西双版纳哈尼族驱蚊植物的民族植物学调查研究

蚊虫传播疟疾、登革热等多种烈性疾病,严重威胁到人畜健康。特别是生活在西双版纳地区的人们,蚊虫骚扰是长期需要面对的问题。该研究运用民族植物学研究方法,对西双版纳哈尼族驱蚊植物及知识进行调查,共走访了12个哈尼族村寨,访谈91位信息报告人,调查得到24种驱蚊植物,分别属于15科19属。主要利用的部位是植物的叶;燃烧植物烟熏、悬挂放置、楼下铺撒和捣碎涂抹是最为常用的驱蚊方式。通过打分排序法评价出蒿属植物、烟草、山鸡椒等共5种具有较高研究开发价值的驱蚊植物,小黄皮、柠檬草、黄樟、大蒜、土荆芥等8种具有较高潜在研究价值的驱蚊植物。通过文献交叉验证,发现其中勐腊毛麝香、糯米香、臭牡丹等11种驱蚊植物为该调查首次提到,结合已报道化学成分和单体化合物驱蚊活性研究情况发现,除高杆珍珠茅和大葱外,其余9种都含有驱避作用的化学成分。这说明民间蕴藏着丰富的传统驱蚊知识,并验证了民间驱蚊知识的合理性与科学性。同时,通过对哈尼族民间驱蚊知识专题的调查研究,对传统驱蚊知识保护起到一定作用。     

驱蚊、灭蚊植物资源及其应用前景分析

蚊虫吸食人血、传播疾病,严重危害人类健康。长期以来,化学合成杀虫剂由于驱灭蚊虫的效果好、持续时间长,一直占据主要地位,但长期使用化学合成杀虫剂,不仅可使蚊虫产生抗药性,而且还会造成环境污染,因此环境友好型的蚊虫防治手段日益受到人们的关注。该论文基于蚊虫与水、植物等环境因素关系的分析,阐述了植物在防治蚊虫方面的潜力;概括了我国的驱蚊、灭蚊植物资源及开发利用现状;探讨了驱蚊、灭蚊植物在防治蚊虫产品开发、生态保健型园林绿地和健康湿地系统建设等方面应用情况并展望了驱蚊、灭蚊植物资源开发利用的广阔前景,以期为蚊虫的生态防治提供新思路。     

新型高效驱蚊剂问世持续生效时间是普通驱蚊剂的3倍

美国佛罗里达大学的一个科研小组研制出了新的高效驱蚊剂，持续生效时间是普通驱蚊剂的3倍。 据德国《世界报》报道，目前最常用的驱蚊物质是二乙基甲苯酰胺和羟哌酯。新驱蚊剂来自所谓的N-酰基哌啶家族。除了登革热和黄热病外，蚊子还传播疟疾。蚊子喜欢由二氧化碳、乳酸、脂肪酸和氨基酸等组成的自然人体气味。但汗水、     

国外科技简讯

从番茄中提取驱蚊剂最近,美国北卡罗来纳州立大学的科学家们,已获得了从番茄中提取安全而有效的驱蚊剂的专利。原来这些科学家在蚊子幼虫的消化道中发现了一种蛋白,这种蛋白可使蚊子在一定时间停止摄食。此后他们又证实,这种蛋白也存在于番茄中。研究发现,如果将这种蛋白的油剂搽在志愿受试者的手臂皮肤上,经过12小时后,仍有91%的驱蚊效果。但很多目前市售的驱蚊剂的有效成份DEET (N,N-二乙基-甲基-甲苯酰胺),在施药12小时后的驱蚊效果却只有78%。试验结果还证明,从番茄中提取的驱蚊剂,不仅比DEET的毒性小,而且驱虫的范围更广(包括蜱和…     

3种观赏植物对室内甲醛污染的净化及生长生理响应

在密封条件下,采取熏蒸法研究了常春藤、绿萝、驱蚊草对不同浓度梯度的甲醛气体胁迫的吸收能力及其生理响应。结果显示:(1)3种植物对室内甲醛气体均有不同程度的吸收能力,其吸收率随室内甲醛气体浓度的升高而逐渐增加,且吸收能力表现为常春藤>驱蚊草>绿萝。(2)与对照相比,随着室内甲醛气体胁迫浓度的增加,驱蚊草、绿萝、常春藤的叶绿素含量先升高再降低,而叶绿素a/b值的变化趋势各有不同。(3)不同浓度甲醛气体胁迫下,3种植物的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著升高,并以常春藤的增加量最大(分别为113.21%和120.84%),驱蚊草的增加量最小(分别为69.04%和60.76%);而3种植物的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性与对照相比显著降低,并以驱蚊草的变化量最大(49.54%),绿萝的变化量最小(14.66%)。(4)驱蚊草、绿萝、常春藤的丙二醛(MDA)含量和脯氨酸含量随着甲醛气体浓度的增加呈升高趋势。综合分析表明,3种室内植物耐受甲醛胁迫的能力存在显著差异,常春藤属于吸收多、耐性强的植物,驱蚊草属于吸收多、耐性弱的植物,而绿萝属于吸收少、耐性强的植物。     

植物源昆虫拒食活性物质的研究和应用

植物在与昆虫协调进化过程中形成了许多具有防御功能的次生代谢物质。作者对近年来植物源昆虫拒食活性物质的研究和应用进行了综述,其结构类型主要涉及萜类、生物碱类、酚类等,讨论了制约植物源昆虫拒食剂发展的因素并展望了植物源昆虫拒食剂在未来害虫综合治理中的作用。     

中国植物源杀虫剂的研制与应用

我国植物资源极其丰富,而且应用植物杀虫历史悠久。近年来我国植物源杀虫剂研究进展迅速,获得了一批重要成果,并在某些方面接近或达到国际先进水平。本文简要综述我国植物源杀虫剂的研究现状,介绍了其杀虫活性物质的类型、有效成分、防治对象、杀虫机理及开发前景。从而为研究植物源杀虫剂奠定了基础     

中国植物源杀虫剂的研制与应用

我国植物资源极其丰富,而且应用植物杀虫历史悠久。近年来我国植物源杀虫剂研究进展迅速,获得了一批重要成果,并在某些方面接近或达到国际先进水平。本文简要综述我国植物源杀虫剂的研究现状,介绍了其杀虫活性物质的类型、有效成分、防治对象、杀虫机理及开发前景。从而为研究植物源杀虫剂奠定了基础。     

基于山地蜂蜜花粉组成的中华蜜蜂传粉多样性研究

中华蜜蜂为多种植物传粉,具有重要的生态服务价值。为进一步了解中华蜜蜂选择蜜粉源植物的多样性与特征,采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、DNA条形码、高通量测序等技术,研究了源自陕西宝鸡、贵州望谟和广西凤山蜂巢蜜中的花粉来源。通过对样品花粉rbcL基因片段扩增及测序、分析,发现各样本间可操作分类单元(OTU)水平上蜜粉源植物Alpha多样性指数无显著差异,同一地点样品不同重复间存在较高的相关性,而不同地区样本相关性较低。三地共鉴定出27目46科71属82种蜜粉源植物,其中宝鸡市、望谟县、凤山县样本中分别鉴定出57种、30种和40种,各地蜜粉源植物的物种组成存在较大差异。这些蜜粉源植物中,菊目植物种类最多,其次为毛茛目,分别有12种和7种。其中草本植物和木本植物(含乔木、灌木和木质藤本等)分别有44种和38种。研究对蜜粉源植物花序特点进行了分析,但并未发现相关性状对中华蜜蜂选择具有的影响。从属的区系成分分析,总体上温带分布区类型的植物属多于热带分布区类型的属,所占比例分别为46.5%和36.6%,但在凤山县样本中出现热带分布区类型多于温带分布区类型的情况。在不同样品中,红足蒿(Artemisia rubripes)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus)、芜青(Brassica rapa)、粗糠柴(Mallotus philippensis)、枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)等分别占有一定优势,其与中华蜜蜂的关系值得进一步研究。根据蜜粉源植物的系统进化关系,中华蜜蜂访问的蜜粉源植物处于不同进化地位的分支,其中在菊类分支和蔷薇类分支比较集中。研究揭示了中华蜜蜂传粉植物组成特点,为进一步认知中华蜜蜂传粉服务功能的重要性提供依据。     

河南蜜粉源植物的研究

蜜粉源资源是人类的宝贵财富。河南地处中原,省内环境既复杂多样,又彼此差异较大,生长了较多的蜜粉源植物。笔者在调查、收集、整理的基础上,初步筛选出蜜粉源植物５９５种及变种,隶属于９８科２９６属,以刺槐、荆条、枣树、紫去英等植物组成主要蜜源。河南是我国重要商品蜜生产基地。最后对河南蜜究源植物的开发利用与保护提出了建议。     

Recycling potential and selective retrieval of Bacillus sphaericus from soil in a mosquito habitat

A selective medium containing a combination of starch, milk proteins, and streptomycin was used as a reliable indicator for the presence of Bacillus sphaericus in soil samples collected from a mosquito habitat where this pathogen was previously applied. The medium can also be used as an indicator substrate to retrieve B. sphaericus from infected mosquito larvae. Results show that B. sphaericus remains viable and infective 9 months after application as a larvacidal agent of mosquitoes in a roadside ditch.     

Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) oviposition response to organic infusions from common flora of suburban Florida

We evaluated the oviposition response of gravid Aedes albopictus (Skuse) to six organic infusions. Laboratory and field‐placed oviposition cups baited with water oak (Quercus nigra L.), longleaf pine (Pinus palustris P. Mill), or St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze), as well as binary infusion mixtures of each, were used. In addition, a triple‐cage, dual port olfactometer was used to measure upwind response of gravid individuals to these infusions. We found that Ae. albopictus deposited more eggs in infusion‐baited cups compared with water alone. Moreover, significantly more eggs were laid in the water oak and a water oak‐pine mixture as compared with the St. Augustine grass infusion in laboratory bioassays. However, a negative upwind response was observed with longleaf pine infusion in the olfactometer. In field cages, significantly more eggs were deposited in infusion‐baited cups as compared with water alone and a greater percentage of eggs were deposited in cups containing a water oak and the water oak‐longleaf pine mixture as compared with cups containing single infusions or their mixtures.     

Diel activity patterns of adult female mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) determined by a novel rotated trap in northeastern Florida,U.S.A.

A novel rotator trap was evaluated to determine the diel activity patterns and physiological state of adult female mosquitoes in St. Augustine, FL, U.S.A. Culex nigripalpus were most active from 19:00‐21:00, followed by 1:00‐3:00, based on collections from the novel rotator trap. Furthermore, analysis of the physiological state of female mosquitoes collected by the novel rotator trap suggested that non‐parous (nulliparous) host‐seeking mosquitoes were more frequently active in the 21:00‐23:00 and 09:00‐19:00 time frames. Parous host‐seeking mosquitoes were more frequently collected from 19:00‐21:00 and 1:00‐3:00. A low abundance of gravid females was collected by the rotator trap, so analysis of their activity periods was inconclusive. These results indicate that the novel rotated trap could be used to detect the diel activity patterns of adult mosquitoes in mosquito control programs and more testing should be conducted in the future.     

A continuous cell line of a nonhematophagous mosquito,Toxorhynchites amboinensis

Summary A continuous cell line of a nonhematophagous mosquito was obtained by using partially incapacitated but living larvae as the source The cells were predominantly epithelioid and diploid (2N=6). Syncytia were occasionally observed in the normal cell cultures.     

我国12种蚊幼虫上颚形态和鉴别特征的研究

本文对8种库蚊和按蚊、伊蚊、阿蚊及杵蚊各属代表种的4龄幼虫上颚进行扫描电镜观察.概述了上颚的外部形态,并提出了各蚊种的鉴别特征.指出幼虫上颚具有显著的种间差异,具有重要的分类学意义,讨论了上颚的结构与功能的关系.通过对上颚结构和取食方式的比较研究,从生物学角度,提出蚊科进化关系.     

Effects of global warming on mosquitoes & mosquito‐borne diseases and the new strategies for mosquito control

Global warming has shortened mosquitoes’ lifecycle period and increased the disease transmission rates by mosquito vectors. We reviewed only three mosquito‐borne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and the Japanese encephalitis. Billions of people get infected with those diseases and millions of people die every year. Although we struggle to find the most effective way to control mosquitoes using various methods (including pesticides), mosquito‐borne diseases are still among the most serious problems being faced. This paper, therefore, reviews the strategies for controlling mosquitoes. The use of pesticides to control mosquitoes might have more negative effects on humans and environments than benefits. Although the development of genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes raises new hopes for effective mosquito control, it will take longer to assess the risks to humans and environments. Furthermore, there has been concern about the possible adverse effects from the release of GM mosquitoes into the environment. The various mosquito traps may not be as effective at controlling only female mosquito populations. Therefore, new strategies for the control of mosquitoes are vital. The smart mosquito counter device was developed by Korean Centre for Disease Control (KCDC) in 2013. The mosquito pest control office is able to set up the appropriate mosquito control strategies by using quantitative mosquito information. The smart device will bring mosquito control in line with modern smart generation technology and the device will also soon be able to identify different mosquito species. This new strategy will change the methods of mosquito control and will provide beneficial effects toward sustainable nature and human health.     

The challenge of invasive mosquito vectors in the U.K. during 2016–2018: a summary of the surveillance and control of Aedes albopictus

Mosquito‐borne diseases resulting from the expansion of two key vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), continue to challenge whole regions and continents around the globe. In recent years there have been human cases of disease associated with Chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses. In Europe, the expansion of Ae. albopictus has resulted in local transmission of Chikungunya and dengue viruses. This paper considers the risk that Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus represent for the U.K. and details the results of mosquito surveillance activities. Surveillance was conducted at 34 points of entry, 12 sites serving vehicular traffic and two sites of used tyre importers. The most common native mosquito recorded was Culex pipiens s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae). The invasive mosquito Ae. albopictus was detected on three occasions in southern England (September 2016, July 2017 and July 2018) and subsequent control strategies were conducted. These latest surveillance results demonstrate ongoing incursions of Ae. albopictus into the U.K. via ground vehicular traffic, which can be expected to continue and increase as populations in nearby countries expand, particularly in France, which is the main source of ex‐continental traffic.     

Mosquitoes of Rarotonga,Cook Islands: A survey of breeding sites

Abstract

Two surveys of Rarotonga, Cook Islands (21°20^'S, 160°16^'W) were made to determine the mosquito fauna of the island, and to identify the habitats required for breeding by searching for larvae. The first survey was made during the “dry season” in May 2001, the second during the “wet season” in February 2002. The mosquito fauna comprised four species Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say, Culex (Culex) annulirostris Skuse, Aedes (Stego‐myia) aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis Marks. Larvae of the Culex species were most often found in larger natural and artificial water bodies. The Aedes species bred in both natural and artificial containers of all sizes. Ae. polynesiensis was the most widespread species, using natural holes in all regions as well as artificial containers in the urban areas. Most larvae of Ae. aegypti were located in small artificial containers. The two Aedes species are the vectors of dengue fever on the island. Mosquito control during outbreaks should specifically target the artificial containers preferred by Aedes sp. for breeding habitats.     

Assessment of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) clutch size in wild and laboratory populations

Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is an invasive mosquito species found across the southern U.S. with range expansion into many northern states. Intra‐ and interspecific larval competition have been evaluated for Ae. albopictus with respect to subsequent adult size, immature and adult survivability, and its capacity to vector pathogens as an adult. However, limited data are available on egg production as related to larval rearing conditions. Because Ae. albopictus is a container‐inhabiting mosquito that oviposits in resource‐limited habitats, it is found under variable density‐dependent conditions. Therefore, we examined the impact of specific rearing conditions on Ae. albopictus clutch size and adult body size; comparing the egg production values and wing lengths from known developmental densities to those from field‐collected populations. Field populations varied significantly among collection sites in mean clutch size (23 to 46). These clutch sizes were comparable to the mean clutch sizes of females reared at the larval densities of nine (20 eggs) and three (53 eggs) larvae per 3 ml of water in the laboratory. Field populations experienced density‐dependent effects impacting adult mosquito size. Mosquitoes from the four sample sites had mean wing lengths of 1.99, 2.47, 2.51, and 2.54 mm, which were less than the mean wing length of mosquitoes reared at larval densities of three larvae per 3 ml of water (2.57 mm).     

Some effects on newly emerged mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) resulting from food deprivation during larval development

Lowering food consumption by larvae has been shown to (1) prolong the duration of development in Aedes aegypti, (2) increase the time elapsed between emergence of males and females, (3) produce smaller mosquitoes with a reduced lipid content per milligram of body weight, and (4) bring about a significant decrease in the percentage composition of 18:0 and 18:2 fatty acids.