羊草草原土壤微生物的分布及其与土壤因子间的关系

 本文较系统地研究了东北羊草草原土壤微生物的分布规律和环境因子对微生物分布的制约作用。结果表明：微生物的数量、生理群的数量及微生物总生物量在羊草和杂草群落土壤生境中均最高,而碱茅和碱蓬群落生境中最低,隐子草群落生境居中。土壤全磷、全氮、全钾、pH和活性有机质对微生物有较大的直接作用,通径系数为6.15—2.02。全氮—全磷、活性有机质-全磷、pH-全磷、pH-全钾、全钾—全磷、活性有机质—全氮、活性有机质—全钾和有机质—全氮之间的间接作用对微生物影响最明显,作用系数为5.94—2.90,其余因素的作用相对不显著。     

丛枝菌根真菌对羊草生物量和氮磷吸收及土壤碳的影响

采用大田试验的方法在内蒙古锡林格勒草原进行牧草接种试验,通过灭菌和未灭菌两种土壤研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Glomus claroidium对内蒙古典型草原优势种羊草生长的影响.结果显示,接种丛枝菌根真菌对羊草的地上部干重未产生显著影响,但向未灭菌土壤中接种能显著增加羊草根系量,同时接种G.mosseae显著增加了地上部的N、P含量及吸收量,有效地改善了植株N、P营养,提高了牧草品质;2种菌对根系的营养吸收影响不同,接种G.mosseae在灭菌土壤和未灭菌土壤中均能显著增加根系的N、P吸收量,而接种G.claroidium仅在土壤未灭菌状态下增加根系N、P吸收量;接种对土壤中的菌丝密度未产生显著影响,但接种后土壤中微生物量碳有增加的趋势,短期内难以观察到接种对土壤有机碳的影响.研究表明,丛枝菌根真菌能够提高牧草对N、P吸收,促进牧草的生长,改善牧草品质,增强牧草根际微生物量碳.     

松嫩草甸3种主要植物群落土壤脲酶的初步研究

 松嫩草甸羊草（Leymus chinensis）群落、碱茅（Puccinellia tenuiflora）群落和虎尾草（Chloris virgata）群落土壤脲酶活性的季节动态呈单峰曲线变化,在土体中随土层的加深,其活性逐渐递减。各群落0～10 cm土层中的土壤脲酶活性与月平均降雨量呈幂函数关系,与土壤温度呈指数函数关系。土壤脲酶活性受多种土壤理化因子的共同影响,对于羊草群落,各因子的影响程度依次为：pH值>有机质>速效氮>C/N>容重>全氮>速效磷;碱茅群落为：有机质>C/N>全氮>容重>速效磷>速效氮>pH值;虎尾草群落为：全氮>有机质>速效氮>pH值>C/N>速效磷>容重。对该地区土壤肥力影响因子的主成分分析表明：有机质、全氮、速效氮、C/N和土壤容重对土壤肥力的贡献率占主导地位,土壤脲酶活性所占的比重较小,它不能完全反映土壤肥力状况。     

紫茎泽兰入侵对土壤酶活性和理化因子的影响

紫茎泽兰是我国危害最严重的外来入侵植物之一,为探明其入侵对土壤肥力的影响,比较研究了紫茎泽兰、云南菅、狗尾草群落和撂荒地下0~30 cm的4层土壤中6种酶活性和12种理化因子。结果表明群落类型和土壤深度对测定的各参数均有显著影响。随土壤深度的增加,多酚氧化酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶活性,以及有机质、全氮、全磷、全钙、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和pH值均降低。总的看来,紫茎泽兰群落下碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性,有机质、全氮、全磷、全钙、水解氮和有效磷含量,以及pH值均较高,全钾含量较低,但速效钾含量并不低,表明紫茎泽兰入侵多年后土壤肥力水平提高,形成了对其生长有利的土壤环境。     

辽东山区不同林龄日本落叶松人工林土壤微生物、养分及酶活性

对辽宁省抚顺市大孤家林场11、20、34和47年生日本落叶松人工纯林表层土壤(0~5 cm)微生物群落结构、养分及酶活性进行了研究.结果表明: 土壤微生物、养分及酶活性各项指标基本呈现11或47年林龄较高,而20或34年林龄较低.随林龄增加,土壤地力呈现衰退趋势,土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性变化对地力衰退呈现响应趋势,不同林龄真菌群落结构的差异较细菌显著.典范对应分析(CCA)表明,土壤养分含量及pH值对微生物群落结构的季节变化没有影响,但对在不同林龄间微生物的变化有影响.土壤全氮、有机碳、C/N、速效氮和pH值对不同林龄细菌分布影响较大,土壤速效磷、全钾、交换性镁离子和pH值对真菌分布影响较大.细菌与真菌群落主要的T RFs片段与氮、磷的相关性都较高,而真菌群落与有机碳、钾的相关性高于细菌群落.11和47年林龄微生物群落与土壤养分、酶活性的相关性高于20与34年.因此,土壤微生物(尤其是土壤真菌)可以敏感地指示土壤肥力的变化.     

亚热带地区阔叶林与杉木林土壤活性有机质比较

通过对亚热带3个地区地带性阔叶林和杉木林土壤活性有机质的比较,分析森林类型变化及杉木连栽对土壤有机碳和养分含量的影响.结果表明：地带性阔叶林转变为杉木林后,土壤总有机碳含量下降27.8%～52.1%、腐殖酸碳下降32.2%～52.8%、胡敏酸下降36.4%～59.0%、富里酸下降29.7%～50.0%;杉木连栽也使土壤总有机碳和腐殖质含量下降.森林类型改变和杉木连栽对土壤活性有机质的影响更明显.杉木林取代阔叶林后,土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮含量的最大降幅分别为61.8%、38.2%、43.3%和69.0%;与第1代杉木林相比,第2代杉木林土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮含量的最大降幅分别为34.7%、29.3%、30.4%、18.4%.经相关性分析,除冷水浸提有机氮外,土壤活性有机质与养分含量之间具有密切的相关关系.     

不同草原植被碱化草甸土的酶活性

在羊草草原不同植物群落土壤中,脲酶、磷酸酶和纤维素酶活性的变化是羊草群 落＞拂子茅群落＞碱茅群落＞虎尾草群落＞碱蓬群落＞光碱斑．脱氢酶是拂子茅群落＞ 羊草群落＞虎尾草群落＞碱茅群落＞碱蓬群落＞光碱斑．脲酶、磷酸酶和纤维素酶的时间 变化曲线呈抛物线型,最大值均出现在８月,最小值出现在６月或１０月．脱氢酶变化的最 大值出现在６月,然后逐渐减弱,１０月出现最低值．关联分析表明各土壤因子对脲酶作用 大小的关联序为全 Ｎ＞有机质＞土壤容重＞全 Ｐ＞ ＰＨ ;磷酸酶为全 Ｐ＞有机质＞ ｐＨ＞全 Ｎ＞土壤容重;脱氢酶为全Ｎ＞有机质＞全Ｐ＞土壤容重＞ｐＨ;纤维素酶为全Ｎ＞有机质 ＞全 Ｐ＞ｐＨ＞土壤容重．脲酶、磷酸酶和纤维素酶活性与微生物生物量关系随着微生物生 物量的增加酶活性逐渐增强．脱氢酶与微生物生物量的关系不明显．     

Soil microbial responses to elevated phosphorus and pH in acidic temperate deciduous forests

Although northern temperate forests are generally not considered phosphorus (P) limited, ecosystem P limitation may occur on highly weathered or strongly acidic soils where bioavailable inorganic P is low. In such environments, soil organisms may compensate by increasing the utilization of organic P via the production of extracellular enzymes to prevent limitation. In this study, we experimentally increased available P and/or pH in several acidic eastern deciduous forests underlain by glaciated and unglaciated soils in eastern Ohio, USA. We hypothesized that where inorganic P is low; soil microbes are able to access organic P by increasing production of phosphatase enzymes, thereby overcoming biogeochemical P limitations. We measured surface soil for: available P pools, N mineralization and nitrification rates, total C and N, enzymes responsible for C, N, and P hydrolysis, and microbial community composition (PLFA). Increasing surface soil pH a whole unit had little effect on microbial community composition, but increased N cycling rates in unglaciated soils. Phosphorus additions suppressed phosphatase activities over 60% in the unglaciated soils but were unchanged in the glaciated soils. All treatments had minimal influence on microbial biomass, but available pools of P strongly correlated with microbial composition. Microbes may be dependent on sources of organic P in some forest ecosystems and from a microbial perspective soil pH might be less important overall than P availability. Although our sampling was conducted less than 1 year after treatment initiation, microbial community composition was strongly influenced by available P pools and these effects may be greater than short-term increases in soil pH.     

黄土高原纸坊沟流域不同植物对土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性的影响

为了解不同植被类型对土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性的影响,以黄土高原纸坊沟流域的9种植物为研究对象,选取撂荒地为参照,分析了各类植被植物根际土土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性及其与土壤理化因子的相关性.结果显示:(1)与撂荒地相比,经过植被恢复后,乔木和灌木植被下土壤肥力、微生物生物量和土壤酶活性均有所提高,而草本植被下土壤的碱解氮含量、微生物生物量磷、脲酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性却有所降低.(2)不同植被类型土壤微生物生物量碳和氮、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性符合灌木＞乔木＞草本的规律;土壤微生物生物量磷、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性符合乔木＞灌木＞草本的规律.(3)土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷与土壤有机质、全氮及全磷含量呈极显著正相关;4种土壤酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮及碱解氮含量呈极显著正相关.研究表明,黄土高原纸坊沟流域土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性受植被类型及土壤养分等因素的共同影响,且人工灌木植被对土壤的恢复作用高于乔木和草本植被.     

洞庭湖湿地土壤碳、氮、磷及其与土壤物理性状的关系

以洞庭湖3类典型湿地的8个土壤剖面为代表,研究了土壤碳、氮、磷,微生物量碳、氮、磷和土壤物理性状的分布特征.结果表明,土壤表层有机碳含量为19.63～50.20 g·kg^-1,微生物量碳为424.63～1 597.36 mg·kg^-1,微生物量碳占有机碳的比例为3.17%～4.82%;土壤表层全氮1.85～4.45 g·kg^-1,微生物量氮5.90～259.47 mg·kg^-1,微生物量氮占全氮的比例3.13%～6.42%;土壤表层微生物量磷含量顺序为:湖草洲滩地(200.99 mg·kg^-1)＞垦殖水田(163.27 mg·kg^-1)＞芦苇洲滩地(24.16 mg·kg^-1),微生物量磷占全磷的比例为1.09%～11.20%;土壤表层容重0.65～1.04 g·cm^-3;土壤表层粘粒(＜0.001mm)26.24%～39.48%.土壤表层有机碳、全氮、微生物量氮、微生物量磷的含量,湖草洲滩地＞垦殖水田＞芦苇洲滩地.土壤表层微生物量碳,垦殖水田和湖草洲滩地接近,而大于芦苇湿地;土壤表层容重,芦苇洲滩地＞垦殖水田＞湖草洲滩地;土壤表层＜0.01 mm、＜0.001 mm粘粒,湖草洲滩地、芦苇洲滩地＞垦殖水田.湿地土壤剖面中有机碳、微生物量碳、全氮、微生物量氮、微生物量磷、容重以及微生物量碳占有机碳的比例、微生物量氮占全氮的比例、微生物量磷占全磷的比例均随深度的增加而降低,至一定深度稳定,而土壤全磷在剖面上下的差异很小.湿地土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷之间呈极显著的正相关关系;土壤容重与有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳、氮、磷之间呈极显著指数负相关关系.湿地土壤＜0.001 mm粘粒与有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳、氮、磷含量呈极显著对数正相关关系.     

内生真菌感染对禾草宿主生境土壤特性和微生物群落的影响

以羊草(Leymus chinensis)-内生真菌共生体为研究对象, 分别在野外样地和室内盆栽两种实验条件下研究了内生真菌感染对土壤特性和微生物群落结构的影响。结果显示：在处理时间较长并伴随有枯落物分解的羊草样地中, 内生真菌感染促进了土壤氮(N)的积累, 提高了30天培养时间内土壤初始碳(C)矿化速率和前3天土壤矿化量和土壤矿化总量; 而在处理时间较短且没有地上枯落物分解的盆栽羊草中, 内生真菌感染对土壤的C、N含量及C矿化均无显著影响。无论是野外样地还是室内盆栽实验, 内生真菌感染均未引起土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸种类的变化, 但内生真菌感染均有提高土壤微生物生物量的趋势, 内生真菌显著增加了盆栽羊草土壤中细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量和磷脂脂肪酸总量, 增加了羊草样地土壤中革兰氏阳性细菌和放线菌的磷脂脂肪酸含量。总体看来, 内生真菌感染能够改变土壤N积累和C矿化率, 并且改变土壤中微生物群落的结构, 这有助于进一步认识内生真菌与羊草之间的共生关系及其在生态系统C、N循环中所起的作用。     

广州市道路绿地土壤肥力特征研究

通过对广州市12条道路绿地土壤进行采样调查,结合主成分分析法,研究广州市道路绿地土壤肥力特征及筛选出主导因子。结果表明,广州市道路绿地土壤pH值为5.52～8.76,碱性和强碱性土壤比例为78.26%;EC值和有机质平均值分别为0.19 mS/cm和26.52 g/kg;有效磷含量很高,全氮和全钾含量较高,全磷、碱解氮和速效钾含量较低。筛选结果显示,广州市道路绿地土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷可作为土壤肥力评价的主要因子,全钾和速效钾为次要因子。     

典型草原建群种羊草对氮磷添加的生理生态响应

由于人类活动和气候变化的共同作用, 大气氮(N)沉降日益加剧, 使得陆地生态系统中的可利用性N显著增加, 生态系统更易受其他元素如磷(P)的限制。然而, 目前关于N、P养分添加对草原生态系统不同组织水平的影响研究较少, 相关机制尚不清楚。该文以内蒙古典型羊草(Leymus chinensis)草原为研究对象, 通过连续两年(2011-2012年)的N和P养分添加实验, 研究建群种羊草的生理生态性状、种群生物量和群落初级生产力对N、P添加的响应及其适应机制。结果表明: 羊草草原不同组织水平对N、P添加的响应不同。群落水平上, 地上净初级生产力在不同降水年份均受N和P元素的共同限制, N、P共同添加显著提高了地上净初级生产力; 物种水平上, N、P添加对羊草种群生物量和密度, 以及相对生物量均没有显著影响, 表明羊草能够维持种群的相对稳定; 个体水平上, 在正常降水年份(2011年), 羊草生长主要受N素限制, 而在湿润年份(2012年), 降水增加使得羊草生长没有受到明显的养分限制。羊草通过增加比叶面积、叶片大小和叶片N含量, 提高整体光合能力, 以促进个体生长。总之, 内蒙古典型草原群落净初级生产力受N、P元素共同限制, 作为建群种的羊草, 其对N、P添加的响应因组织水平而异, 也受年际间降水变化的影响。     

西双版纳望天树林土壤养分含量及其季节变化

 对西双版纳望天树(Shorea chinensis)林地0～10 cm和10～25㎝土层的有机质,全氮、磷、钾,速效氮、磷、钾等几种营养元素的含量状态及雨季前后的变化进行了研究。结果表明：土壤的养分含量变化为旱季结束＞雨季结束,沟谷地带雨林＞低山地带雨林,并且差异显著;表土0～10 cm是养分富集区,10 cm以下土层的养分含量锐减,两层养分含量对比,除钾元素以外均差异显著,表明望天树热带雨林生存的环境与植被的生活习性,对土壤养分的含量都有一定的影响。雨季对林地土壤的全钾和速效磷含量影响很大,对有机质、全磷和速效钾的含量影响较小,对氮素的影响是低山雨林＞沟谷雨林。雨季期间土壤中的磷素消耗到严重缺乏的水平。     

黄土丘陵区植被恢复过程中土壤微生物数量演变特征

对黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复模式下土壤理化性状及微生物数量研究表明:植被恢复30年后土壤理化性状和微生物数量都得到明显改善,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量以及微生物数量显著增加;人工刺槐恢复林细菌与真菌数量,随种植年限增长呈现为先增加后减少,到40年时再增加的变化规律;放线菌数量变化规律不明显。相关性分析显示细菌数量和有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾相关性显著,真菌数量和有机质、全氮相关性显著,而放线菌数量与土壤肥力指标相关性不显著。主成分分析揭示出微生物数量可作为评价植被改善土壤质量的指标。     

围封对退化高寒草甸土壤微生物群落多样性及土壤化学计量特征的影响

围封对植被处于近自然恢复状态的退化草地有一定的修复作用,开展轻度退化草地围封过程中生物与非生物因素的协同互作研究是完整地认识草地生态系统结构和功能的基础.本试验对围栏封育10年的轻度退化草地的土壤化学计量特征进行了研究,同时采用高通量基因测序技术并结合Biolog-Eco方法,调查了土壤微生物多样性和功能的变化.结果表明:轻度退化草地实施围封后,土壤铵态氮含量显著升高,全钾含量显著降低,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾则无明显变化.高寒草甸土壤微生物碳和氮在轻度退化和围栏封育草地间差异不显著;围栏封育后草地土壤微生物碳氮比显著高于轻度退化草地.随培养时间的延长,高寒草甸不同土层土壤微生物碳代谢强度均显著升高,土壤微生物碳代谢指数在轻度退化和围栏封育草地间差异不显著.高寒草甸土壤细菌OTUs显著高于真菌,轻度退化与围栏封育草地土壤微生物相似度为27.0%～32.7%.围封后,土壤真菌子囊菌门、接合菌门和球壶菌门相对丰富度显著升高,担子菌门显著降低,土壤细菌酸杆菌门显著低于轻度退化草地.土壤真菌和细菌群落组成在不同土层间差异较大,在轻度退化和围栏封育草地间仅有表层土壤真菌群落组成表现出较大差异.土壤细菌多样性受土壤全氮和速效钾影响较大,真菌多样性受地上生物量影响较大.土壤微生物对碳源利用能力主要受土壤速效钾影响.综上,长期围封禁牧对轻度退化草地土壤养分和土壤微生物无明显影响,且会造成牧草资源浪费,适度放牧可以保持草地资源的可持续利用.     

Community biomass of abandoned farmland and its effects on soil nutrition in the Loess hilly region of Northern Shaanxi, China

In order to have a basic knowledge of revegetation, one needs to deepen his understanding of the interactive effects of vegetation and soil. In this article, aboveground biomass, soil nutrients and moisture of 36 old-fields with different abandonment ages (from 2 to 45 years after abandonment), aboveground biomass of 4 typical old-fields, and growth characteristics of 7 predominant old-field species were measured. Changing pace, trend and relationship of community aboveground biomass and soil nutrition during the secondary succession were evaluated; effects of soil nutrition on community aboveground biomass were analyzed using multivariable analysis and pathway analysis, and effects of aboveground biomass on soil nutrition were further discussed. The results show that: (1) Soil nutrients, including organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, active phosphorus and active potassium, have the same changing pace and trends as the aboveground biomass. In the process of secondary succession, both the soil nutrition and the community aboveground biomass decreased in the earlier abandonment stage of succession and then increased subsequently. (2) On the basis of the correlation of soil nutrients and abandonment ages, effects of vegetation on 0–20 cm organic matter, active phosphorus, 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm nitrate nitrogen nutrition are significant, while on the basis of the correlation of soil nutrition and aboveground biomass, no significant effects were observed. Hereinbefore, aboveground biomass accounts for only a part of vegetation-soil nutrition effects. The effects of biomass on organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total potassium, nitrate nitrogen, active potassium and phosphorous are positive, whereas for ammonium nitrogen it is negative. (3) Abandonment ages, total nitrogen, total potassium, active potassium and soil moisture fluctuation have direct positive effects on the aboveground biomass of old-field communities; abandonment and soil moisture fluctuation have lager effects. Each ingredient of soil nutrition has relatively small effect, among which total nitrogen has larger effects than total and active potassium. The changes in aboveground biomass of old-field communities during succession are caused mainly by the changes in coverage and ecological characteristics of community species (the relatively larger direct effects of abandonment ages), and secondly by the soil moisture fluctuation (the relative smaller indirect effect of abandonment ages through soil moisture). (4) As a dependent variable, belowground biomass approaches power function of soil depth and declines in deeper layer. The root/shoot ratio of communities tends to increase in later succession stages, which also has an increasing tendency. These may influence the accumulation of biomass and decomposition of organic matter, and the vegetation-soil effects may be different.     

Community Structure of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria under Long-Term Application of Mineral Fertilizer and Organic Manure in a Sandy Loam Soil

The effects of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure on the community structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was investigated in a long-term (16-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included seven treatments: organic manure, half organic manure N plus half fertilizer N, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NP, fertilizer NK, fertilizer PK, and the control (without fertilization). N fertilization greatly increased soil nitrification potential, and mineral N fertilizer had a greater impact than organic manure, while N deficiency treatment (PK) had no significant effect. AOB community structure was analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of the amoA gene, which encodes the α subunit of ammonia monooxygenase. DGGE profiles showed that the AOB community was more diverse in N-fertilized treatments than in the PK-fertilized treatment or the control, while one dominant band observed in the control could not be detected in any of the fertilized treatments. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the DGGE bands derived from N-fertilized treatments belonged to Nitrosospira cluster 3, indicating that N fertilization resulted in the dominance of Nitrosospira cluster 3 in soil. These results demonstrate that long-term application of N fertilizers could result in increased soil nitrification potential and the AOB community shifts in soil. Our results also showed the different effects of mineral fertilizer N versus organic manure N; the effects of P and K on the soil AOB community; and the importance of balanced fertilization with N, P, and K in promoting nitrification functions in arable soils.     

陕北黄土丘陵区撂荒草地群落生物量及植被土壤养分效应

为了明确植被演替过程中植被与土壤的互动效应,为植被恢复提供依据。根据陕北黄土丘陵区36块不同年限（时间尺度为2—45a）的撂荒样地地上生物量、土壤养分和水分的测定结果,及4块典型撂荒群落样地地上／地下生物量,7种撂荒群落主要植物生长特性的测定,分析了撂荒演替过程中群落生物量与土壤养分的变化过程、趋势及其相互关系,进而探讨了撂荒演替过程中群落生物量对土壤养分的作用效应,并利用多元回归和通径分析法分析了土壤养分对群落生物量的作用。结果表明：（1）除速效磷外,撂荒演替过程中群落地上生物量和土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、NO3-N、NH4-N和速效钾都呈先减少后增加的趋势,步调基本一致。（2）从撂荒年限与土壤养分的相关性来看,0—20cm土壤有机质含量、速效磷含量和0—20、20—40cm土壤层NO3-N含量与撂荒年限相关显著,说明演替过程中有机质、速效磷和NO3-N有较为明显的植被土壤效应,而其它土壤养分与撂荒年限相关不显著,不能排除演替初始条件和植物暂时固定的影响;从群落生物量与土壤养分的相关性来看,群落生物量对土壤有机质、全氮、磷、钾、NO3-N、速效钾和速效磷含量具有正效应,而对NH4-N具有负效应,但都不显著。（3）通径分析说明撂荒年限、土壤全氮、全钾、速效钾和土壤水分变异量对生物量表现为正的直接作用,其中以撂荒年限和土壤水分波动量作用较大,土壤养分对群落地上生物量的作用以土壤全氮最大,全钾和速效钾影响较小;演替过程中群落地上生物量的变化主要是由于植被盖度和群落组成种的生态学特性造成的（撂荒年限较大的直接作用）,其次是由于撂荒演替过程中土壤水分的波动造成的（撂荒年限通过土壤水分的间接负作用）。（4）随着土层深度的加深植物根系生物量呈幂函数递减过程,演替后期群落根冠比有增加的趋势,演替后期序列种根冠比和根长也有增加的趋势,这些在一定程度上会影响到生物量积累和有机质分解等,进而会影响到植被土壤效应。     

Effects of Different Organic Manures on the Biochemical and Microbial Characteristics of Albic Paddy Soil in a Short-Term Experiment

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chemical fertilizer (NPK), NPK with livestock manure (NPK+M), NPK with straw (NPK+S), and NPK with green manure (NPK+G) on soil enzyme activities and microbial characteristics of albic paddy soil, which is a typical soil with low productivity in China. The responses of extracellular enzyme activities and the microbial community diversity (determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis [PLFA] and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE]) were measured. The results showed that NPK+M and NPK+S significantly increased rice yield, with NPK+M being approximately 24% greater than NPK. The NPK+M significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and available phosphate (P) and enhanced phosphatase, β-cellobiosidase, L-leucine aminopeptidase and urease activities. The NPK+S significantly increased SOC and available potassium (K) and significantly enhanced N-acetyl-glucosamidase, β-xylosidase, urease, and phenol oxidase activities. The NPK+G significantly improved total nitrogen (N), ammonium N, available P, and N-acetyl-glucosamidase activity. The PLFA biomass was highest under NPK+S, followed by NPK+M and NPK+G treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the PLFA indicated that soils with NPK+M and NPK+S contained higher proportions of unsaturated and cyclopropane fatty acids (biomarkers of fungi and gram-negative bacteria) and soil under NPK+G contained more straight chain saturated fatty acids (representing gram-positive bacteria). PCA of the DGGE patterns showed that organic amendments had a greater influence on fungal community. Cluster analysis of fungal DGGE patterns revealed that NPK+G was clearly separated. Meanwhile, the bacterial community of NPK+M treatment was the most distinct. RDA analysis revealed changes of microbial community composition mostly depended on β-xylosidase, β-cellobiosidase activities, total N and available K contents. The abundances of gram-negative bacterial and fungal PLFAs probably effective in improving fertility of low-yield albic paddy soil because of their significant influence on DGGE profile.