从卵巢发育特点揭示新疆地区棉铃虫迁飞习性

为探索棉铃虫成虫在新疆地区是否具有迁飞性,在新疆北部石河子垦区146团和147团、乌苏、新疆南部阿克苏地区(阿克苏市、阿瓦提县、12团)和麦盖提,监测了棉铃虫田间卵巢发育和交配频率.结果表明:雌蛾卵巢发育到l级时开始出现交配,且交配次数与卵巢发育级数呈显著正相关;146团、147团、乌苏、阿克苏第3代棉铃虫以及阿瓦提县第3代和第4代棉铃虫卵巢发育级别3级以上的个体均占到65％以上,表明其种群主要由外地迁入;高峰期棉铃虫雌蛾平均交配率和交配频率分别为81.63％和1.96.各监测区域棉铃虫雌蛾的交配率和雌雄比例均符合迁入种群的生理特征,表明新疆地区棉铃虫存在迁飞.探明棉铃虫在新疆地区的迁飞和交配情况将为该地区棉铃虫的区域防治提供重要科学依据.     

棉铃虫飞行能力和兼性迁飞的初步研究

应用吊飞装置研究比较了成虫的飞行能力 ,按飞行节律和时间区分出长飞型、短飞行和中间型 3种类型 .研究了温度和食料对生殖前期、产卵量、寿命等的影响 ,证实在 2 8℃下生殖前期仅 2 .13± 0 .67d ,温度、食料等对成虫生殖前期的影响不明显 ,可见适合其迁飞的生理时期较短 ,仅为 1～ 2个夜晚 .用雌蛾卵巢连续解剖的方法比较了江苏丰县和辽宁朝阳两地 2、3代的虫源性质 ,证实朝阳 2～ 3代成虫全部或部分从外地迁入 ,而丰县种群则以本地繁育为主 .与多种迁飞性和非迁飞性害虫比较 ,讨论了中国棉铃虫兼性迁飞特性和迁飞潜能的评估 .     

华北二点委夜蛾种群动态监测及北京北部地区虫源性质分析

二点委夜蛾Proxenus lepigone是玉米生产中的一种新发害虫, 2011年曾在黄淮海夏玉米主产区全面暴发, 对夏玉米生产构成严重威胁。为了明确二点委夜蛾的种群动态, 探讨北京北部二点委夜蛾种群是否为迁入虫源, 2012年, 在华北地区的河北省栾城县、 北京市区和北京延庆县等地, 利用高空探照灯诱虫器、 垂直监测昆虫雷达等对二点委夜蛾成虫进行了监测, 并结合气象资料, 对北京延庆的虫源性质进行了综合分析。结果表明： 二点委夜蛾老熟幼虫作茧后可在北京延庆越冬。2012年, 北京延庆诱集二点委夜蛾累计33 951头, 可划分为3个世代。第1代成虫的诱集数量不符合正态分布, 且在姊妹灯下的数量差异符合迁飞种类的特点。在当地条件不适宜的情况下, 北京延庆监测点第1代成虫日均诱虫数量高于条件相对适宜的河北栾城。在北京延庆, 第1代成虫的逐日诱集数量与空中风向密切相关。雷达监测还表明二点委夜蛾可能是雷达回波的目标。综合以上证据表明, 北京延庆第1代成虫包含从周边迁飞而来的个体, 二点委夜蛾可能是一种兼性迁飞昆虫。本研究可为二点委夜蛾成虫能否远距离迁飞提供例证, 对今后提高其预测预报和防治水平具有重要意义。     

棉铃虫抗寒能力的研究

对棉铃虫（ＨｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａａｒｍｉｇｅｒａＨｕｂｎｅｒ）９个地理种群的抗寒能力进行了研究,棉铃虫非滞育蛹和滞育蛹的过冷却点分别于分布于－１９．１３℃至－１８．１６和－１９．５３℃范围内,随纬度升高,地理种群的过冷却点呈降低趋势,非滞育蛹在低温下的生存能力显著低下滞育蛹,采自北部特早熟棉区的辽宁省辽阳市种群,其抗寒性和华北种群无明显区别,但长江流域棉区的湖北省武穴种群显著低于华北种群,武穴种群     

江苏棉区第5代棉铃虫种群动态的模拟及预测

用澳大利亚热带害虫研究中心开发的通用制模软件Dymex为外壳,以棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera种群生命表为基础,构建了棉铃虫种群动态模型,以逐日历史气温统计值为驱动变量进行了第4、5代棉铃虫种群动态的模拟。结果表明,除早发高温的年份外,其它年份的绝大多数第5代棉铃虫在江苏棉区11月底前不能发育至蛹而无法安全越冬,故不能成为翌年第1代的有效虫源。根据模拟结果可预测第4代越冬蛹量及第5代卵的发生期、发生量及其越冬蛹数量并制成了简便易用的预测检索表。     

棉铃虫种群能量动态及其为害特征分析

根据棉铃虫种群数量密度、年龄结构、存活率及虫体含能量,系统地分析了８种不同类型棉田生态系统中棉铃虫种群生产力、摄入量及其为害特征．结果表明,棉铃虫种群的能量生产主要集中于第３代;其所引起棉花繁殖器官的被害量在第２、３、４代分别为１１．８３、１６．６５和９．５２个·ｍ－２．随着播种期的推后,２代棉铃虫种群生产力和摄入量减少,３、４代值增加．实行套作种植使２、４代值减少,而３代值增加．棉铃虫种群摄食利用效率随世代增加而减小,其净生态效率以第３代最高,第４代居中,第２代最小．由此进一步探讨了不同时空类型棉田棉铃虫各代管理的对策．     

湖北省钟祥市粘虫发生规律研究

为了明确粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)在湖北省钟祥市的发生规律,对小麦玉米轮作田粘虫成虫和幼虫种群的发生动态、粘虫雌蛾卵巢发育进度以及粘虫越冬虫量作了调查,分析了粘虫种群虫源性质。结果表明,钟祥市为1代粘虫多发区,其虫源为外地迁入的越冬代成虫,1代粘虫危害高峰期在4月中下旬,羽化盛期在5月中下旬,羽化后以迁出为主。第2代粘虫发生量很小,羽化后基本全部迁出;在田间未调查到第3代粘虫幼虫,本区发现的第3代成虫可能为由北方南迁的过境种群;第4代粘虫发生量也很小,羽化后全部迁出,不在本区繁殖危害。在田间未调查到准备越冬的粘虫。     

湖北省钟祥市粘虫发生规律研究

为了明确粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)在湖北省钟祥市的发生规律,对小麦玉米轮作田粘虫成虫和幼虫种群的发生动态、粘虫雌蛾卵巢发育进度以及粘虫越冬虫量作了调查,分析了粘虫种群虫源性质。结果表明,钟祥市为1代粘虫多发区,其虫源为外地迁入的越冬代成虫,1代粘虫危害高峰期在4月中下旬,羽化盛期在5月中下旬,羽化后以迁出为主。第2代粘虫发生量很小,羽化后基本全部迁出;在田间未调查到第3代粘虫幼虫,本区发现的第3代成虫可能为由北方南迁的过境种群;第4代粘虫发生量也很小,羽化后全部迁出,不在本区繁殖危害。在田间未调查到准备越冬的粘虫。     

新疆阿勒泰地区草地螟成虫发生特征

【目的】明确草地螟Loxostege sticticalis成虫在新疆阿勒泰地区发生消长规律以及卵巢发育与种群动态和迁飞之间的关系。【方法】采用高空探照灯诱集草地螟成虫并解剖卵巢,观察卵巢发育进度。【结果】研究区域存在草地螟成虫数量突增突减现象; 2015年发生量比2016年多,2015年草地螟8月30日消失,2016年草地螟8月22日消失。2015和2016年草地螟成虫夜间在第2时段(00:10-01:50)、第3时段(01:50-03:30)出现次数多。2015年第一代草地螟成虫数量突然增加时,65. 5%的雌蛾卵巢发育处于Ⅲ级;自7月下旬第一代草地螟成虫数量呈现下降趋势,此时69. 1%的雌蛾卵巢发育处于Ⅱ级。2016年第一代草地螟成虫数量突然增加时,71. 25%的雌蛾卵巢发育处于Ⅳ级。2015和2016年第一代草地螟雌蛾中各级别卵巢均能解剖到,但是Ⅲ和Ⅳ级卵巢的比例仍然最高。【结论】2015和2016年新疆阿勒泰地区草地螟属于外地虫源迁入和本地虫源形成的混合种群。     

粘虫（Mythimna separata）迁飞行为研究

粘虫成虫期取食、飞翔、求偶或性反应交配和产卵一系列行为是各具相对独立性和顺序性的阶段。飞翔在取食、飞翔、求偶或性反应交配、产卵等期内都有发生,并有不同的飞翔特征,在迁飞中以飞翔期的飞翔最为重要,雌雄蛾的飞翔期在羽化后3－10日龄,因求偶、性反应前期变化而有变异,粘虫雌蛾求偶前期2－11d,平均为5.93d,雄蛾性反应前期3－11d,平均为7.14d。求偶、性反应与迁飞潜力有密切关系。随求偶、性反应前期加长,求偶、性反应前飞翔量呈“S”型曲线增长;求偶或性反应迟的个体有飞翔期,且有1－2个飞翔峰（日）。根据有无飞翔期和求偶、性反应与飞翔量曲线确定雌蛾求偶前期大于5d,雄蛾性反应前期大于4d的个体为迁飞型个体。自然种群中雌蛾迁飞型个体占52.47%,雄蛾占97.14%;不同地理种群江苏、吉林、山东和广东1－4代粘虫,雌蛾迁飞个体依次占47.64%、49.29%、47.22%和68.22%,求偶前期平均依次为5.75,5.64,5.58和6.77d。影响求偶前期的生态因素主要是温度逐渐上升和食料不断老化,两者可能是引起粘虫迁飞的主要因素,讨论了粘虫成虫期行为、繁殖与迁飞潜力及迁飞过程的关系。     

常规棉花粉和转Cry1Ac+CpTI棉花粉对拟澳洲赤眼蜂繁殖和存活的影响

在室内评价了常规棉花粉和转Cry1Ac CpTI棉(Bt棉)花粉通过不同处理方式作为食物源对拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogrammaconfusum寿命、寄生卵数、子代羽化数和性比等繁殖和存活特征的影响。共设计7个饲喂处理,即不饲喂(UNFED)、水(W)、水 常规棉花粉(W P)、水 Bt棉花粉(W BtP)、10%蜂蜜水(H)、10%蜂蜜水 常规棉花粉(H P)和10%蜂蜜水 转Bt棉花粉(H BtP)。在提供或不提供米蛾Corcyracephalonica卵条件下,经W P或W BtP饲喂的雌蜂寿命与W或UNFED间无显著差异,但均显著短于H和H P或H BtP饲喂的雌蜂,而经H P或H BtP饲喂的雌蜂寿命又均显著长于经H饲喂的雌蜂(p<0.05)。比较每雌寄生卵数和子代羽化数来看,各处理明显分为3类,即UNFED、W、W P和W BtP为最低,H为居中,H P和H BtP为最高。比较每雌子代性比来看,各处理也明显分为3类,即H、H P和H BtP为最低,W P和W BtP为居中,UNFED和W为最高。饲喂W P和W BtP的雌蜂寿命、寄生卵粒数、子代羽化数和性比分别与W BtP和H BtP饲喂间无显著差异(p<0.05)。因而,棉花花粉需与蜂蜜组合才能成为拟澳洲赤眼蜂实现其最大存活和繁殖力的食物;Bt棉花粉对拟澳洲赤眼蜂无影响。     

应用稳定同位素技术分析华北部分地区第三代棉铃虫虫源性质

玉米等C₄植物被认为是华北Bt棉种植区内第三代棉铃虫最重要的天然庇护所,但尚缺乏直接证据。连续2a(2006-2007年)利用杨树把诱集棉铃虫成虫,进行碳稳定同位素比值的测定,并结合棉铃虫成虫捕获时间、虫源的数量比例等,评估C₄植物在华北第三代棉铃虫期间的庇护所功能。结果表明,第三代棉铃虫成虫来源于C₄植物(玉米)的为40.5%-56.8%,与C₃来源的数量上大体相当。但C₄来源的成虫羽化时间比C₃来源的个体明显滞后,呈现出先少后多的特点。结果提示,C₄植物确实是华北第三代棉铃虫重要的庇护所,但存在着时间上与C₃来源的成虫交配不同步而失效的风险;结果建议玉米等天然庇护所作物的种植不仅在面积上要足够,而且播种时间上要充分考虑C₄植物(玉米)来源的敏感棉铃虫个体的发育与C₃植物寄主来源个体的同步性。     

Monitoring and management strategy for Helicoverpa armigera resistance to Bt cotton in China

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is one of the most important insect pests in cotton growing regions of China. Transgenic cotton that expresses a gene derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been deployed for combating cotton bollworm since 1997. Natural refugees derived from the mixed planting system consisting of cotton, corn, soybean, vegetables, peanut and others on single-family farms of a small scale were used for delaying the evolution of resistance to Bt cotton. Susceptibility of H. armigera field populations to the Bt insecticidal protein Cry1Ac was monitored from 1997 to 2006. The results indicate that the field populations are still susceptible to Cry1Ac, and monitoring indication no apparent shifts in susceptibility in field populations of this important pest.     

Sustained susceptibility of pink bollworm to Bt cotton in the United States

Evolution of resistance by pests can reduce the benefits of transgenic crops that produce toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for insect control. One of the world's most important cotton pests, pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), has been targeted for control by transgenic cotton producing Bt toxin Cry1Ac in several countries for more than a decade. In China, the frequency of resistance to Cry1Ac has increased, but control failures have not been reported. In western India, pink bollworm resistance to Cry1Ac has caused widespread control failures of Bt cotton. By contrast, in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States, monitoring data from bioassays and DNA screening demonstrate sustained susceptibility to Cry1Ac for 16 y. From 1996-2005, the main factors that delayed resistance in Arizona appear to be abundant refuges of non-Bt cotton, recessive inheritance of resistance, fitness costs associated with resistance and incomplete resistance. From 2006-2011, refuge abundance was greatly reduced in Arizona, while mass releases of sterile pink bollworm moths were made to delay resistance as part of a multi-tactic eradication program. Sustained susceptibility of pink bollworm to Bt cotton in Arizona has provided a cornerstone for the pink bollworm eradication program and for integrated pest management in cotton. Reduced insecticide use against pink bollworm and other cotton pests has yielded economic benefits for growers, as well as broad environmental and health benefits. We encourage increased efforts to combine Bt crops with other tactics in integrated pest management programs.     

Cotton bollworm resistance to Bt transgenic cotton: A case analysis

Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) is one of the most serious insect pests of cotton. Transgenic cotton expressing Cry toxins derived from a soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), has been produced to target this pest. Bt cotton has been widely planted around the world, and this has resulted in efficient control of bollworm populations with reduced use of synthetic insecticides. However, evolution of resistance by this pest threatens the continued success of Bt cotton. To date, no field populations of bollworm have evolved significant levels of resistance; however, several laboratory-selected Cry-resistant strains of H. armigera have been obtained, which suggests that bollworm has the capacity to evolve resistance to Bt. The development of resistance to Bt is of great concern, and there is a vast body of research in this area aimed at ensuring the continued success of Bt cotton. Here, we review studies on the evolution of Bt resistance in H. armigera, focusing on the biochemical and molecular basis of Bt resistance. We also discuss resistance management strategies, and monitoring programs implemented in China, Australia, and India.     

转基因抗虫棉种植面积变化对花生田棉铃虫种群影响

【目的】棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是花生田主要害虫之一。转基因抗虫棉全面推广后,棉铃虫种群(包括棉田、花生田、玉米田)得到有效控制。近年,随着转基因抗虫棉种植面积逐年下降,花生田棉铃虫种群呈现逐年上升趋势。【方法】本文通过调查山东省花生主产区(非棉区)龙口、招远、莱阳、文登四个县级市花生田棉铃虫成虫、卵量、幼虫量等的发生情况,分析了棉铃虫发生面积及种群数量15年(2000—2014年)的变化规律,并重点分析了主要影响因素。【结果】结果表明:花生棉铃虫发生面积受棉花种植面积影响较大,二者呈显著负相关性;花生田棉铃虫累计诱蛾量总体呈下降趋势,但与棉花种植面积相关性不显著;棉铃虫卵量、虫量与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关性。【结论】所以,转基因抗虫棉种植面积减少是导致花生田棉铃虫种群数量上升的主要因素。另外,近年玉米田棉铃虫发生面积也呈逐年上升趋势,与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关。所以,随转基因抗虫棉种植面积的下降,若不采取有效措施,棉铃虫种群可能会出现大发生趋势。     

Helicoverpa zea and Bt cotton in the United States

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), the bollworm or corn earworm, is the most important lepidopteran pest of Bt cotton in the United States. Corn is the preferred host, but the insect feeds on most flowering crops and wild host plants. As a cotton pest, bollworm has been closely linked to the insecticide-resistance prone Heliothis virescens (F.), tobacco budworm. Immature stages of the two species are difficult to separate in field environments. Tobacco budworm is very susceptible to most Bt toxins, and Bt cotton is considered to be "high dose." Bollworm is less susceptible to Bt toxins, and Bt cotton is not "high dose" for this pest. Bt cotton is routinely sprayed with traditional insecticides for bollworm control. Assays of bollworm field populations for susceptibility to Bt toxins expressed in Bt cotton have produced variable results since pre-deployment of Bt cottons in 1988 and 1992. Analyses of assay response trends have been used by others to suggest that field resistance has evolved to Bt toxins in bollworm, but disagreement exists on definitions of field resistance and confidence of variable assay results to project changes in susceptibility of field populations. Given historical variability in bollworm response to Bt toxins, erratic field control requiring supplemental insecticides since early field testing of Bt cottons, and dramatic increases in corn acreage in cotton growing areas of the Southern US, continued vigilance and concern for resistance evolution are warranted.     

Early detection of field-evolved resistance to Bt cotton in China: cotton bollworm and pink bollworm

Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins kill some major insect pests, but pests can evolve resistance and thereby reduce the effectiveness of such Bt crops. The main approach for slowing pest adaptation to Bt crops uses non-Bt host plants as "refuges" to increase survival of susceptible pests. To delay evolution of pest resistance to cotton producing Bt toxin Cry1Ac, several countries have required refuges of non-Bt cotton, while farmers in China have relied on "natural" refuges of non-Bt host plants other than cotton. This strategy is designed for cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), which attacks many crops and is the primary target of Bt cotton in China, but it does not apply to pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), which feeds almost entirely on cotton in China. Here we review evidence of field-evolved resistance to Cry1Ac by cotton bollworm in northern China and by pink bollworm in the Yangtze River Valley of China. For both pests, results of laboratory diet bioassays reveal significantly decreased susceptibility of field populations to Cry1Ac, yet field control failures of Bt cotton have not been reported. The early detection of resistance summarized here may spur countermeasures such as planting Bt cotton that produces two or more distinct toxins, increased planting of non-Bt cotton, and integration of other management tactics together with Bt cotton.     

棉铃虫田间种群抗药性的生态学干扰和生化机制研究

从生态遗传学角度和抗性机制两个方面研究了作物布局和解毒酶系对棉铃虫高效氯氰菊酯抗药性的影响,通过田间采样,测定了姜堰,如皋,兴化3个地区的棉铃虫对高效氯氰菊酯的抗药性。结果表明,作物布局对棉铃虫菊酯抗性的发展具有明显的影响,寄主相对单一的棉花连片种植区（兴化）棉田棉铃虫对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性水平最高,是棉花春玉米混栽区（如皋）棉田棉铃虫抗药性的3．5倍,在邻近春玉米种植区的稻棉区（姜堰）,棉田棉铃虫的抗药性水平,是4－5km外玉米田棉铃虫的4．8倍,研究同时表明,四代棉铃虫的抗药性比3代棉铃虫的抗药性下降了2．3倍,棉铃虫离体解毒酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性测定表明,棉铃虫的羧酸酯酶,谷胱甘肽S－转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性与棉铃虫对高效氯氰菊酯的抗药性水平有显著的相关性,对姜堰南部棉田和如振戴庄棉田棉铃虫的活体增效试验表明,多功能氧化酶是抗性棉铃虫对高效氯氰菊酯重要的解毒酶系,增效醚可分别增效22．79倍和12．33倍,羧酸酯酶对抗性棉铃虫的解毒代谢也有部分贡献,磷酸三苯酯可分别增效4．41倍和3．70倍。     

棉铃虫种群适合度研究

本试验比较了我国各棉区棉铃虫Helicoverpa armzgcra(Hubner)种群幼虫期和蛹期发育速度与温度的关系,并模拟了长江流域种群和华北种群在北京地区的发育动态。研究结果表明在20℃～30℃温区内不同地理种群之间的发育速度无明显的感温分化现象,但在自然条件下长江流域种群和华北地区种群的蛹滞育动态则有显著的区别,如湖南衡阳种群和四川简阳种群50%蛹滞育的时间较北京种群晚30d和22d。对各地理种群发育动态、北京地区气候特点和滞育蛹越冬试验结果的综合分析表明,北京地区应为棉铃虫温带生态型生态区北界,棉铃虫亚热带生态型在华北气候环境下不能完成年生活史。