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1.
Gareth Rice Roland Clift Richard Burns 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1997,2(1):53-59
Twelve of the main European LCA software packages currently available are examined wirh the aim of establishing which are
the most appropriate for LCAs on industrial processes. The packages performances are assessed in terms of
The review concludes with a Specification Table which summarises the facilities available on each software package.
The general conclusion from this study is that for industrially based LCAs, there are four packages which may offer advantages
over the rest. These are The Boustead Model, The Ecobilan Group’s TEAM™, PEMS 3.0 and SimaPro 3.1. 相似文献
| – | • Volume of Data |
| – | • WindowsTM environment |
| – | • Network Capabilities |
| – | • Impact Assessment |
| – | • Graphical representation of the inventory results |
| – | • Sensitivity analysis |
| – | • Units |
| – | • Cost |
| – | • User Support |
| – | • Flow Diagrams |
| – | • Burdens allocation |
| – | • Transparency of data |
| – | • Input & output parameters |
| – | • Demo version |
| – | • Quality of data |
2.
3DFS is a 3D flexible searching system for lead discovery. Version 1.0 of 3DFS was published recently (Wang, T.; Zhou, J. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1998, 38, 71–77). Here version 1.2 represents a substantial improvement over version 1.0. There are six major changes in version 1.2 compared to version 1.0.
Besides the above, this paper supplies:
Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0089490050231 相似文献
| 1. | A new rule of aromatic ring recognition. |
| 2. | The inclusion of multiple-type atoms and chains in queries. |
| 3. | The inclusion of more spatial constraints, especially the directions of lone pairs. |
| 4. | The improvement of the query file format. |
| 5. | The addition of genetic search for flexible search. |
| 6. | An output option for generating MOLfiles of hits. |
| 1. | More query examples. |
| 2. | A comparison between genetic search and Powell optimization. |
| 3. | More detailed comparison between 3DFS and Chem-X. |
| 4. | A preliminary application of 3DFS to K+ channel opener studies. |
3.
J. Robb 《Human Evolution》1994,9(3):215-229
In recent years anthropologists have made much progress in understanding ancient activities from skeletal remains. In this
paper, material from the Iron Age cemetery at Pontecagnano (VII-IV century BC) is used to illustrate activity-related traits
of eight basic categories:
These traits, and others, can be used not only singly but in conjunction to define (a) patterns of activity and occupational
specialization for individuals, and (b) distributions within society reflecting the basic division of labor by geneder and
class. 相似文献
| (1) | idiosyncratic patterns of dental wear |
| (2) | activity-related articular degeneration |
| (3) | non-pathological functional alterations (neoformations, contact facets) |
| (4) | mechanical remodelling of bone architecture |
| (5) | enthesopathies (muscular lesions) |
| (6) | traumatic lesions |
| (7) | activity-related pathologies |
| (8) | activity-related nutritional characteristics |
4.
Culture studies with healthy and virus-infected isolates of Ectocarpus siliculosus, Feldmannia simplex and F. irregularis gave the following results:
相似文献
| – | Virus particles are produced in deformed reproductive organs (sporangia or gametangia) of the hosts and are released into the surrounding seawater. |
| – | Their infective potential is lost after several days of storage under laboratory conditions. |
| – | New infections occur when gametes or spores of the host get in contact with virus particles. The virus genome enters all cells of the developing new plant via mitosis. |
| – | Virus expression is variable, and in many cases the viability of the host is not impaired. Infected host plants may be partly fertile and pass the infection to their daughter plants. |
| – | Meiosis of the host can eliminate the virus genome and generate healthy progeny. |
| – | The genome of the Ectocarpus virus consists of dsDNA. Meiotic segregation patterns suggest an intimate association between virus genome and host chromosomes. |
| – | An extra-generic host range has been demonstrated for the Ectocarpus virus. |
| – | Field observations suggest that virus infections in ectocarpalean algae occur on all coasts of the world, and many or all Ectocarpus and Feldmannia populations are subject to contact with virus genomes. |
5.
This paper reviews research results on food competition between a freshwater fish community and a breeding Tufted duck population. After the experimental removal of fish from the Main Lake, the following effects were observed:
相似文献
| (1) | 1. Invertebrate (chironomid and gastropod) food for ducklings and adult Tufted ducks increased substantially. |
| (2) | 2. Tufted duckling brood use of the lake increased greatly and Tufted duckling survival appears to have increased. |
| (3) | 3. Shoveler and Pochard nested successfully for the first time. |
| (4) | 4. Submerged aquatic macrophytes grew profusely over the lake bed for the first time leading directly to large increases in use of the Lake by wintering herbivorous waterfowl. |
| (5) | 5. When fish were re-introduced to the Main Lake sampling bay the increases in invertebrate abundance and, to a less marked extent, macrophyte abundance were reversed. |
6.
Victy Mercy Gerald 《Hydrobiologia》1976,49(1):77-85
| 1. | The overall rate of feeding at 28°C bears an inverse relationship to size; the time course of feeding appears to be size-independent and shows a decline with increase in time. |
| 2. | Absorption efficiency is independent of size. |
| 3. | The rates of absorption and conversion and conversion efficiency are inversely related to size. |
| 4. | The rate of feeding is reflected on the rates of absorption and conversion. |
7.
Heiner Römer 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1976,109(1):101-122
| 1. | The reactions of tympanic nerve fibers ofLocusta migratoria were recorded by glass microelectrodes in the metathoracic ganglion. |
| 2. | The units were classified by frequency-, intensity-, and directional characteristics as well as by their response pattern. The response to speciesspecific song is compared with the response to song ofEphippiger ephippiger. |
| 3. | The physiological properties lead to a classification into three types of low-frequency neurons (characteristic frequency 3.5–4 kHz; 4kHz; 5.5–6 kHz) and one type of high-frequency neuron (12–20 kHz). This is similar to other species (Gray, 1960, Michelsen, 1971). |
| 4. | Intensity-coding is done by sharp rising intensity characteristics and by different absolute thresholds of the units. |
| 5. | There is a marked directional sensitivity with some differences between LF and HF units. In the low frequency range the tympanal organ seems to react as a pressure gradient receiver; for high frequencies another mechanism is discussed. |
| 6. | No filtering of species-specific song takes place at the level of the receptor cells. |
8.
Conclusions
This work was supported byKBN grant no. 7 A203 013 07. 相似文献
| (1) | The aminoesters inhibit glucose-stimulated proton extrusion by yeast cells. |
| (2) | The inhibitory activity depends on aliphatic carbon chain length. |
| (3) | The inhibition of proton extrusion is concentration-dependent. |
| (4) | The aminoesters stimulate quinacrine accumulation in vacuoles of yeast cells so they should possess affinities for lysosomes. |
9.
In the rift valley (North-East of France/South-West of Germany), the Rhine runs freely for 300 km from South to North. The absence of natural obstacles allows the development of a very regular profile of the river. We have therefore an opportunity to study very gradual modifications of the alluvial forest communities of the fluvial corridor from upstream to downstream, according to the gradual evolution of the ecological factors, related to slope decrease and hydrological modifications.We describe, from Basel to Mainz:
相似文献
| 1) | modification of dynamic processes in the forest communities such as successional sequences or sylvigenetic mosaïcs of the terminal stages. |
| 2) | modification of species richness. |
| 3) | reduction of species diversity. |
| 4) | simplification of the forest stratification. |
| 5) | modification of efficiency of the biogeochemical cycling. |
| 6) | ecological vicariances. |
| 7) | modification in species behaviour. |
10.
Oncostatin M, a multifunctional cytokine 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
11.
Cannibalism in teleost fish 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
| 1. | Cannibalistic behaviour in fish is reviewed here for the first time. |
| 2. | Cannibalism has been recorded in 36 out of 410 teleost families according to the published literature, but is considered to be more widespread than this. Finding examples of cannibalism is not difficult, and it may be more interesting to look for taxa in which the behaviour does not take place. |
| 3. | The families that have provided the most information include the Engraulididae, Esocidae, Poeciliidae, Gasterosteidae, Percidae and Cichlidae. |
| 4. | Cannibalism has been classified into seven types, depending on life-history stage, age difference between cannibal and prey, and whether or not they are related. |
| 5. | Although in captive populations, cannibalism tends to increase with increasing density and decreasing food availability, its role in population regulation has not been unequivocally demonstrated in any wild population, and obtaining the necessary data presents a formidable challenge to fish ecologists. |
| 6. | Cannibalism is of some economic importance in aquaculture, but its impact can be reduced relatively easily, by frequent grading to reduce size variability. |
| 7. | The main proximate advantage conferred by cannibalism is assumed to be nutritional. In an ultimate sense the behaviour may have evolved as a particularly effective competitive strategy. |
| 8. | Finally, it is considered that cannibalism deserves more attention from fish biologists. Investigations, however, should recognize the different types of cannibalistic interaction, and, in particular, should explore the different implications of kin and nonkin cannibalism |
12.
S. Chu J. R. Kennedy 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1994,175(4):505-518
| 1. | Direct contact between intra-epithelial nerve endings and ciliated cells was observed in frog (Rana pipiens) palate epithelium. |
| 2. | Electrical stimulation of the palatine nerve to the explant or the explant culture induced an increase in ciliary beat frequency in explant and outgrowth cells. |
| 3. | Atropine inhibited electrically stimulated ciliary beat frequency increase in the explant and outgrowth cells. |
| 4. | Gap junctional intercellular communication appears to be involved in the propagation of stimulated ciliary beat frequency increase from innervated to non-innervated ciliated cells. |
13.
H. L. Golterman 《Hydrobiologia》1988,159(2):149-151
A phase diagram for Ca- and Fe-bound phosphate has been calculated based on two criteria:
相似文献
| a) | the adsorption of ortho-phosphate onto iron hydroxide |
| b) | the solubility product of apatite as measured in two hard water rivers. |
14.
Being able to carry zidovudine (AZT) at known concentrations into CD4+/CD38+ and CD14+ cells permits:
Further studies are necessary in order to:
相似文献
| – | - to reduce the drug dosage and to increase the interval for administration (until 1 dose I.V. every week); |
| – | - to modulate the drug concentration into the CD4+/CD38 an CD14+ cells in relation to the in vitro determined HIV sensitiveness; |
| – | - to eliminate haematological, medullary and general toxicity; |
| – | - to be able to treat severely hill patients. |
| – | - To find out the better phase to start the therapy; |
| – | - To use several drugs with different mechanisms of action in order to slow down as much as possible the presence of resistant viral strains. |
| – | - As for other drugs which are beginning to be used with artificial vehicles, futher studies are required to improve the selectivity and safety of LIPOAZT for the target cells including macrophages. |
15.
Naiphinich Kotchabhakdi 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1976,112(1):75-93
| 1. | Most Purkinje neurons show ongoing spike activity. In approximately 75%, this activity disappeared after peduncle lesion and in some of these the activity stopped when water flow over the gills was interrupted. Approximately one-fourth of Purkinje cells (PC's) showed continuing ongoing activity after afferent input was abolished. |
| 2. | Stimulation of spinal cord elicited both simple spikes, mainly in ipsilateral PC's, and some complex responses (via climbing fibers) usually contralateral and of longer latency than the simple spikes. |
| 3. | Tactile stimulation of skin and flexion of tail or fins, also lateral line stimulation by a water stream, evoked bursts of spikes in PC-s. Input was by mossy fibers and mechanoreceptive fields were large. |
| 4. | Stimulation of vestibular nerve produced both simple and complex responses in PC's. Auditory stimuli were most effective at 800–1200 Hz in eliciting responses via mossy fibers. Responses to sound were phasic changes in ongoing frequency, bursts followed by inhibition or on-off excitation. |
| 5. | Responses to visual stimuli were recorded in granule cells and Purkinje cells, also in mossy axons. Many PC's showed excitatory-inhibitory sequences; a few climbing fiber responses were recorded. The mossy fiber visual input is from optic tectum relay. |
| 6. | Some PC's were activated by two or three sensory modalities. |
16.
W. Junger 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1991,169(5):633-639
Waterstriders on ponds and creeks compensate for displacement caused by wind or water current with periodical jumps against the direction of drift. This behavior is mediated by visual stimuli.
相似文献
| 1. | Waterstriders are able to detect the direction and extent of their displacement on an artificial canal when visual cues are reduced to a single point-like light source above the upstream end of the canal. They adjust the frequency and direction of the compensatory jumps to keep their mean position on the canal constant. The mean amplitude of the jumps is constant and independent of the stream velocity. |
| 2. | During drift compensation the light spot is kept in the frontal visual field at a fixed angle of elevation. This set angle differs among individuals and can be changed with time. |
| 3. | The station-keeping ability can hardly be explained by a velocity servo system since there is no accumulating position error. The average compensatory movements are governed by a discontinuously working position servo. |
| 4. | When the light spot is switched off, a few jumps are still performed. Jumps, therefore, are not triggered individually by visual cues. Waterstriders must possess an endogenous jump-generator. |
17.
Victy Mercy Gerald 《Hydrobiologia》1976,49(2):103-109
| 1. | At 28°C conversion efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) was inversely related to size. |
| 2. | In the pre-adult stage protein nitrogen (PN) conversion efficiency was high whereas in the Post-adult stage non-protein nitrogen (NPN) conversion efficiency was high. |
| 3. | Lower temperature (20°C) was not congenial for PN conversion. |
| 4. | Higher temperature favoured PN conversion for smaller fish but NPN for larger fish. |
18.
John C. Montgomery John A. Macdonald Gary D. Housley 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1988,163(6):827-833
| 1. | Non-visual sensory systems are likely to be important in antarctic fish since these fish inhabit an area where low light levels occur for long periods. This study was undertaken to examine the suitability of the lateral line system for prey detection. |
| 2. | Recordings were made from afferent fibres of the anterior lateral line in the antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki. |
| 3. | A vibrating probe was used to stimulate the lateral line at a range of frequencies between 10 and 100 Hz. |
| 4. | Most units responded best at a stimulus frequency of 40 Hz. Below the best frequency the response typically declined steeply and at higher frequencies it was usually better sustained. |
| 5. | Crustacea identified as major components of the diet ofPagothenia borchgrevinki were individually attached to a force transducer to determine the vibrations produced by swimming movements. |
| 6. | The Fourier amplitude spectra of swimming crustaceans exhibited prominent low frequency peaks at 3–6 Hz and higher frequency peaks in the 30–40 Hz range. |
| 7. | It is concluded that the overlap in the frequency response characteristics of the anterior lateral line and the frequencies produced by crustacean prey clearly establishes the suitability of the lateral line for prey detection. |
| 8. | In several instances recordings were made from fish primary afferent neurons responding to a swimming amphipod. These recordings confirm that crustacean swimming is indeed a potent natural stimulus of the lateral line system. |
19.
Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff 《Aquatic Ecology》1976,10(2):87-95
| 1. | Spectrophotometric and paper chromatographic analyses have been made of pigments in the summer phytoplankton of eight lakes that widely differ in trophic characteristics. |
| 2. | A comparison has been made between Margalef's pigment ratio, the carotenoid/chlorophyll-a ratio, the pigment diversity expressed as the number of coloured spots on a paper chromatogram, and the pigment diversity calculated by using the Shannon formula. |
| 3. | No evidence has been found for an increase of diversity of phytoplankton pigments along a gradient from eutrophic towards oligotrophic lakes. |
| 4. | Pigment diversity cannot be simply used as a measure of lake maturity according to Margalef's ideas. |