Estimating Stem Volume Using QuickBird Imagery and Allometric Relationships for Open Populus xiaohei Plantations

There has been a great deal of interest in studying the crown of trees using remote sensing data. In this study, crown width was extracted from high-resolution QuickBird images for open Populus xiaohei plantations. Regression models for predicting the individual stem volumes of Populus xiaohei were established using extracted crown width, as well as estimated tree parameters （i.e. diameter at breast height [DBH] and tree height） as predictors. Our results indicated that crown width could be accurately extracted from QuickBird images using a multi-scale segmentation approach with a mean relative error of 5.74%, especially for wide-spacing stands. Using either extracted crown width alone or with estimated DBH and tree height can successfully estimate individual stem volume of Populus xiaohei with the R2 value ranging from 0.87 to 0.92 depending on different model forms. In particular, the two second-order polynomial models （model 2 and model 6）, based on QuickBird image-derived crown widths and estimated DBH and tree heights, respectively, were the best at describing the relationship between stem volume and tree characteristics.     

Allometric relationships for estimating the aboveground phytomass and leaf area of mangrove Kandelia candel (L.) Druce trees in the Manko Wetland, Okinawa Island, Japan

Allometric relationships for estimating the phytomass of aboveground organs (stem, branches, leaves and their sum) and the leaf area in the mangrove Kandelia candel (L.) Druce were investigated. The variable D_0.1²H (D_0.1 stem diameter at a height of H/10, H tree height) showed better accuracy of estimation than D² (D, DBH) or D²H. A moderate relationship was found when the branch weight, leaf weight and leaf area were plotted against D_B² (D_B stem diameter at a height of clear bole length). A strong linear relationship was found between leaf area and leaf weight (R²=0.979). The aboveground weight (w_T) showed a strong relationship when plotted against D_0.1²H (R²=0.958), but very weak relationships were obtained against D² (R²=0.300) and D²H (R²=0.316). The w_T also showed a proportional relationship (R²=0.978) to D_0.1²H with a proportional constant of 0.04117 kg cm^–2 m^–1 (R²=0.978). Taking into account the allometric relationships of the weight of aboveground organs or leaf area per tree to different dimensions, such as D², D²H, D_B² and D_0.1²H, a standard procedure for estimating the biomass and leaf area index in the K. candel stand, including the shorter trees, is proposed.     

河北小五台山青杨种群中雌雄群体的空间分布及其成因

为揭示雌雄异株植物种群的空间分异现象的内在原因, 以河北小五台山天然青杨(Populus cathayana)种群为研究对象, 采用平均最近邻指数、核密度、方差分析等方法分析了青杨雌雄群体的聚集程度、群体密度和分布格局以及其与到河岸的距离(河距)、海拔和土壤理化性质间的内在关系。结果显示: 1)青杨种群总体上沿金河沟呈狭长带状集聚分布, 中海拔区域个体数量最多, 密度最大; 2)随海拔增加, 雌雄个体数与密度均表现“先增后减”的特点, 而平均胸径的变化正好相反; 3)海拔对性比具有显著影响: 低海拔区域(1 300-1 400 m)偏雌, 中低海拔区域(1 400-1 500 m)偏雄, 其他海拔段的性比接近1:1; 4)随河距增加, 雌雄个体数、密度和平均胸径均表现出逐渐减少或减小的特点, 并且雌株优势分布区内的土壤有机质和全氮含量显著高于雄株优势分布区; 5)局部区域由于海拔和河距改变了土壤理化性质和生长环境, 导致了该区域内的性比发生偏倚。上述结果表明, 青杨雌雄群体的空间分布、动态变化以及性比受海拔、河距以及所在区域的土壤理化性质的综合影响, 雌雄植株在资源需求和环境适应力方面存在的差异会导致局部区域内的性比发生偏倚。     

帽儿山天然次生林10种主要阔叶树冠径与胸径关系研究

根据帽儿山天然次生林30块标准地每木检尺的实测数据,建立帽儿山天然次生林10种主要阔叶树冠径与胸径以及胸径和冠径与胸径比值（cd/D）之间的关系,并且简要论述冠径与胸径比值在树木空间、断面积和林分密度和间伐强度的应用。研究表明：胸径在10~30 cm之间,相关系数（R²）在0.8以上时,冠径与胸径关系近似一条直线。通过对不同树种的不同大小树木(cd/D)比值的分析,得出随着胸径的增加的比值是逐渐减小的,并且减小的趋势随着胸径的增加趋于平稳,最后趋于一个常数。     

东北东部14个温带树种树干呼吸的种内种间变异

采用红外气体分析仪—局部通量测定法于2009年6 — 10月原位测定了东北东部山区14个温带森林主要组成树种的树干表面CO2通量（RW）,旨在量化种内和种间RW的差异,探索RW随树木直径和季节的变化规律,为深入理解温带森林生态系统碳循环过程、构建和校验其模型提供基础数据。测定的树种包括：散孔材阔叶树（白桦、枫桦、山杨、紫椴、五角槭）、环孔材和半环孔材阔叶树（春榆、黄菠萝、胡桃楸、蒙古栎、水曲柳）、针叶树（兴安落叶松、红松、红皮云杉、樟子松）。结果表明：树种、月份及其交互作用均显著地影响RW（P < 0.001）。测定期间平均RW波动在1.32（黄菠萝）— 3.12 μmol CO2?m-2?s-1（兴安落叶松）之间,其中环孔材和半环孔材阔叶树的平均RW高于散孔材阔叶树,而针叶树的平均RW变异较大。各个树种RW的平均值均呈单峰型季节变化模式,其中7月份最高、10月份最低。RW种内的绝对变异（标准误,SE）波动在0.11 — 0.29 μmol CO2?m-2?s-1之间,相对变异（变异系数,CV）波动在61%（红皮云杉）— 89%（白桦）之间。各个树种的RW均有随胸径（DBH）增大而增加的趋势,但两者之间的回归模型及其决定系数因树种而异。除了春榆和水曲柳之外（P > 0.05）,其它树种的RW与DBH之间的回归关系显著（P < 0.05）,表明DBH可作为某些树种RW预测和上推的一个简便实用的指标。这些结果强调了在树干呼吸能力的比较和上推估测时应充分考虑其种内种间差异的重要性。     

温带4种针叶树种春、秋季节树干维持呼吸的日动态

揭示树干维持呼吸(RM)的时间变化特征及其调控因子有助于理解树木碳代谢过程及其对环境变化的响应和构建森林碳循环机理模型。采用红外气体分析法原位测定东北东部山区4个针叶树种(红松、红皮云杉、樟子松和兴安落叶松)的春、秋季节RM日动态及其影响因子。结果表明:秋季和春季4个树种RM日变化多随树干温度(TW)而变化,但RM峰值大小和出现时间以及日变化幅度因树种和季节而异。TW解释了RM(除春季樟子松外)变异性的50%以上,但RM对TW响应滞后1.5 h(春季樟子松为3 h)。将RM标准化到TW为10℃(R10)时发现,秋季R10波动在0.54μmol CO2m-2s-1(兴安落叶松)—0.78μmol CO2m-2s-1(红皮云杉)之间,而春季R10则波动在0.87μmol CO2m-2s-1(红松)—1.10μmol CO2m-2s-1(樟子松)之间,前者平均低于后者约40%。然而,各树种秋季和春季RM的Q10值差异不显著(P0.05),波动在1.52(樟子松)—1.82(红皮云杉)之间。秋季和春季所有树种的R10与树木胸径(DBH)之间均呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05),而Q10与DBH则多呈负相关关系(P0.05),表明DBH可作为估测这些针叶树种RM的参数之一。