外源施加AsA和MeJA对乙烯利诱导水稻叶片衰老的影响

以野生型水稻(Oryza sativa)株系中花11(ZH-11)及其抗坏血酸合成关键酶基因GLDH下调株系(GI-2)为材料,研究了外源抗坏血酸(AsA)与茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对乙烯利诱导下水稻叶片早衰现象的影响。结果表明,外源AsA提高了水稻GI-2中的抗坏血酸含量、Rubisco含量及叶绿素的含量,减缓了其光合特性参数的下降速率,但对水稻ZH-11没有显著影响。外源MeJA降低了两株系的抗坏血酸、Rubisco及叶绿素含量,加快了叶内光合特性参数的下降速率,且对ZH-11的影响大于GI-2。因此,外源AsA处理能有效缓解乙烯利诱导的水稻叶片早衰现象,使叶片的衰老进程得以延缓,而外源MeJA作用相反。     

沙柳SpsLAS基因超表达对拟南芥营养生长的影响

用沙柳SpsLAS基因构建35S∷SpsLAS超表达载体并转化野生型拟南芥,对转基因拟南芥进行表型观察,利用荧光定量PCR,对分枝、生长素及细胞分裂素相关基因进行表达分析。结果显示:(1)成功构建35S∷SpsLAS超表达载体,并获得9株纯合转基因株系,且转基因株系的萌芽速率快于野生型(对照),生活周期也较长;其中7个株系表现为生长迅速、株高增加、莲座叶叶片增大、分枝增加,2个株系表现为矮化、分枝增加、育性降低等一系列变化。(2)荧光定量PCR显示,与对照相比24h时转基因株系幼苗生长素及细胞分裂素途径关键基因无明显变化,4d时各基因在各转基因株系呈上调趋势;30d时分枝相关基因RAX1、RAX3表达量均上调,而MAX1、MAX3、REV、AXR1无明显变化。研究表明,SpsLAS基因过表达对拟南芥株型、莲座叶有明显影响,该研究结果为进一步研究该基因对分枝调控机制奠定了基础。     

转ZjAPX基因拟南芥对NaCl、干旱胁迫的耐性研究

旨在探讨枣树抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因ZjAPX在植物渗透胁迫中的作用。将ZjAPX基因转入到模式植物拟南芥,以野生型(WT)、转ZjAPX拟南芥株系T2为试材,进行不同浓度NaCl胁迫和干旱胁迫。结果表明,转基因株系的种子萌发、植株生长均优于野生型株系;荧光定量PCR检测转基因拟南芥植株在干旱和盐胁迫处理10 d后目的基因ZjAPX的表达量显著高于野生拟南芥,表明ZjAPX的高表达明显提高了植株的抗旱和耐盐性。     

异源表达CkLEA1基因增强了拟南芥对非生物胁迫的耐受性

植物在生长过程中会受到各种非生物胁迫的伤害,导致生长发育和产量受到严重影响,胚胎晚期丰富蛋白（late embryogenesis abundant proteins,LEA蛋白）在植物抵抗非生物胁迫过程中起着重要的保护作用。在前期的研究基础上,将受多种胁迫诱导的柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA1（GenBank登录号KC309408）基因转入野生型拟南芥,通过实时荧光定量PCR从7株T₃代纯合体中筛选出3个转基因株系做进一步研究。种子萌发率实验发现,在200 mmol/L NaCl和400 mmol/L甘露醇处理下,转基因株系萌发率均高于野生型拟南芥。干旱处理2周大的幼苗后,转基因株系明显比野生型更抗旱,存活率高于野生型,并且失水率低于野生型。同时,转基因株系积累了较少的丙二醛（MDA）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量也高于野生型。这些结果表明,柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA1基因在种子萌发阶段提高了拟南芥对盐和渗透胁迫的耐受性,并且提高了转基因拟南芥幼苗生长阶段对干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。     

独行菜种子bHLH类转录因子基因家族及幼苗laICE1表达对冷胁迫的响应

该研究在转录组数据基础上,以独行菜(Lepidium apetalum Willd.)种子耐受和不能耐受低温萌发的2组样本为材料,对其bHLH转录因子家族成员进行分析,并对该家族成员表达差异极显著的laICE1基因进行克隆、序列分析、结构预测,以探讨独行菜幼苗中laICE1基因表达对低温胁迫的响应特征。结果表明:(1)萌发中的独行菜种子,至少有83个bHLH转录因子序列表达,相对于低温萌发停滞组,在低温萌发耐受组的独行菜种子中,有10个下调、13个上调、60个表达差异不显著。其中表达量极显著下调的序列c20009_g1具有1 503bp开放阅读框,GO注释到ICE1基因,该基因命名为laICE1。(2)laICE1基因编码500aa,蛋白分子量为54 635.19kD,理论等电点为5.45,分子式为C2364H3742N688O758S22;该蛋白具有保守结构域bHLH。(3)定量分析表明,laICE1基因在非低温胁迫的独行菜种子中的表达量显著低于一直处于低温胁迫中不能进行萌发的独行菜种子,这与转录组数据库中该序列表达情况一致;而laICE1基因在独行菜幼苗期经低温处理后,其表达量显著上调,表明laICE1基因可能在独行菜幼苗耐受低温生长中具有一定的作用。     

转CkLEA4基因拟南芥种子萌发期的抗逆性分析

该研究在实验室前期研究的基础上,将受脱水、盐胁迫和ABA诱导的柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA4基因转入野生型拟南芥,并利用实时荧光定量PCR从8株纯合体中筛选出3个表达量不同的株系,比较野生型和转CkLEA4基因过表达拟南芥种子在不同胁迫处理下的萌发率,以探讨CkLEA4基因在植物抵抗逆境胁迫中的功能。结果发现:(1)在不同浓度NaCl、甘露醇及ABA处理下,转CkLEA4基因过表达拟南芥种子的萌发率均高于野生型,随着NaCl、甘露醇及ABA浓度增加,各株系萌发率均降低,但野生型的萌发率下降幅度均高于3个过表达株系,并且在200mmol/L NaCl和400mmol/L甘露醇处理下,过表达株系子叶绿化率均显著高于野生型。(2)在低浓度ABA处理下,CkLEA4过表达植株子叶的绿化率也高于野生型。研究表明,柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA4基因提高了拟南芥种子萌发阶段对盐、ABA及渗透胁迫的耐受性。     

过表达VHA-c1基因对拟南芥根长及ABA与糖响应的影响

为初步探讨液泡H+-ATPase c亚基基因(VHA-c1)在植物生长发育及信号转导中的作用,该实验构建了拟南芥VHA-c1的过表达载体,转化并获得转基因拟南芥纯合株系,通过半定量RT-PCR技术分析了VHA-c1的表达量,然后对其进行暗培养、ABA和糖处理。结果显示:(1)该实验获得7个T2代转基因纯系,其mRNA表达水平均高于野生型,表明过表达载体的构建是有效的。(2)黑暗条件下,6个拟南芥VHA-c1过表达纯合株系的根长变短。(3)光照条件下,4个转基因株系主根伸长和子叶的展开以及7个转基因株系的种子萌发对ABA的抑制不敏感。(4)分别有5个和4个转基因株系的种子萌发对葡萄糖和蔗糖的抑制不敏感。推测VHA-c1可能参与了ABA和糖介导的信号转导途径,并可能影响了拟南芥根细胞的扩展。     

LaHY5基因对独行菜下胚轴低温伸长的影响

独行菜种子下胚轴伸长存在低温停滞现象,是研究温度对植物下胚轴伸长影响的良好材料。为了揭示下胚轴伸长相关转录因子HY5在独行菜下胚轴低温伸长中的作用,该研究从独行菜种子转录组中获得LaHY5序列,并进行了克隆、序列分析,通过实时定量PCR技术研究了该基因表达与低温诱导及萌发阶段的关系,并通过转化拟南芥分析该基因表达对下胚轴低温伸长的影响。结果表明:(1)LaHY5基因的cDNA序列包含447 bp的完整阅读框序列,其编码产物为富含丝氨酸的149个氨基酸组成的肽链,包含典型的BRLZ结构域,相对分子质量为16.830 kD,分子式为C_(692)H_(1156)N_(228)O_(246)S_7,理论等电点为8.73,与十字花科植物同源序列高度一致。(2)LaHY5基因在独行菜萌发过程中的种子或幼苗中受低温诱导快速上调表达。(3)转LaHY5基因拟南芥种子在常温或低温条件下,下胚轴伸长均比野生型植株快。研究表明,LaHY5转录因子在种子低温萌发及幼苗耐受低温胁迫中起重要作用,但LaHY5基因并不是造成独行菜下胚轴伸长低温停滞的限制性因素。     

茉莉酸甲酯对水稻种子萌发和贮藏物质降解的影响

茉莉酸甲酯 (methyljasmonate ,MeJA)对水稻 (OryzasativaL .)种子萌发及幼苗生长的作用表现出“双重性”效应 ,低浓度促进种子萌发和幼苗生长 ,最适浓度为 5× 10 -7mol/L ,高浓度作用相反。MeJA对水稻萌发胚乳酸性磷酸酶、α_淀粉酶、淀粉和盐溶蛋白降解作用也如此 ,但它抑制谷蛋白降解。实验结果表明 ,MeJA促进和抑制水稻种子萌发都与α_淀粉酶活性有关。讨论了MeJA对种子萌发作用与ABA作用的异同     

莱茵衣藻丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶突变株蓝光响应的表征

为研究莱茵衣藻丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(silk/threonine protein kinase, STK)介导藻细胞蓝光响应的分子机制，本文对蓝光胁迫下莱茵衣藻STK突变株系crstk11(AphvIII盒反向插入stk11基因编码区)进行表型鉴定及转录组分析。表型鉴定显示，正常光(白光)下，野生型株CC5325与突变株crstk11的生长和色素含量差异较小；蓝光抑制了crstk11藻细胞生长和叶绿素合成，但显著促进类胡萝卜素积累。转录组分析显示，蓝光处理4 d，突变株(STK4) vs.野生型(wild type, WT4)共检测到差异表达基因(differential expression genes, DEGs) 860条(559个上调，301个下调)。高蓝光处理8 d,STK8 vs. WT8共获得1 088个DEGs (468个上调，620个下调)。KEGG富集分析发现，与CC5325相比，crstk11蓝光响应基因主要参与胞内光合作用催化活性、碳代谢和色素合成等。其中，上调基因包括psaA、psaB和psaC,psbA、psbB、psbC、psbD、psbH和psbL,pet...     

Characterization of SSEA-1 glycolipids from the brain of a patient with fucosidosis

Neutral glycolipids from the brain of a patient with Fucosidosis were analyzed and two complex glycolipids containing five and eight sugars were isolated from the cortical grey matter. These two glycolipids reacted with antibodies recognizing the SSEA-1 [Le^x(X)] carbohydrate determinant. SSEA-1 glycolipids are normally expressed in human embryonic brain but are found in only small amounts in postnatal human brain. The accumulation of the two SSEA-1 glycolipids in Fucosidosis brain thus represents a defect which affects the normal developmentally regulated decrease in postnatal, expression of these glycolipids, and may be a contributing factor in the abnormal brain development associated with the disease. Chemical characterization of the two isolated glycolipids by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses has identified the two glycolipids as lacto-N-fucopentaosylceramide (III) and difucosyl-neolactonorhexaosylceramide.Abbreviations DCl direct chemical ionization - FAB tastatiom bombardment - GC gas chromatography - GSLs glycosphingolipids - MS mass spectrometry - SSEA-1 stage specific embryonic antigen-1 - TLC thin layer chromatographys     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Structural Peculiarities of Na+,K+-ATPase Isozymes from the Calf Brain

Functionally active preparations of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase isozymes from calf brain that contain catalytic subunits of three types (1, 2, and 3) were obtained using two approaches: a selective removal of contaminating proteins by the Jorgensen method and a selective solubilization of the enzyme with subsequent reconstitution of their membrane structure by the Esmann method. The ouabain inhibition constants were determined for the isozymes. The real isozyme composition of the Na⁺ pump from the grey matter containing glial cells and the brain stem containing neurons was determined. The plasma membranes of glial cells were shown to contain mainly Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase of the 11 type and minor amounts of isozymes of the 22(1) and the 31(2) type. The axolemma contains 21 and 31 isozymes. A carbohydrate analysis indicated that 11 enzyme preparations from the brain grey matter substantially differ from the renal enzymes of the same composition in the glycosylation of the 1 isoform. An enhanced sensitivity of the 3 catalytic subunit of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase from neurons to endogenous proteolysis was found. A point of specific proteolysis in the amino acid sequence PNDNR⁴⁹² Y⁴⁹³ was localized (residue numbering is that of the human 3 subunit). This sequence corresponds to one of the regions of the greatest variability in 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-subunits, but at the same time, it is characteristic of the 3 isoforms of various species. The presence of the 3 isoform of tubulin (cytoskeletal protein) was found for the first time in the high-molecular-mass Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase 31 isozyme complex isolated from the axolemma of brain stem neurons, and its binding to the 3 catalytic subunit was shown.     

Elucidation of Structure of Lipid A from the Marine Gram-Negative Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis ATCC 14393T

The chemical structure of lipid A, from the marine -proteobacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis 14393, a main product of lipopolysaccharide hydrolysis (1% AcOH), was determined using chemical methods and NMR spectroscopy. The lipid A was shown to be -1,6-glucosaminobiose 1,4-diphosphate acylated with two (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoic acid residues at C3 and C3 and amidated with one (R)-3-hydroxydodecanoyl and one (R)-3-dodecanoyloxydodecanoyl residue at N2 and N2, respectively.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

The evolution of the Hox cluster: insights from outgroups

Two burgeoning research trends are helping to reconstruct the evolution of the Hox cluster with greater detail and clarity. First, Hox genes are being studied in a broader phylogenetic sampling of taxa: the past year has witnessed important new data from teleost fishes, onychophorans, myriapods, polychaetes, glossiphoniid leeches, ribbon worms, and sea anemones. Second, commonly accepted notions of animal relationships are being challenged by alternative phylogenetic hypotheses that are causing us to rethink the evolutionary relationships of important metazoan lineages, especially arthropods, annelids, nematodes, and platyhelminthes.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

N-andO-glycosylation of glycoprotein C synthesized by Herpes simplex virus type 1-infected ricin resistant cells

The progeny of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) grown in ricin-resistant 14 cells (Ric^R14) lackingN-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I was released in the extracellular medium at a very low rate. By using a monoclonal antibody immobilized on Sepharose we purified from HSV-1-infected Ric^R14 cells a viral glycoprotein (gC), which carries bothN-andO-linked oligosaccharides. Glycopeptides obtained from [³H]mannoselabeled gC by Pronase digestion were entirely susceptible to endo--N-acetylglucosaminidase H, and the major oligosaccharide released was Man₄GlcNAc. The accumulation of this high-mannose species was related to the enzymic defect of the host cells and to the long retention of the viral glycoprotein within the cells. The extent ofO-glycosylation evaluated in [¹⁴C]glucosamine-labeled gC from Ric^R14 cells as compared to that of gC from wild type cells did not appear to be significantly modified.Abbreviations Con A concanavalin A - BHK cells baby hamster kidney cells - HSV Herpes simplex virus