北江间的年龄与生长特征

于2007年4月至2009年3月间,在广东北江中上游地区采集间(Hemibarbus medius)样本640尾,以鳞片作为年龄鉴定材料,对其种群的年龄与生长特征进行了研究。结果表明,间鳞片上年轮结构清晰,前区主要表现为疏密型,而侧区主要为切割型;鳞片的边缘生长率表明,间年轮的形成期主要为3~4月份。样本由0+~6+龄7个龄组组成,其中,雌性由1+~6+龄6个龄组组成,主要为1+~4+龄;而雄性由1+~5+龄5个龄组组成,主要为1+~3+龄;在4+~6+龄个体中,雌性78尾,雄性27尾,雌性显著多于雄性。体长(L,cm)与体重(W,g)的关系为W=0.011L3.149(♀)、W=0.011L3.135(♂),协方差分析表明,雌雄个体体长与体重关系的差异不显著,所有样本体长与体重的关系式为W=0.011L3.148。体长与鳞长(R,mm)呈幂函数及直线关系,关系式分别为L=6.387R0.853、L=4.569R+2.587。拟合的von Bertalanffy生长参数为L∞=29.855 0 cm,k=0.223 1,W∞=483.889 8 g,t0=﹣0.928 2龄。对理论体长与实测体长、理论体重与实测体重进行χ~2检验,两者的差异均不显著,表明von Bertalanffy生长方程能较好地拟合间的生长。体重生长的拐点年龄为4.21龄,拐点体长约为20.37 cm,体重约为166.19 g。作为渔业保护对策,建议起捕年龄3龄以上或体长17 cm以上的个体。     

北江侧条光唇鱼的年龄与生长特征

于2007年7月至2009年6月间,在北江中上游地区采集了358尾侧条光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus parallens)样本,以鳞片作为年龄鉴定材料,对其年龄与生长特征进行了研究。侧条光唇鱼鳞片上年轮结构清晰,前区主要为疏密型,而侧区主要为切割型;鳞片的边缘生长率显示,其年轮的主要形成期为2~3月份。样本中的雌性由1+~5+龄5个龄组组成,优势龄组为1+~3+龄;而雄性由1+~4+龄4个龄组组成,优势龄组为1+~2+龄。雌鱼的体长(L,cm)范围为5.7~14.8 cm,集中于7.0~13.0 cm之间;体重(W,g)范围为4.75~108.40 g,集中于10.00~30.00 g之间。雄鱼的体长范围为5.7~12.6 cm,集中于7.0~11.0 cm之间;体重范围为4.40~61.50 g,主要集中于10.00~20.00 g之间。体长与体重的关系为W=0.017L3.167、W♀=0.017L3.198、W♂=0.023L3.025,协方差分析表明,雌、雄个体在体长与体重关系上,差异显著。体长(L,cm)与鳞径(R,mm)呈线性关系,L♀=3.126R+1.869、L♂=2.875R+2.152。拟合出Von Bertalanffy生长参数,雌性L∞=17.143 5 cm,k=0.270 5,W∞=150.347 4 g,t0=﹣0.614 6龄;雄性L∞=17.236 5 cm,k=0.226 9,W∞=126.468 6 g,t0=﹣0.921 5龄。雌鱼体重生长的拐点年龄为3.68龄,拐点体长约为11.8 cm,体重约为45.26 g;雄鱼的拐点年龄为3.96龄,拐点体长约为11.5 cm,体重约为37.60 g。作为渔业对策,建议起捕年龄3龄以上或体长10 cm以上的个体。     

怒江东方墨头鱼的年龄结构与生长特性

2006年10月至2008年10月于怒江采集东方墨头鱼(Garra orientalis)136尾,体长54～167mm,体重3.0～114.6g。研究了其年龄、生长等生物学特性,通过耳石轮纹估算东方墨头鱼的年龄,显示怒江东方墨头鱼由10个年龄组组成。耳石半径与体长关系为:L=0.061R1.131(n=125,R2=0.907),体长与体重关系为:W=0.1×10-4L3.160。von Bertalanffy生长参数由退算体长估算:雄性L∞=224.79mm,k=0.094/年,t0=0.51年;雌性L∞=228.91mm,k=0.091/年,t0=0.639年;总体L∞=227.78mm,k=0.091/年,t0=0.588年。体重生长拐点雄性12.15龄、雌性13.75龄。     

鄱阳湖黄鳝的生长特征

以基舌骨和脊椎骨作为年龄鉴定的材料,研究了鄱阳湖黄鳝(Monopterus albus)种群的生长特征.结果表明,种群的年龄结构分别为:雌性1～5龄,雄性2～6龄,2～5龄为黄鳝性别的过渡期(间性).2～4龄为优势年龄组,占渔获物的89.75%,相对应的体长为30～50 cm,体重为30～120 g.体长(L)与体重(W)的关系为:W=0.000 4L3.2601(♀);W=0.001 4L2.9008(∮).按生长指标值分析,阶段生长可以明显地划分为两个时期,即2龄前的生长迅速期和2龄后的生长稳定期.拟合的Von Bertalanffy生长参数分别为雌性L∞=78.5 Cm,k=0.174 02/y,t0=-1.203 2 Y,W∞:602.01 g;雄性L∞=102.3 cm,k=0.118 45/y,t0=-1.310 1 Y,W-=947.32 g;生长特征参数分别为ψ=3.030 3(♀)和ψ=3.093 4(∮);雌雄个体生长差异显著.     

五大连池鳙的生长分析

为了分析五大连池鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)的生长情况,于2013和2014年在五大连池三池及二池随机采集223尾鳙样本,采用鳞片鉴定其年龄,退算体长、体重。同时采用von Bertalanffy生长方程分析了五大连池鳙体长、体重的生长规律。结果显示,鳙渔获物的平均体长、体重分别为54.61 cm和3 280.53 g,由3+~8+共6个年龄组组成,以5+龄个体为主,占总数的50.67%。五大连池鳙体长(L,cm)、体重(W,g)之间关系式为W=0.0289 L2.901(n=223,R=0.974)。体长、体重von Bertalanffy生长方程分别为:Lt=97.619[1﹣e﹣0.140(ti﹣0.004)]和Wt=17113.260[1﹣e~(﹣0.140(ti﹣0.004))]2.901。鳙体长生长速度曲线无拐点,随着年龄的增加生长速度逐渐降低。体重的生长速度曲线具有拐点,拐点年龄为7.61龄,所对应的体长和体重分别为63.94 cm和5 012.82 g。采用生长特征指数?对比分析五大连池与其他水域鳙的生长,结果显示五大连池鳙的生长较为缓慢,栖息环境的水温、饵料生物密度是影响五大连池鳙生长的重要因素。有效提高鳙生长速度的关键措施在于降低放养密度。     

乌苏里江唇(鱼骨)的鳞片和生长特征

依据238尾鱼的测量数值,研究了乌苏里江野生唇钱(鱼骨)(Hemibarbus labeo)的鳞片及生长特征,并调查了乌苏里江抓吉镇江段唇(鱼骨)的捕捞资源情况.结果表明,唇(鱼骨)的鳞片较大,为规则圆鳞,年轮特征清晰,易于分辨,鳞径(R鳞径)与生长时间(年龄t)的回归方程为R鳞径=0.858 3t 2.275(=238,r=0.986 8),体长与鳞径的回归方程为L=4.332 6R鳞径 0.029 3(n=238,r=0.990 3).乌苏里江唇(鱼骨)体重与体长的回归方程为W=0.011 5L3.0868(N=238,r=0.996 2),其生长特征适合Von Bertalanffy生长方程,体重的生长拐点t=4.59龄,W=340.90 g.在乌苏里江抓吉镇江段主要捕捞唇(鱼骨)的时间从每年开冰期4月20日到封冰期11月15日左右,其捕捞量随季节的变化而不同,4～5月、10～11月数量最多,为100～150 kg/d,6～7月为50～100 kg/d,8～9月较少,为30～40 kg/d.     

叶尔羌高原鳅的年龄、生长与繁殖特征

分析了2008年5月采自新疆克孜河264尾叶尔羌高原鳅(Triplophysa yarkandensis)的年龄结构、生长特征和繁殖力。结果显示,种群年龄由2～11龄组成,其中2～4龄组个体占94.49%。平均体长和体重雌性为(9.39±2.10)cm和(16.55±15.85)g,雄性为(9.17±2.27)cm和(15.38±15.20)g,两者在雌雄群体间差异均不显著(P0.05)。体长和体重关系式为W♀+♂=0.014 0L2.988 9(r=0.975 4),W♀=0.016 7L2.889 5(r=0.980 9),W♂=0.011 7L3.083 1(r=0.975 7)。生长指标和年增重均以4龄组最大,分别为1.86和18.79 g/年。雌雄性比为0.7∶1.0。2龄性即成熟。最小成熟体长和体重雌性为6.2 cm和4.46 g,雄性为4.6 cm和1.67 g。绝对怀卵量为6 136～405 555(平均28 716±42 698)粒,相对怀卵量为672～6 134(平均2 310±1 427)粒/g。卵径呈单峰型分布,推测为不分批产卵类型。依据同年8月采集的19尾幼体日龄推算,其繁殖期为5月下旬至6月下旬。     

光倒刺鲃的年龄与生长的初步研究

研究了光倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus hollandi)的年龄与生长规律,结果表明:光倒刺鲃鳞片年轮特征主要为疏密切割型。体长与鳞长呈直线相关L=44.44R-11.69,体重与体长呈指数函数相关W=0.0258L2.9125,4龄以前生长较快,生长指标高,体长指标高,体长和体重的相对增长率大,其生长规律可用Von Bertalanffy方程表达:Lt=67.3[1-e-0.2018(t-0.1338)],Wt=5441.44[1-e-0.2018(t-0.1338)]3。体重生长曲线的拐点位于t=5.678,拐点体长Lr=45.313cm,拐点体重Wr=1660.885g。光倒刺鲃雌性一般在3~4龄性成熟,雄鱼3龄时性成熟。     

雅鲁藏布江下游弧唇裂腹鱼的年龄结构与生长特性

研究以采自雅鲁藏布江下游墨脱段的928尾弧唇裂腹鱼(Schizothorax curvilabiatus)为研究对象, 对耳石、脊椎骨和鳃盖骨三种年龄材料的准确性进行比较, 并对其种群年龄结构和生长特性进行研究。结果表明, 耳石是鉴定弧唇裂腹鱼最适合的年龄材料。弧唇裂腹鱼体长为48—508 mm, 体重为1.8—1898.9 g。体长体重关系式为W =2.279×10–5 SL 2.931。雌鱼最大年龄43龄, 雄鱼最大年龄23龄。von Bertalanffy生长方程为雌性: L_t= 590.2[1–e–0.096(t–0.282)], W_t=3016.8[1–e–0.096(t–0.282)]2.931; 雄性: L_t=575.3[1–e–0.090(t+0.011)], W_t=2798.9[1–e–0.090(t+0.011)]2.931。弧唇裂腹鱼雌性和雄性的拐点年龄分别为11.5龄和11.9龄。研究结果表明弧唇裂腹鱼生长缓慢、寿命较长, 为典型的K-对策选择者。随着雅鲁藏布江下游河流环境受到的人为干扰逐渐加大, 应从控制捕捞、栖息地保护和加强人工繁育等方面保护弧唇裂腹鱼的种群资源。     

长湖达氏鲌的生长特性及其资源现状

2015年9月至2016年8月在湖北长湖采集达氏鲌(Culter dabryi)样本592尾,对其年龄、生长及资源状况进行了研究。结果表明,长湖达氏鲌种群的年龄组成为1~7龄,其中以1~4龄鱼为主,占样本总量的91.38%;达氏鲌属匀速生长类型,其体重(W)和体长(L)的关系式为W=0.008L3.148(n=592,R~2=0.995,P0.01),且无明显性别差异;采用von Bertalanffy生长方程分别拟合体长、体重与年龄的关系,其表达式分别为,体长Lt=49.103[1﹣e-0.194(t+0.268)],体重Wt=1668.330[1﹣e-0.194(t+0.268)]3.148,生长拐点年龄t=5.64龄,对应体长33.4 cm,体重502.4 g;目前长湖达氏鲌总死亡系数Z=0.80,自然死亡系数M=0.42,捕捞死亡系数F=0.38,资源开发率E=0.48/年,根据体长股分析法估算出长湖达氏鲌2015~2016年资源量为1 809 710尾(15.18 t)。为保持长湖达氏鲌资源稳定,建议捕捞体长33.4 cm以上个体。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.