Ultrastructure and behaviour of the spindle pole body of the aphid-pathogenic fungusErynia neoaphidis

Summary A detailed account of the ultrastructure and behaviour of the spindle pole body (SPB) of the entomophthoraceous fungusErynia neoaphidis is presented for the first time.The SPB consists of extranuclear (ENC) and intranuclear (INC) components. The ENC is a saucepan-shaped structure which lies in a pocket of the nuclear envelope. It is composed of a forked, fibrillar handle and a shallow, cylindrical pan. The pan has a wall of two layers, both of which are thickened with a regular periodicity so that they appear to be beaded. It is postulated that the pan is formed from rough endoplasmic reticulum and that it synthesizes the amorphous, electron-dense material coating the ENC.The INC is a saucer-shaped, electron-dense plaque in which the ends of the spindle microtubules terminate. During metaphase, a clear zone separates the INC from the nuclear envelope and persists until telophase. The roles of the amorphous, electron-dense material and the clear zone as well as the method of SPB replication are discussed.     

Against “Revolution” and “Evolution”

Those standard historiographic themes of evolution and revolution need replacing. They perpetuate mid-Victorian scientists history of science. Historians history of science does well to take in the long run from the Greek and Hebrew heritages on, and to work at avoiding misleading anachronism and teleology. As an alternative to the usual evo-revo themes, a historiography of origins and species, of cosmologies (including microcosmogonies and macrocosmogonies) and ontologies, is developed here. The advantages of such a historiography are illustrated by looking briefly at a number of transitions the transition from Greek and Hebrew doctrines to their integrations by medieval authors; the transition from the Platonist, Aristotelian, Christian Aquinas to the Newtonian Buffon and to the no less Newtonian Lamarck; the departures the early Darwin made away from Lamarcks and from Lyells views. Issues concerning historical thinking about nature, concerning essentialism and concerning classification are addressed in an attempt to challenge customary stereotypes. Questions about originality and influence are raised, especially concerning Darwins tree of life scheme. The broader historiography of Darwinian science as a social ideology, and as a worldview, is examined and the scope for revisions emphasised. Throughout, graduate students are encouraged to see this topic area not as worked out, but as full of opportunities for fresh contributions.     

Injury to potato leaves exposed to subzero temperatures in the absence of freezing

Electrolyte leakage was measured in hardened and nonhardened leaves of three potato species, Solanum tuberosum L., S. acaule Bitt. and S. commersonii Dun., and one interspecific cross, Alaska Frostless (S. acaule x S. tuberosum) when exposed to various subzero temperatures. The leaves were undercooled (no ice present) from 0°C to -12.5°C for 45 min and to-4°C for up to 10 d. Regardless of the degree of undercooling no injury was observed in any of the potatoes, hardened or nonhardened, for up to 12 h. After 5 d, however, electrolyte leakage was observed in hardened S. tuberosum, S. acaule and S. commersonii, and in nonhardened Alaska Frostless. After 10 d exposure all potatoes, hardened and nonhardened, showed a significant amount of electrolyte leakage as compared to their controls kept at 0°C for 10 d.Scientific Journal Series Paper No. 13842 of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minn     

Selective staining of Y chromosomal loops in Drosophila hydei,D. neohydei,and D. eohydei

Modified Giemsa procedures have been developed which elicit differential and highly selective staining of individual Y chromosomal lamp-brush loops in spermatocyte nuclei of Drosophila hydei, D. neohydei, and D. eohydei. In all three species the Y loop pair known as the clubs stains a brilliant dark red with Giemsa at pH 10. With the same treatment other loop pairs either remain unstained, e.g. the threads, or show a differentiation between light blue and pink staining matrical material, e.g. pseudonucleolus and cones in D. hydei and D. eohydei. With eosin at pH 2.8 the threads in D. hydei can be stained intensely, as well as one matrical component of the pseudonucleolus. Pretreatment with RNase or TCA removes all stainability from the Y loops with Giemsa at pH 10. TCA treatment enhances eosin staining at pH 2.8. These and other variations of Giemsa may be utilized to establish homologies between Y loops in different species. The molecular basis of the staining reactions remains to be elucidated.     

The effect of intracapillary media feed protocols on hollow fiber cell culture

Summary Two intracapillary (IC) media feed protocols termed media rich and media lean were examined in an effort to understand the effect of this variable on hollow fiber cell cultures. The media rich protocol emphasized a high volume IC media per day (5 liters) containing no serum and a normal amount of extracapillary (EC) media serum (10% v/v). Alternatively, the media lean protocol used up to 1.0 liter of IC media per day containing 5% v/v serum and increased EC media serum (20% v/v). Both protocols produced substantial amounts of antibody in 25 days using HFN7.1 hybridoma cells (ATCC CRL 1606), however the media rich protocol produced twice as much antibody as the media lean protocol. The metabolism of the cells was dramatically different as measured by glucose uptake rate (GUR) with media lean cells having a six-fold lower GUR. Our results indicate that the media rich protocol is useful for producing larger amounts of antibody in a short time frame. The media lean protocol may be considered when the production costs of antibody, particularly media and serum, is the overriding concern.     

Monster zooids inCryptosula pallasiana (bryozoa,cheilostomata ascophora)

In the ascophoran bryozoanCryptosula pallasiana (Moll) many examples of regenerative growth and of abnormal zooids have been observed. Most of the different forms of monsters are caused by fusion of zooids or zooid buds respectively. Zooids may often fuse laterally but in a few cases also distally. Some monster zooids have two polypides and combined opercula caused by various degrees of fusion of the apertures. Lack of sufficient space may lead to the formation of dwarf zooids or remainder cystids.     

Electron microscope study of the atretic oocytes of the rat

Zusammenfassung Das Muster in den Calcitindividuen des Eischalenkalkes der Vögel-seine Entstehung wird kurz erläutert — kann durch Spalten, Verwachsungsnähte, Anordnung der Globularinklusionen ohne weiteres hervortreten, läßt sich aber auch durch bestimmte Eingriffe, z. B. Ätzen, verdeutlichen. Quer- und Flachschliffe der Eischale von Diomedea exulans (Albatros) zeigen im Bereich der Säulenlage ein ausgeprägtes Globularmuster:In den Primen der Inneren Säulenlage erscheinen am Querschliff die Inklusionen in Parallelstreifen, die schräg gegen die Schalenoberfläche verlaufen, wobei die Neigung von einem zum anderen Prisma wechselt. Jede Reihe dieses Streifenmusters setzt sich aus rhombischen Elementen zusammen, derart, daß das eine Paar der Rhombenseiten die Längsränder des Streifens liefert, das andere aber, schräg über ihn verlaufend, seine Elemente trennt. Die Girlandenzone der Inneren Säulenlage wird durch den genannten Neigungswechsel des — hier vergröberten — Streifenmusters erzeugt.In der Äußeren Säulenlage häufen sich die Globularinklusionen in rechteckigen oder rhombischen Feldern an, die innerhalb des gleichen Prismas parallel stehen. Die Felder sind durch schmale helle inklusionsfreie Raine getrennt, in denen Verwachsungsnähte sich zeigen können. Dieses Block- oder Rhombenmuster ist auch am Flachschliff sichtbar.Der Übergang vom Streifenmuster der Inneren zum Rhomben- oder Blockmuster der Äußeren Säulenlage vollzieht sich über eine die Elemente durchschneidende Schichtlinie hinweg, ohne Störung der optischen Einheitlichkeit des Prismas. So kann das gleiche Musterelement unterhalb der Schichtlinie das Streifen-, oberhalb derselben das Blockmuster darbieten. Sowohl bei den Inneren wie bei den Äußeren Säulenprismen erfolgt die seitliche Verfugung der Nachbarn unter dem Einfluß des Musters, was bei den Inneren Säulen zackigen, bei den Äußeren mehr glatten Grenzverlauf erzeugt. Oft brechen Musterelemente an den Prismengrenzen ab. Manche Prismen der Inneren Säulenlage erscheinen am Flachschliff rhombisch umrissen. Auch am hügeligen Relief der Schalenoberfläche treten Rhombengrenzen hervor.

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Summary The pattern in the calcite individues of the avian egg shell — its development is shortly explained — can appear by clefts, outgrowing sutures, arrangement of the globular inclusions, but also can be rendered conspicuous by certain treatments, e.g. etching. Transverse and tangential ground sections through the egg shell of Diomedea exulans (albatros) show in the column layer a characteristic globular pattern.In the prisms of the inner column layer the inclusions are arranged on transverse sections in parallel stripes, running obliquely against the shell surface, whereby its inclination changes from one to the other prism. Each row of this stripe pattern is composed by rhombic elements, so that one pair of the rhomb sides form the longitudinal edges of the elements but the other, obliquely cutting the stripes, separate the elements. The garland zone of the inner column layer is the expression of the alternating inclination in the stripe pattern — here more coarse.In the outer column layer the globular inclusions are accumulated in rectangular or rhombic areas parallel within the same prism. The elements of this block or rhomb pattern are separated by narrow light inclusion-free hiels, in which outgrowing sutures can appear; the pattern is also visible in tangential ground sections.The transition of the stripe pattern to the rhomb or block pattern happens on a stratification line — without disturbance of the the uniform extinction of the prism between crossed polars. Thereby the same pattern element can show under the stratification line the stripe pattern and above it the block pattern. In the inner as in the outer column prisms the lateral indentation of the neighbours is determined by the pattern, producing in the inner columns a pronged, in the outer a more smooth boundary. Often pattern elements break off at the prism boundaries. Some prisms of the inner column layer show a rhombic contour in tangential ground sections. Also on the hilly relievo of the shell surface rhombic limitation is observable.

     

Gender,emotion, and physical distress: The Sicilian-Canadian “nerves” complex

Researchers identify nerves as an idiom of distress, an illness category, a metaphorical device capable of communicating social distress, and a technique for impression management. Much of the literature, however, links nerves to women. In this paper, I address two aspects of the phenomenon which have received limited attention. First, I discuss nerves within the context of Sicilian-Canadian conceptions of anatomy and physiology. Sicilian-Canadians regard nerves as essential components of the human anatomy which, in some cases, may be linked to both physical and psychic distress. Second, I build on this discussion to examine how Sicilian-Canadian males make use of the nerves idiom. The implications of my work include the need to: (1) modify our definition of nerves to recognize formally that we are dealing with a dynamiccomplex consisting of multiple, variable, and ambiguousmeanings — meanings that enable people to confront or cope with a variety of situations; (2) direct greater attention to nerves as an idiom ofphysical distress; and, (3) examine further the role of physical nerves in the social construction of gender.Glossary of terms Battuti Tired or exhausted - Duluri Pain - Gruppata Knotted - Musculidda Little muscle (often used to describe a small lump caused by muscle damage) - Nierbu (s),nierbi (pl) Nerves (depending on the context, however, the term can take on a variety of meanings) - Nierbi abbattuti Tired or Exhausted nerves (e.g., muscles) - Nierbi agruppati Knotted nerves (e.g., muscles). - Nierbi ammollanu Nerves (e.g., muscles) become soft and lax - Nierbi cunsumati Worn or frayed nerve-tissue (e.g., muscles) - Nierbi ngravaccati Entangled nerves (e.g., muscles) - Nirbatura The arrangement or system of nerves (muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues) that extend throughout the body - Nirbusu This term can refer to either an emotional state or a folk illness involving a disruption of the nerves and other physiological processes (such as the circulation of the blood) - Nucidda ni lu saccu A small nut [trapped] in a sack. Metaphor used to convey one's frustration and powerlessness - Omertà Manliness. Conducting oneself with respect and honor - Pena Sadness, sorrow, grief - Sangu Blood - Sangu si guasta The blood spoils - Scicata A rub or massage - Spavientu Fright - Spilatura In some cases the term is used to refer simply to strained muscles or tendons. However, it often refers to more serious muscle or sinew damage that involves an accumulation of fluid - Spuvari Release of emotional tension - Suggittata di nierbi Subdued or subjugated by one's nerves. - Tremulu Shaking or trembling sensation     

Evolution alpiner Populationen vonEuphrasia (Scrophulariaceae): Die mittel- bis kleinblütigen,drüsenhaarigen Arten

A more precise taxonomic concept ofE. hirtella and its infraspecific synonymy is presented. Its diploid nature (2n = 22) is confirmed. Within the European area ofE. hirtella five different races may be recognised: typical, brandisii, capitulata, Rofan and Bretagne. Taxonomic rank is not yet attributed to these races. The heterogeneous taxonomic assembly E. drosocalyx is disentangled. The type refers to products of hybrid introgression ofE. rostkoviana-characters (long glandular hairs) intoE. minima.

Former contributions of this series areEhrendorfer & Vitek (1984) andGreilhuber & al. (1984).     

Why the aristocrats were ‘heavy’ or how ethnopsychology legitimized inequality among the Tlingit

Conclusion Even a cursory look at the ethnographic literature on other Northwest Coast societies reveals some striking similarities with the Tlingit way of conceptualizing aristocrats as special persons. Thus the Kwakiutl referred to their chiefs as real or complete people, who were heavier than commoners. The Coast Tsimshian called their highest aristocrats real or ripe persons, in contrast to the low-ranking ones, who were described as unhealed or green. The Coast Tshimshian also referred to their chiefs as strong, heavy, and solid like a rock. The neighboring Gitksan contrasted the chiefs, described as people who were good and clean and stayed put, with the commoners, who were said to be dirty, ignorant, and always moving around. Because spirits of the dead liked to return to persons who were clean and showed respect by giving away wealth and feasts, there was considerable moral and practical pressure on the aristocrats to remain pure, train knowledgeable and clean heirs, and continue potlatching. Finally, among the Haida, rank was tied to a wider system of symbolic classification, associating aspects of food, space, clothing, ritual pollution and the ethic of industry with attributes of seniority.While some of the symbolic associations of aristocratic status are culture specific, others are present in several, if not all, of the NWC cultures. What we need is a comparative symbology of aristocratic status, which would combine the reanalysis of the existing ethnographic data with the introduction of some new materials that can still be obtained in the field. Such work would be the best tribute to Irving Goldman himself and to our common illustrious ancestors—Franz Boas and Marcel Mauss.Sergei Kan is Professor of Anthropology at Dartmouth College.     

NADH dehydrogenase: a new molecular marker for homoeology group 4 in Triticeae. A map of the 4RS chromosome arm in rye

Summary Structural gene loci encoding the monomeric isozymes nicotin adenin dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH dehydrogenase or NDH) have been located on the 4AL, 4B, and 4DS chromosome arms of Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring, on the 4RS chromosome arm of Secale cereale cultivars Imperial, King II, Dakold, and Ailes, on the 4S¹ S/7S¹ chromosome of Aegilops longissima, the 4E of Elytrigia elongata, and the CSU-A of Aegilops umbellulata. All the results support the homoeologous relationships among these chromosomes in the five species studied. In addition, a map of the 4RS chromosome arm in cv Ailes has been realized, linking loci Pgm-1 (located on the 4RS chromosome arm) and Ndh-1 (17.91 cM), with an estimated distance between both loci and the centromere of 20.00 cM and 32.12 cM, respectively.     

De novo induction of adventitious roots in excised shoots of tomatoes by fumonisin B1, a metabolite of Fusarium moniliforme

The de novo induction of roots in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) Mill. cvs. Earlypak-7, Ace, Better Boy, Roma, and Parks' Whopper by fumonisin B₁, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld., was studied. In graded dosages of fumonisin B₁, detached stems of the cultivars Ace, Better Boy, and Roma were induced to produce calluses and roots earlier than controls. The cultivar Ace was especially responsive to this mycotoxin, and following a single application, callus initiation was observed to occur within a 24–48-h period and roots were produced as early as 72 h with 10 g/shoot or as late as 96 h with low dosages. The control plants of all cultivars were completely negative for a rooting response during this time. Some cultivars treated with fumonisin B₁ showed either no response or developed signs of phytotoxicity. Those cultivars that were stimulated to produce roots did not show signs of phytotoxicity, except at dosages of 0.5 mg/plant and higher. One cultivar did not show any signs of phytotoxicity nor was it induced to root. The ability of fumonisin B₁ to affect the accumulation of calcium in other systems, and its structural similarity to sphingosine suggest that the induction of adventitious roots may be a calcium-dependent process.     

Influence of molecular variations of ionophore and lipid on the selective ion permeability of membranes: I. Tetranactin and the methylation of nonactin-type carriers

Summary The manner in which the molecular structure of the carrier and the lipid composition of the membrane modulate the membrane selectivity among monovalent cations has been investigated for nonactin, trinactin, and tetranactin, which differ only in their degrees of methylation, and for membranes made of two lipids, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and glyceryl dioleate, in which equilibrium and kinetic aspects of permeation, respectively, are emphasized. Bilayer permeability ratios for Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Tl, and NH₄ have been characterized and resolved into equilibrium and kinetic components using a model for carrier-mediated membrane transport which includes both a trapezoidal energy barrier for translocation of the complex across the membrane interior and a potential-dependence of the loading and unloading of ions at the membrane-solution interfaces. The bilayer permeability properties due to tetranactin have been characterized in each of these lipids and found not only to be regular but to be systematically related to those of the less methylated homologues, trinactin and nonactin. This analysis has led to the following conclusions: (1) The change in lipid composition alters the relative contributions of kineticvs. equilibrium components to the observed carrier-mediated selectivity. (2) Increased methylation of the carrier increases the contribution of the kinetic component to the selectivity relative to that of the equilibrium component and additionally alters the equilibrium component sufficiently that an inversion in Cs–Na selectivity occurs between trinactin and tetranactin. (3) For all ions and carriers examined, the reaction plane for ion-carrier complexation and the width for the diffusion barrier can be represented by the same two parameters, independent of the ion or carrier, so that in all cases the complexation reaction senses 10% of the applied potential and the plateau of the diffusion barrier extends across 70% of the membrane interior.     

High-resolution 2-dimensional protein mapping of “diploid” and “aneuploid” mammary adenocarcinomas

Summary Two-dimensional-electrophoretic analysis has been applied to non-neoplastic mammary epithelium from eight healthy women, tumor tissue from eight diploid mammary adenocarcinomas, and tumor tissue from eight aneuploid mammary adenocarcinomas. Compared with non-neoplastic mammary epithelium, a slight numerical net increase of the protein spots was detected in diploid tumors and a marked increase in aneuploid tumors. Two prominent spots were present in all 16 malignant tissues examined and absent in all eight non-neoplastic tissues (silver staining method).The results suggest that a difference in the composition of cellular proteins exists both between non-neoplastic mammary cells and malignant tumor cells, and between diploid and aneuploid tumors.In honour of Prof. P. von Duijn     

Memorization and delayed expression of regulatory messages in plants

Plantlets of Bidens pilosus L., considered to be basically symmetrical, can be lateralized (A/B) by being administered a symmetry-breaking signal such as puncturing one of the plant cotyledons. The induced asymmetry remains latent as long as the plants have not been made permissive, i.e. as long as the plant apex is left functioning. When the apex has been removed (plant decapitation), the latent asymmetry is expressed by one of the cotyledonary buds (a/b) statistically beginning to elongate before the other. The interval of time between delivering the symmetry-breaking signal and making the plant permissive is the memorization-time, t. Memorization can be quantified by using a precedence index, q, the values of which range from 0 (no detectable asymmetry with regard to bud growth) to ±1 (bud growth perfectly asymmetric in favour of either bud b or a). Even for memorization times, t, up to 14 d, q-values up to 0.4 (or even larger) are observed. Various experimental characteristics (e.g. light, temperature, presence or absence of the root system) but not the plant age can affect the q-values, at the moment when the treatments are performed, at least in the range of 6 to 25 d. Combining several puncturing treatments either increases or decreases the q-values, depending on the nature of these treatments and the time-intervals, t, between them. Symmetrically removing both cotyledons in the minutes following the puncturing of one of them does not significantly alter the results, which means that the symmetry-breaking message is rapidly transported and memorized within the plant. Non-traumatic asymmetrical treatments (droplets of saline solutions, light-gradients) can also act as symmetry-breaking signals and be memorized. Plants other than Bidens are likely to possess similar memorization ability, although the q-values observed up to now have not been very large.     

The probability of interspecific competitive situations in scale-insects (Homoptera,Coccoidae)

Summary A large scale survey, covering some 25 million km² of Eastern-Europe, provided distributional data, and a more detailed picture on factors determining species composition and abundance of scale-insects colonizing deciduous orchard trees. No interspecific competition or competitive situations were detected among the 21 scale insect species, when taking into consideration the whole geographic area surveyed. Of all cases, 3.2% showed significant spatial separation in smaller geographic regions. However, no evidence for competition was found between species with overlapping distributions. In the case of introduced species, the role of past competition can also be excluded. Separation was thought to be determined by differences in ecological requirements. There is some probability of competition in the transitional zone (significant separation in 0.8% of cases), and somewhat more (2.4%) in the Southern zone. There was potential competition between species classified as Mediterranean and invader subguilds (7.1% of frequent species pairs), as well as between the Southern and invader (2.4% of frequent species pairs) subguilds. Its probability was very low between the species of the endemic (0.8% of frequent species pairs) and invader (1.6% of frequent species pairs) subguilds.     

Colony cycle of an Australian swarm-founding paper wasp,Ropalidia romandi (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Summary Colonies of an Australian swarm founding polistine wasp,Ropalidia romandi, on the Atherton Tableland, Queensland, manage perennial nests by practicing seasonal colony activity. In summer nests, most cells were occupied by immatures of all developmental stages. The proportion of cells that did not contain immatures increased towards winter, when most nest cells did not contain immatures and half of these winter nests had rather large amounts of nectar deposited in empty cells. While the visits to tree flowers byR. romandi were not frequent in summer, nearly 60 % of insects collected on tree flowers in winter wereR. romandi. With such seasonal switching in the modes of colony reproductive activity and of nectar foraging behavior,R. romandi responds to its physical and biotic environment. In this way,R. romandi may be able to continue colonies throughout the year, with much reduced level of colony activity in winter, in areas with seasons that are unfavorable for reproductive activity of a colony.     

Determination of the apparent K mfor oxygen of Beneckea natriegens using the respirograph technique

The affinity for oxygen of the marine bacterium Beneckea natriegens was mesured using the Respirograph technique of Degn and Wohlrab. Values between 0.15 and 0.25 M oxygen were obtained for the apparent K _mfor oxygen regardless of the nature of the respiratory substrate. These values are an order of magnitude lower than those previously reported for B. natriegens using the conventional closed oxygen electrode system.     

Modification of nuclear gene expression by inhibition of mitochondrial translation during sporulation in MAT alpha/MATa diploids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary Sporulation of S. cerevisiae MAT/MATa was accompanied by a novel pattern of protein synthesis as shown by the disappearance of some mitotic polypeptides and by the appearance of a new set of meiotic polypeptides. Inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis by erythromycin within the 1st h caused the disappearance of several meiotic polypeptides. These meiotic polypeptides were also sensitive to cycloheximide and were localized in the cytosol, demonstrating that they were not mitochondrial translational products. Since erythromycin affected neither protein synthesis nor sporulation in a mitochondrially inherited er y mutant, we conclude that mitochondrial protein synthesis is needed for the expression of some nuclear genes during sporulation.