文研究了羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)草地割草场3种植物必需的微量元素锰、铜、锌的含量特征。结果表明,在生长季各时期,优势种羊草各器官元素含量有很大变化,总的趋势是：根>根茎>茎>叶>穗(Zn：叶>茎),各器官之间元素含量差异显著(P<0.05)。其它种类植物根中锰、铜、锌含量也显著高于地上各器官。羊草地上部锰、铜、锌积累量在生长季中的变化近似于“S”型曲线,但各元素曲线最高点出现的时间不同。寸草苔(Carex duriuscula)和针蔺(Heleocharis acicularis)地上部锰、铜、锌积累量变化与生物量变化相似,基本为双峰型曲线。三种元素在群落中的分布规律是：根>茎>叶>穗,与生物量分布规律相同。但锰、铜在地上各器宫中积累量占植物总积累量的比率低于相应的生物量比率,而锌这两者的比率则与生物量比率相近。群落中锰、铜、锌积累量与根层土壤中锰、铜、锌总量之比分别为0.10%,0.33%和0.09%。     

养分供应量对玫瑰香葡萄矿质元素和水分吸收的影响

为了研究葡萄各生长发育阶段的肥水需求规律,该试验以4年生‘玫瑰香’葡萄为材料,设置改良Hoagland营养液0.5倍、1.0倍、1.5倍3个浓度处理,探讨不同养分供应量对‘玫瑰香’葡萄矿质元素和水分吸收规律的影响。结果表明:(1)‘玫瑰香’葡萄对矿质元素的吸收量随着新梢的生长而快速增加,且均呈先升后降的趋势,各元素吸收量的最大值均出现在果实膨大期至转色期,整个生长期Ca是葡萄吸收量最大的元素,分别约为P、Mg、K和N的1.38倍、4.55倍、1.24倍和1.13倍,其次是N和K,Mg和P的吸收量较小,N、P、K、Ca、Mg的吸收比例为1.1∶0.9∶1∶1.25∶0.26,而微量元素以Fe和B的吸收量较大。(2)各元素吸收量随处理浓度的增加而提高,表现为0.5倍浓度1.0倍浓度1.5倍浓度,且1.0倍浓度处理的果实品质最佳。(3)在适宜营养液浓度下(1.0倍浓度处理),单株葡萄对各种元素的年吸收量分别为N 44.294g、P 34.58g、K 37.743g、Ca 47.728g、Mg 10.801g、Fe 210mg、Mn 46.11mg、B 79.13mg、Zn 23.56mg、Cu 17.104mg和水631.5L。研究认为,生产中‘玫瑰香’葡萄在营养生长期以施氮肥、钙肥为主,配合施用适量镁肥,而在生殖生长期宜增施钾肥,并适量补充施用微量元素,从而达到提高水肥利用率和果实品质的目的。     

甜樱桃对^15N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性

以5年生‘早大果’甜樱桃为试材,研究了其在萌芽前土施^15N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性.结果表明：植株器官从肥料中吸收分配到的^15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率（Ndff）均随时间推移逐渐升高,盛花期细根和贮藏器官的Ndff较高;果实硬核期,新生器官中长梢和长梢叶的Ndff增长迅速,分别达0.72%和0.59%;果实硬核期到采收期,果实的Ndff增长迅速,到采收期达到最高,为1.78%;果实采收后到花芽分化期,新生器官Ndff增长减慢而贮藏器官增长迅速.盛花期根系吸收的氮素首先分配到贮藏器官,粗根^15N分配率最高,为54.91%;果实硬核期细根和贮藏器官^15N分配率由盛花期的85.43%下降到55.11%,而地上部新生器官则升高至44.89%;果实采收期^15N分配率变化不大,果实采收后氮素营养迅速向贮藏器官中运转,花芽分化期细根和贮藏器官的^15N分配率升高至72.26%,而地上部新生器官^15N分配率与采收期相比下降了19.31%.从盛花期到花芽分化期,植株对^15N尿素的当季利用率呈升高趋势,于花芽分化期达到最高,为16.86%.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

A new fungal genus, Teracosphaeria, with a phialophora-like anamorph (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota)

The new genus and species Teracosphaeria petroica is described for a perithecial ascomycete and its anamorph occurring on decayed wood collected in New Zealand. The fungus produces immersed, non-stromatic ceratosphaeria-like perithecia in nature, with hyaline, septate ascospores produced in unitunicate, non-amyloid asci. The anamorph produced in vitro is phialophora-like with lightly pigmented phialides terminating in flaring, deep collarettes that are often noticeably brown with conspicuous periclinal thickening. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequence data indicates that this fungus is distinct from morphologically similar fungi classified in the Chaetosphaeriales, the Trichosphaeriales or the Magnaporthaceae. It forms a monophyletic group with recently described, chaetosphaeria-like ascomycetes, such as the pyrenomycete genus Mirannulata, and shows affinity with the anamorphic species Dictyochaeta cylindrospora. The usefulness of describing anamorph genera for morphologically reduced anamorphs, when anamorph characteristics are actually part of the holomorph diagnosis, is discussed. An apparently contradictory example of the so-called Cordana and Pseudobotrytis anamorphs of Porosphaerella spp. is also discussed.     

Identification of two new genes,mukE andmukF, involved in chromosome partitioning inEscherichia coli

We have previously reported that the MukB protein is essential for chromosome partitioning inEscherichia coli and thatmukB mutants produce anucleate cells and are temperature-sensitive for colony formation. ThemukB gene maps at 21 min on theE. coli chromosome andsmtA-mukF-mukE-mukB genes might comprise an operon, which is transcribed in a clockwise direction. Here, we report thatmukF andmukE null mutants are both temperature-sensitive for colony formation and produce anucleate cells even at the permissive temperature. These phenotypes are the same as those observed in themukB null mutant. The primary sequence of MukF includes a leucine zipper structure and an acidic domain. Mutational analysis revealed that both are required for MukF function. When the MukF protein was overproduced in the wild-type strain, anucleate cells were produced. In contrast, overproduction of either MukE or MukB did not cause the defect. In null mutants for themukF, mukE, andmukB genes, the synchronous initiation of chromosome replication was not affected. The mini-F plasmid was as stably maintained in these mutants as in the wild-type strain. These results indicate that the MukF, MukE, and MukB proteins are involved in the chromosome partitioning steps, but are not required for mini-F plasmid partitioning.     

Evolutionary relationships among aquatic anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera, Margaritispora, and Goniopila

The hypothesis that similar conidial morphologies in aquatic hyphomycetes are a result of convergent evolution was tested using molecular sequence data. Cladistic analyses were performed on partial sequences of 28S rDNA of seven species of Lemonniera, one species of Margaritispora and one species of Goniopila. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia with long arms, whereas Margaritispora and Goniopila have typically globose (isodiametric) conidia, with short conical protuberances in a stellate or quadrangular arrangement. Lemonniera and Margaritispora have phialidic conidiogenesis and both produce dark, minute sclerotia in culture whereas Goniopila has holoblastic conidiogenesis and does not produce sclerotia in culture. Goniopila produces a microconidial phialidic synanamorph in culture. All three genera have schizolytic conidial secession. Molecular analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in two distinct clades: one within Leotiomycetes; the other within Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora is placed with Lemonniera species within Leotiomycetes. Goniopila and Lemonniera pseudofloscula are placed within Dothideomycetes. No morphological character was entirely congruent with the molecular derived phylogeny. This suggests that for the group of species studied, conidial shape is not a reliable indicator of phylogeny but more likely the result of convergent evolution in response to the aquatic environment.     

Glycosaminoglycans in two mollusks, Aplysia californica and Helix aspersa, and in the leech, Nephelopsis obscura

The presence of glycosaminoglycans was examined in two mollusks (Pulmonates): the terrestrial garden snail, Helix aspersa, and the opishtobranchian sea slug, Aplysia californica and also in the leech (Hirudinea, Erpobdellidae, Nephelopsis obscura). Organs in the garden snail contained predominately chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate as a lesser component. The ctenidium of the sea slug contained mainly chondroitin sulfate and a compound which migrated on electrophoresis as heparin but additional data indicated that it could also represent a highly sulfated form of heparan sulfate. The foregut contained only the heparin-like polymer. No standard glycosaminoglycan could be identified in the leech although a polydispersed polysaccharide containing uronic acid, hexosamine and sulfate was shown to be present. A detailed analysis of the heparan sulfate isolated from the garden snail is also given.     

In Bradyrhizobium japonicum the common nodulation genes, nodABC, are linked to nifA and fixA

Summary Using cloned Rhizobium phaseoli nodulation (nod) genes as hybridization probes homologous restriction fragments were detected in the genome of the slow-growing soybean symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 110. These fragments were isolated from a cosmid library, and were shown to lie 10 kilobasepairs (kb) upstream from the nifA and fixA genes. Specific nod probes from Rhizobium leguminosarum were used to identify nodA-, nodB-, and nodC-like sequences clustered within a 4.5 kb PstI fragment. A mutant was constructed in which the kanamycin resistance gene from Tn5 was inserted into the nodA homologous B. japonicum region. This insertion was precisely located, by DNA sequencing, to near the middle of the nodA gene. B. japonicum mutants carrying this insertion were completely nodulation deficient (Nod^-).