Genetic Diversity in Musa acuminata Colla and Musa balbisiana Colla and some of their natural hybrids using AFLP Markers

Genetic diversity and relationships were assessed in 28 accessions of Musa acuminata (AA) Colla and Musa balbisiana (BB) Colla, and some of their natural hybrids, using the amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) technique. Fifteen AFLP +3 primer pairs produced 527 polymorphic bands among the accessions. Neighbor-joining and principal co-ordinate (PCO) analyses using Jaccard's similarity coefficient produced four major clusters that closely corresponded with the genome composition of the accessions (AA, BB, AAB and ABB). The AFLP data distinguished between the wild diploid accessions and suggested new subspecies relationships in the M. acuminata complex that are different from those based on morphological data. The data suggested that there are three subspecies within the M. acuminata complex (ssp. burmannica Simmonds, malaccensis Simmonds, and microcarpa Simmonds). 'Tjau Lagada' (ssp. microcarpa), 'Truncata' [ssp truncata (Ridl.) Shepherd] and 'SF247' [ssp. banksii (F.Muell) Simmonds] clustered very closely with 'Gros Michel' and 'Km 5', indicating that more than one M. acuminata subspecies may be involved in the origin of triploid AAA bananas. 'Calcutta 4' (ssp. burmannicoides De Langhe &; Devreux) and 'Long Tavoy' (ssp. burmannica) were closely related and could be together in the same subspecies. This study also showed that there is much more genetic diversity within M. balbisiana that was split into two groups: (1) 'I-63' and 'HND' and (2) 'Los Banos', 'MPL' (Montpellier), '10852', 'Singapuri', 'Etikehel', and 'Butohan 1' as the other.     

Musa Genetic Diversity Revealed by SRAP and AFLP

The sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) technique, aimed for the amplification of open reading frames (ORFs), vis-â-vis that of the amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) were used to analyze the genetic variation and relationships among forty Musa accessions; which include commercial cultivars and wild species of interest for the genetic enhancement of Musa. A total of 403 SRAP and 837 AFLP amplicons were generated by 10 SRAP and 15 AFLP primer combinations, of which 353 and 787 bands were polymorphic, respectively. Both cluster analysis of unweighted pair-grouping method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and principal coordinate (PCO) analysis separated the forty accessions into their recognized sections (Eumusa, Australimusa, Callimusa and Rhodochlamys) and species. The percentage of polymorphism amongst sections and species and the relationships within Eumusa species and subspecies varied between the two marker systems. In addition to its practical simplicity, SRAP exhibited approximately threefold more specific and unique bands than AFLP, 37 and 13%, respectively. SRAP markers are demonstrated here to be proficient tools for discriminating amongst M. acuminata, M. balbisiana and M. schizocarpa in the Eumusa section, as well as between plantains and cooking bananas within triploid cultivars.     

香蕉种质遗传多样性与亲缘关系的AFLP分析

应用AFLP技术,对60个栽培蕉和野生蕉种进行了遗传多样性分析及分类研究。在相似系数0.62的水平上将供试的60份蕉类植物分为4个群体;在相似系数0.64的水平上将栽培蕉划为两个类群;在相似系数0.83的水平上将香牙蕉类群划分为6个亚群;认为传统地将Cavend ish亚群分为5个类别的分类依据与基因型之间并无严格的对应关系。将Saba归入ABB群体;吊罗矮蕉和北大矮蕉2号很可能是同一品种;国家果树种质广州香蕉圃收集的小米蕉、63-1与华农香蕉园种植的小米蕉、63-1均属同名异物情况。     

Distribution of Lateral Root Primordia in Root Tips of Musa acuminata Colla

The distribution of lateral root primordia in Musa acuminatashows discrete elements of pattern, a major element of whichis the rather regular spacing of laterals along protoxylem-basedranks. There is some co-ordination of positions of lateralsin different ranks. Laterals are apparently not initiated ina single acropetal sequence within the root tip as a whole althoughthey are initiated in acropetal sequence within each rank. Musa acuminata, banana, roots, lateral roots     

Genetic homogeneity and high shoot proliferation in banana (Musa acuminata Colla) by altering medium thiamine level and sugar type

To enhance the multiplication rate in Musa acuminata Colla (banana; ‘Grand Nain’) organogenesis, higher amounts of thiamine along with different sugar types and concentrations were evaluated at the proliferation phase. Thiamine at 1, 10, 50, 100, and 200 mg L⁻¹ was compared with 0.1 mg L⁻¹ thiamine found in conventional Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Maximum proliferation of banana was induced with 100 mg L⁻¹ thiamine. Additionally, 15, 30, and 45 g L⁻¹ sucrose, glucose, fructose, and sorbitol combined with regular and optimal levels of thiamine were tested. Glucose at 30 g L⁻¹ most improved shoot proliferation alone and enhanced shoot proliferation further, when combined with 100 mg L⁻¹ thiamine, followed by sucrose and fructose, whereas sorbitol completely inhibited growth and caused tissue browning. All evaluated vegetative traits were significantly affected by sugar type and concentration, and thiamine levels, unlike the photosynthetic pigments. Moreover, genetic stability of the plants recovered from the enhanced protocol was confirmed by inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. A total of 230 bands generated by both marker types were monomorphic for the randomly selected regenerated plants, compared with their mother plant. Thus, the proliferation medium supplemented with 30 g L⁻¹ glucose and 100 mg L⁻¹ thiamine could be recommended for banana organogenesis. Results herein are of great importance and helpful in enhancing the commercial in vitro propagation protocols of banana, without the need of increasing the number of subcultures, which can cause somaclonal variation.

     

西双版纳野芭蕉先锋植物群落的结构特征及其演替动态

对西双版纳勐腊县麻木树地区的热带雨林刀耕火种撂荒后形成的不同演替阶段的野芭蕉先锋植物群落进行了植物种类组成、区系成分、结构特征及种群数量与年龄结构的动态变化分析。结果表明 :在 10 0 0m2 的样地上 ,随着群落的发展和演替的进行 ,群落的科、属、种组成日趋复杂 ,从侵入阶段的 17科 2 7属 30种 ,上升到定居阶段的5 0科 74属 98种 ,至扩散阶段已达 5 5科 87属 113种。 3个不同林龄阶段的群落区系组成可分为 9种类型 ,均以热带区系成分为主 ,占 90 %左右。随着群落的发展 ,泛热带分布、热带亚洲 (印度—马来西亚 )分布所占的比例随林龄逐渐增大 ,而旧世界热带分布及东亚至北美洲间断分布所占的比例在逐渐减少。群落的层次结构由简单趋于复杂 ,野芭蕉的种群数量急剧增长 ,各龄级的个体分布逐渐增多 ,群落正向着湿润性的热带森林方向发展。     

鸭茅野生种质遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用AFLP分子标记技术,对采自中国新疆和吉尔吉斯斯坦2个地区的6份鸭茅种质群体共90个单株材料进行遗传多样性分析,探讨不同地理来源鸭茅种质遗传变异产生的分子生态机理。结果显示:(1)4对AFLP引物共扩增出208条多态性条带,多态百分比为59.86%,多态信息量为0.205 3;种群Neis基因多样性指数变化范围在0.201 9~0.233 6,总多样性指数为0.335 8,均值为0.230 9;种群Shannon信息指数变化为0.235 5~0.293 5,总体和均值分别为0.399 4和0.266 4。(2)单株和群体的UPGMA聚类树形图、STRUCTURE分析和主坐标分析均表明,同一地区的种质材料均聚在一起,表现出明显的地域性。(3)AMOVA分析显示,63.30%的遗传变异发生在种质群体内的个体间,种质群体间遗传分化为36.70%,2个采样地区之间的遗传差异达23.51%。研究表明,供试种质材料具有丰富的遗传多样性和高水平的遗传分化,种质群体的遗传多样性不仅受到地域隔离的限制,同时环境因子,如海拔、温度和月降水量对其影响也比较明显。     

Genetic Diversity of Pyrenophora teres Isolates as Detected by AFLP Analysis

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis has been used to analyse mainly 83 Czech isolates of Pyrenophora teres, P. graminea, P. tritici‐repentis and Helminthosporium sativum. Each species had distinct AFLP profiles. Using 19 primer combinations 948 polymorphic bands were detected. All main clusters in dendrogram correspond to the studied species. Even the two forms of P. teres–P. teres f. teres (PTT) and P. teres f. maculata (PTM) – formed different clusters. Genetic diversity, with regard to the locality and the year of the sample's collection, was analysed separately within the AFLP‐based dendrogram cluster of PTT and PTM. Unweighted pair‐group method (UPGMA) analysis of the 37 isolates of PTT and 30 isolates of PTM, using 469 polymorphic bands, showed that the variability seemed to have been influenced more by the year of sampling than by the geographic origin of the isolate. The presence of intermediate haplotypes with a relatively high number of shared markers between the two groups indicated that hybridization between the forms of P. teres could happen, but it is probably often overlapped by selection pressure or genetic drift.     

Genetic Diversity of Phaeoisariopsis griseola in Kenya as Revealed by AFLP and Group-specific Primers

Genetic diversity of 50 Phaeoisariopsis griseola isolates collected from different agroecological zones in Kenya was studied using group‐specific primers and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Group‐specific primers differentiated the isolates into Andean and Mesoamerican groups, corresponding to the two common‐bean gene pools. Significant polymorphisms were observed with all the AFLP primer combinations used, reflecting a wide genetic diversity in the P. griseola population. A total of 207 fingerprints was generated, of which 178 were polymorphic. Cluster analysis of the polymorphic bands also separated the isolates into the two groups defined by group‐specific primers. All the isolates examined were grouped into three virulence populations; Andean, Afro‐Andean and Mesoamerican, and their genetic diversity measured. On average, greater diversity (91%) was detected within populations than between populations (9%). The genetic distance between Andean and Mesoamerican populations was higher (D = 0.0269) than between Andean and Afro‐Andean (D = 0.0095). The wide genetic diversity reported here has significant implications in breeding for resistance to angular leaf spot and should be taken into consideration when screening and deploying resistant bean genotypes.     

陕西唐棣遗传多样性和遗传分化的AFLP分析

采用扩增片段长度多态性分子标记技术对陕西省分布的6个野生唐棣居群的96个个体进行了遗传多样性分析, 以明确野生唐棣资源的亲缘关系,为唐棣资源的保护、良种选育和开发利用提供理论依据。结果显示：(1)从64对引物组合中筛选出8对扩增条带清晰、多态性高的引物组合,共扩增出277条清晰条带,其中多态性条带116条,多态性位点百分率为42.86%。(2)UPGMA聚类、主坐标分析(PCoA)和遗传结构分析结果相似,将6个陕西野生唐棣居群分成2大支,秦岭南北居群间遗传分化明显,且群体间存在一定基因流。(3)分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示遗传变异主要存在于居群内(63%),居群间遗传变异为37%。Mantel检验表明陕西唐棣居群地理距离与遗传距离之间无明显相关性(r = 0.192,P = 0.220)。研究表明,AFLP分子标记可以准确、有效地用于唐棣遗传多样性分析;唐棣遗传变异主要来源于居群内,居群间的基因交流有限;陕西野生唐棣遗传多样性水平较低,但部分居群的遗传多样性较高。该研究结果可为野生唐棣资源的保护、良种选育和开发利用提供理论依据。     

吉富罗非鱼群体遗传多样性的AFLP分析

为了分析吉富罗非鱼的遗传多样性,为其育种提供理论依据,本实验利用5对引物组合(E-AGG/M-CTT, E-AGG/M-CTG, E-AAC/M-CAG, E-ACA/M-CTG, E-ACA/M-CAG)对广东省化州光辉养殖场有限公司新选育的吉富罗非鱼第16代群体(F16)进行遗传多样性的AFLP分析.27个个体共检出187个扩增位点,其中多态位点163个,平均每对引物扩增出32.6个位点,多态位点比例87.17%;平均Nei's基因多样性0.2886;平均Shannon's指数0.4339.结果说明实验群体存在较丰富的遗传多样性且保持有较高的遗传杂合度,具有进一步育种和开发的价值.     

29个香蕉基因型遗传多样性的SRAP分析

采用SRAP分子标记技术对29个香蕉品种(系)的多样性进行研究,结果显示,64对SRAP引物中筛选出25个多态性较高的引物组合,共扩增出324条条带;UPGAM聚类图显示所有供试的29个香蕉品种(系)可分为2个类群且与基因型相一致;实验结果与形态、农艺性状标记分类基本一致。研究表明,SRAP技术可有效运用于香蕉基因型的遗传和育种研究。     

秦巴山区野板栗居群遗传多样性AFLP分析

利用荧光AFLP标记技术对来自秦巴山区的野板栗10个居群共262个单株进行遗传多样性研究.10对AFLP引物共扩增出1297条谱带,其中多态性位点数1011个,多态位点百分率为77.95%;Nei's基因多样性指数为0.1439～0.2046,总体为0.2518;Shannon信息指数的变异范围为0.1972～0.2895,总体为0.4089;甘肃地区野板栗居群遗传多样性水平最高,陕西宝鸡居群的遗传多样性水平最低.AMOVA分析表明野板栗居群闻的遗传变异占总变异的17.51%,居群内变异占69.76%.UPGMA聚类可将供试10个居群划分为3类,聚类结果表现出明显的地域性.     

Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in Popular Rice Varieties of India as Evidenced from SSR Analysis

We report here on the phylogenetic analysis, population substructure, and identification of molecular tags of 25 popular rice varieties and four landraces from different ecological belts of India employing a set of 52 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Genetic analysis using the SSR markers categorized the genotypes into two major clusters, distributed according to their pedigree. Population structure analysis suggested that the optimum number of subpopulations was three (K?=?3) in the popular varieties and landraces. At K?=?5 the allelic distribution was much more similar to the phylogenetic dendrogram. The molecular diversity and population structure analysis indicated that there is not much variation among the popular rice cultivars of India. The study has identified SSR markers producing unique alleles, which should aid in the precise identification, maintenance, and genetic purity analysis of rice varieties.     

人为干扰对小果野芭蕉群落生物量及多样性的影响

采用标准木法和回归分析法（乔木层）研究了小果野芭蕉群落在演替吕不同的压力条件下生物量和多样性的变化,结果显示,小果野芭蕉的侵入在正常情况下对群落生物量的影响并不显著,但由于人为干扰,可以明显地降低群落生物量。人为干扰是小果野芭焦群落长期保持在一个种群数量较大,物种多样性指较低和重要值较大的状态。轮歇丢荒地小果野芭蕉的侵入和迅速发展,是群落恢复演替过程中一种正常的途径。因此保持小果野芭蕉群落不受人为干扰是使其沿正常演替途径恢复的一种可行方法。     

Exploring wild genetic resources of Musa acuminata Colla distributed in the humid forests of southern Western Ghats of peninsular India using ISSR markers

Musa acuminata ssp. burmannica, one of the wild progenitors contributing 'A genome' to the present-day dessert bananas, has a long evolutionary history intervened by human activities. In this study, ISSR markers were used to analyze the pattern of genetic variation and differentiation in 32 individuals along with two reference samples (viz., Musa acuminata ssp. burmannicoides, var. Calcutta 4 and Musa balbisiana) of wild Musa, which corresponded to three populations across the biodiversity-rich hot spot of southern Western Ghats of India. High levels of genetic diversity were revealed both at the species and population levels, using Nei's diversity indices. The hierarchical analysis of molecular variance showed pronounced genetic differentiation, as 96?% of the total variance was fixed within population and only 4?% among populations. Nei's genetic differentiation coefficient (G (ST)?=?0.1823) and low gene flow (Nm?=?1.18) further confirmed this. The positive correlation (Mantel test) between geographic distance and genetic distance (r?=?0.338 P?相似文献   

用AFLP分子标记探讨吴茱萸的遗传多样性

用AFLP标记分析研究吴茱萸与其变种石虎和疏毛吴茱萸之间的遗传多样性.采用AFLP技术,从18对引物中筛选出3对引物.对19株不同地域的3种吴茱萸AFLP指纹图谱进行了分析,计算不同品种间的遗传距离和构建吴茱萸的聚类分析树状图.3对引物共扩增出93条带,其中57条(61.3%)呈多态性,吴茱萸种质内遗传距离为0.059～0.765;在相似系数0.48的水平上.19份吴莱萸材料可以大致分为2个类群.吴茱萸不同品种问遗传距离差异较大,遗传分类在一定程度上与传统的分类方法是一致的,这暗示遗传变异与地域分布有相关性.