黄土高原景观格局与水土流失关系研究

采用DCCA排序法对黄土高原腹地泾河流域12个子流域的景观格局与流域水土流失关系进行了定量分析.结果表明,DCCA排序的前4轴分别与农业用地比率、景观多样性指数、森林比率显著相关.各子流域的水土流失特征具有明显的梯度变异.在森林比率占65%的三水河子流域,景观相对简单、多样性低,流域年径流量大、输沙小、含沙量低,径流相对稳定;随着森林比率减小,农业用地比率增大,景观多样性升高,产流系数增高,径流深度、输沙量和含沙量增大;在森林比率很低、农业用地53.41%的洪河子流域,景观格局复杂、多样性较高,河流含沙量高、输沙率大,月输沙和径流变异极大;在农业用地比率减小,其他景观类型比率增大,景观相对简单的环江上、下游子流域,输沙量和含沙量减小,但输沙和径流的年际变化极大.排序分析结果较清晰地解释了黄土高原典型地区水土流失特征沿景观梯度的变化规律.     

疏勒河中游土地利用与景观格局动态

利用1976年Landsat MSS、1989年Landsat TM、2000年Landsat ETM+和2010年TM遥感影像,运用GIS和景观生态学方法,分析了1976-2010年疏勒河中游玉门市土地利用/覆被和景观格局的变化.结果表明:1976-2010年间,玉门市土地利用类型转移的主要方向是草地和戈壁转化为耕地、耕地转化为建设用地、草地转化为戈壁;土地利用变化经历了“缓慢变化-急剧变化-显著变化”的过程,景观密度持续增大,最大斑块指数先增大后减小,面积加权形状指数增大,形状趋于不规则;斑块间的最邻近距离减小,景观逐渐向具有多种要素的密集格局演变,更加破碎;不同斑块间的分离度减小;景观的多样性和均匀度先减小后增加.农业人口增长和经济发展是研究区土地利用/覆被变化的最直接驱动力,气候和政策因素也是重要的影响因素.     

岷江上游不同景观结构小流域水量平衡的比较

研究了1988～2002年岷江上游两个小流域（镇江关流域和黑水河流域）不同景观结构（土地覆盖、海拔、坡度、斑块密度、最大斑块指数等）对水量平衡的影响.基于两个流域土地覆盖类型、1988～2002年多年平均降水量和蒸散量的空间分布、两个流域土地覆盖类型同期多年平均径流深度的数据,得到不同土地覆盖类型的海拔、坡度、坡向与降雨、蒸散、径流的关系.结果表明,两个流域有林地海拔、坡度、坡向的不同导致其降水、蒸散降水比、径流降水比各异;两个流域草地水量平衡对景观格局的响应模式与有林地基本一致;由于黑水河流域的耕地分布在干旱河谷中,其蒸散量远远大于降水量,耕地本身的景观结构（坡向、坡度,斑块密度）并不对其水量平衡产生影响,这一点与镇江关完全不同.     

西双版纳地区土地利用的空间分析

利用西双版纳地区2003年TM数据,对土地利用结构及土地利用与海拔、坡度、水系等自然地理要素相互关系的空间进行分析.结果表明,耕地、林地和草地是该地区土地利用的主体,其中林地面积13 420 km²,占研究区总面积的74%;草地面积3 251 km²,耕地面积2 332 km²,分别占13%和18%.林地、耕地和草地面积随海拔高度具有单峰变化的曲线特征,在海拔1 000～1 200 m处林地分布最多,耕地和草地面积达到峰值时的海拔约为900 m.受人为活动影响强的用地类型坡度指数较低,城乡建筑用地和耕地的坡度指数为5°和14°,人为活动影响较弱的林地草地坡度指数较高,分别为22°和20°.河谷内随缓冲距离增加,土地利用呈现规律性变化,耕地、城镇居民点、未利用地3种土地利用方式主要集中在河谷底部近水域处,远离河谷林地草地组分增加明显.西双版纳地区自然生态系统相对原生,具有林地为基质,河流为廊道,坝区、沟谷农业景观镶嵌分布的特点.     

浑河太子河流域景观变化及其驱动力

利用GIS、RS技术、景观生态学方法和Logistic回归方法,分析了浑河太子河流域1988-2004年景观变化及驱动力.结果表明:浑河太子河流域的主要景观类型为林地、灌木林、旱地和水田,研究区的景观格局在研究时间内发生了较大的变化,旱地、水田面积减少,而有林地、水域、农村居民点和城镇的面积增加,灌木林面积变化不大;在...     

河流生态廊道提取方法研究及其应用思路

随着交叉学科的发展和技术手段的进步,将河流及其周边生态环境视为整体的理念和研究逐渐受到重视,然而国内对河流生态廊道的研究较少。总结了河流生态廊道的基础理论和提取方法。河流生态廊道可以依据区域规划、通过实地观测等手段直接提取,也可以采用“源地识别-阻力面构建-廊道提取”的框架间接提取。对直接和间接提取方法进行了详细的总结并分析了他们的优势和劣势,发现间接提取方法更具实践意义,且应用的流域面积更大。根据间接提取方式的特点,提出白洋淀-大清河流域河流生态廊道提取的思路。结合区域流域协同治理理念,逐步形成以白洋淀为中心、向周边辐射的河流生态廊道,实现流域水质提升、生物多样性稳定等目标,全面提升生态环境质量。在河流生态廊道提取科学性提升和提取过程中廊道宽度优化等薄弱环节提出未来研究方向。     

伊河流域景观格局变化及其驱动机制

以伊河流域1987、2000、2008和2013年4期土地覆被数据、同期气象资料及社会经济数据为基础,综合运用景观生态学原理及ArcGIS 10.2、Fragstats 4.2和SPSS 17等工具,从不同时空尺度分析伊河流域景观格局变化及其驱动机制.结果表明: 1987—2013年,研究区景观空间结构发生明显改变,伊河流域的林地、草地、库塘和建设用地面积增加,耕地、河渠面积呈现“减少-增加-减少”的趋势;1987—2008年,耕地主要转换为建设用地,2008—2013年,耕地、林地和草地之间的转移明显;景观空间格局的变化主要集中在海拔550 m以下的河谷平川和丘陵地带,山地景观格局随人类活动影响的加深也开始发生变化.景观格局指数分析表明:耕地与林地的最大斑块指数和聚集度指数最大;1987—2013年,伊河流域的斑块个数持续快速增长,分离度、Shannon均匀度指数和Shannon多样性指数呈“增大-略有减小-增大”的趋势,说明景观格局趋于不稳定,景观异质性增强.社会经济发展与人口增加是耕地、未利用地等景观类型向建设用地转化的主要驱动力;气温上升与蒸散发量增加是流域水域面积变化的直接原因;政策是流域林地、草地等景观结构发生变化的根本原因.     

Land‐use change affects water recycling in Brazil's last agricultural frontier

Historically, conservation‐oriented research and policy in Brazil have focused on Amazon deforestation, but a majority of Brazil's deforestation and agricultural expansion has occurred in the neighboring Cerrado biome, a biodiversity hotspot comprised of dry forests, woodland savannas, and grasslands. Resilience of rainfed agriculture in both biomes likely depends on water recycling in undisturbed Cerrado vegetation; yet little is known about how changes in land‐use and land‐cover affect regional climate feedbacks in the Cerrado. We used remote sensing techniques to map land‐use change across the Cerrado from 2003 to 2013. During this period, cropland agriculture more than doubled in area from 1.2 to 2.5 million ha, with 74% of new croplands sourced from previously intact Cerrado vegetation. We find that these changes have decreased the amount of water recycled to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration (ET) each year. In 2013 alone, cropland areas recycled 14 km³ less (?3%) water than if the land cover had been native Cerrado vegetation. ET from single‐cropping systems (e.g., soybeans) is less than from natural vegetation in all years, except in the months of January and February, the height of the growing season. In double‐cropping systems (e.g., soybeans followed by corn), ET is similar to or greater than natural vegetation throughout a majority of the wet season (December–May). As intensification and extensification of agricultural production continue in the region, the impacts on the water cycle and opportunities for mitigation warrant consideration. For example, if an environmental goal is to minimize impacts on the water cycle, double cropping (intensification) might be emphasized over extensification to maintain a landscape that behaves more akin to the natural system.     

不同地貌条件下景观对河流水质的影响差异

景观对河流水质的影响在不同地区、不同空间尺度上存在差异。以赤水河流域为研究对象,根据地貌特征将研究区分为喀斯特地貌和非喀斯特地貌,在划分的29个子流域内采集测试水质数据,所选用的水质指标有溶解氧(DO)、电导率(EC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP),运用空间分析及数理统计方法,分析流域内不同地貌区景观之间的差异,探究不同空间尺度上景观与水质指标之间的关系。结果表明:(1)流域内景观组成以林地和灌草为主,建设用地和耕地次之,景观组成在不同地貌区各空间尺度上存在差异。建设用地和耕地对水质具有负面影响,且在碳酸盐岩地区更显著;林地对水质具有正面影响;灌草对水质的影响相对复杂。(2)流域内水质表现为碳酸盐岩地区优于碎屑岩地区。景观破碎化指数与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)呈正相关,是水质变化的重要影响因素;景观聚集度指数与溶解氧(DO)呈正相关;景观破碎化指数和景观聚集度指数与电导率(EC)的关系在两个地区呈相反的结果。(3)不同地貌区景观对河流水质具有不同程度的影响。在两个地区,景观组成对河流水质解释能力最大空间尺度均为河岸带尺度,解释率分别为53.4%和59.1%;景观格局对河流水质解释能力最大...     

甘肃永登县土地利用景观格局的空间尺度效应

依据“斑块-廊道-基质”模式,研究了甘肃省兰州市永登县景观格局的空间尺度效应.结果表明:草地为整个研究区景观结构的基质;廊道包括道路和河流;其余景观组分(耕地、林地、园地,住宅用地、工矿用地、公共管理与服务用地和其他土地)均为斑块.斑块类型水平指数与景观水平指数均表现出明显的空间幅度依赖性.不同景观组分的斑块类型指数的尺度效应在不同幅度区间存在差异性,景观水平指数的尺度效应在不同幅度区间也存在差异性.在1～20 km幅度区间,尺度效应的组分类型、指标类型之间差异最为明显;在21～90 km幅度区间,尺度效应的组分类型、指标类型之间差异较小;在>90 km幅度后,尺度效应消失.90 km×90 km为研究景观格局尺度依赖性的有效幅度.     

Ecohydrological characterisation of a degenerated valley peatland in Northern Germany for use in restoration

Present environmental policy aims to restore wetlands for multifunctional purposes and requires quantitative information on the spatially interrelated biohydrochemical processes which allow wetlands to regulate water- and nutrient flow on different scales. For this purpose, this study presents an ecohydrological system analysis as a basis for a future management concept of the Eider valley peatland. This study combines field data with existing knowledge to set up different modelling techniques to study hydrological processes and nitrogen transformations. The Eider valley of northern Germany is a riverine freshwater wetland of 150 ha. Mire genesis was dominated first by river water inflow from the upstream catchment area, and in a later successional stage by groundwater inflow at the mire margins. Drainage, land use intensification and river regulation have resulted in severe degeneration of the peatland. Altering of the water flow patterns led to the mobilisation of nutrients and resulted in eutrophication of the sites. Abandonment of the mown or grazed sites led to the establishment of species poor Urtica dioica stands. The scenario calculations of the nitrogen budget of the peatland with a process oriented nitrogen model indicate that a water level increase of 30 cm is not sufficient to reduce peat loss due to oxidation. On the basis of the system analysis, restoration prospects for the Eider valley peatland are discussed where the historical subsurface flow pattern can be a long term restoration goal. Due to irreversible changes in peat hydraulic conductivities combined with subsidence, it is only possible to restore surface flow on top of the peat. Raising river water level will result in a shallow lake system. The limnic stage is a draw-back in the genesis of the valley, but necessary for the restoration of wetlands as self-evolving landscape entities.     

基于视觉廊道的青藏铁路沿线旅游动态景观评价

青藏铁路作为一种重要的"线性"廊道,不仅起着重要的区域连接作用,促进着区域经济和社会发展,还具有旅游观光和体验的功能。基于游客视角对青藏铁路沿线10个自然景观段进行了青藏铁路沿线旅游动态景观评价研究。详细界定了铁路沿线动态景观评价的对象,构建了"游客眼"——青藏铁路沿线动态景观评价模型。动态景观评价是基于旅游列车在行进过程中以旅游者的眼睛感受到的景观质量高低——景观基底(包括地貌景观多样性、动植物点缀度、人文景观丰富度等),在列车行进过程中哪些景观能被游客捕捉到受到景观视域(包括相对坡度、景观在视域内出现几率、距离的远近等)的制约,哪些景观能被游客留下深刻印象要受到景观美感(包括色彩、奇异罕见景观、水体配置等)的影响。搭建了青藏铁路沿线旅游动态景观评价指标体系,青藏铁路沿线旅游动态景观评价指标体系包括沿线景观基底指标、景观视域评价指标和景观动态美感指标3个类指标和9个基础指标,动态景观评价指标的选择和权重确定主要采用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,简称AHP),动态景观评价主要是基于模糊综合评判方法。通过对青藏铁路沿线10个自然景观段的各指标量化打分以及计算,结果发现:青藏铁路沿线不同景观带给游客的感受差异很大,10个旅游景观段的景观质量从高到低排序为:念青唐古拉宽谷盆地高寒草原草甸景观段、昆仑高山荒漠与荒漠草原景观段、可可西里—长江源宽谷高寒草原景观段、唐古拉极高山高寒草甸景观段、青海湖盆地草甸草原景观段、怒江源宽谷高寒草甸景观段、拉萨河谷灌丛草原景观段、柴达木盆地东北亚高山荒漠草原景观段、湟水谷地温性草原景观段、柴达木盆地盐湖戈壁荒漠景观段。其中旅游动态景观质量极高的有1个,旅游动态景观质量较高的有6个,旅游动态景观质量一般的有2个,旅游动态景观质量低的有1个。客观评估青藏铁路沿线各景观段的景观,有助于游客预知和了解青藏铁路途中旅游景观质量,对于地方相关部门指导青藏铁路旅游业的发展和景观管理、打造、开发、决策提供了参考依据。     

三工河流域荒漠绿洲植被动态及其成因分析

以三工河流域为例,讨论了植被动态及其地貌、水资源利用、河流廊道和排碱渠等景观要素的变化对植被产生的影响.结果表明,随着景观格局的变化,流域内的植丛高度、盖度及生物量均表现出较大变异性.以河流廊道为核心,通常荒漠绿洲景观格局呈带状分布,且由内向外随水热条件的改变,植被类型由乔灌木林依次向灌丛草甸、盐化草甸、荒漠化草甸和荒漠层次结构过渡.人类活动影响强烈的景观要素,其斑块多样性、破碎度、分离度和斑块密度等指数值较高,而人类活动影响较小的,其优势度和均匀度较高.各景观要素的稳定性不同,其大小顺序为:荒漠>沙砾石地>城镇用地>水体>农田>牧草地>菜地>林地>居民点>盐碱地>荒草地>水浇地>果园.梭梭群落的净生长量高峰值出现在8月,而博乐蒿、琵琶柴群落的净生长量高峰值出现时间各年度不同.博乐蒿群落与海拔相关系数最大,而琵琶柴群落则与土壤水含量、地下水位关系密切,梭梭群落与4～9月降雨量相关系数最大.     

Land Use/Cover Change in the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin over 2000-2011 and Its Implications for Sustainable Water Resource Management

The Heihe River Basin (HRB) is a typical arid inland river basin in northwestern China. From the 1960s to the 1990s, the downstream flow in the HRB declined as a result of large, artificial changes in the distribution of water and land and a lack of effective water resource management. Consequently, the ecosystems of the lower reaches of the basin substantially deteriorated. To restore these degraded ecosystems, the Ecological Water Diversion Project (EWDP) was initiated by the Chinese government in 2000. The project led to agricultural and ecological changes in the middle reaches of the basin. In this study, we present three datasets of land use/cover in the middle reaches of the HRB derived from Landsat TM/ETM+ images in 2000, 2007 and 2011. We used these data to investigate changes in land use/cover between 2000 and 2011 and the implications for sustainable water resource management. The results show that the most significant land use/cover change in the middle reaches of the HRB was the continuous expansion of farmland for economic interests. From 2000 to 2011, the farmland area increased by 12.01%. The farmland expansion increased the water resource stress; thus, groundwater was over-extracted and the ecosystem was degraded in particular areas. Both consequences are negative and potentially threaten the sustainability of the middle reaches of the HRB and the entire river basin. Local governments should therefore improve the management of water resources, particularly groundwater management, and should strictly control farmland reclamation. Then, water resources could be ecologically and socioeconomically sustained, and the balance between upstream and downstream water demands could be ensured. The results of this study can also serve as a reference for the sustainable management of water resources in other arid inland river basins.     

Habitat percolation transition undermines sustainability in social-ecological agricultural systems

Steady increases in human population size and resource consumption are driving rampant agricultural expansion and intensification. Habitat loss caused by agriculture puts the integrity of ecosystems at risk and threatens the persistence of human societies that rely on ecosystem services. We develop a spatially explicit model describing the coupled dynamics of an agricultural landscape and human population size to assess the effect of different land-use management strategies, defined by agricultural clustering and intensification, on the sustainability of the social-ecological system. We show how agricultural expansion can cause natural habitats to undergo a percolation transition leading to abrupt habitat fragmentation that feedbacks on human's decision making, aggravating landscape degradation. We found that agricultural intensification to spare land from conversion is a successful strategy only in highly natural landscapes, and that clustering agricultural land is the most effective measure to preserve large connected natural fragments, prevent severe fragmentation and thus, enhance sustainability.     

雅鲁藏布江流域NDVI变化与风沙化土地演变的耦合关系

运用1982-2010年的两种NDVI数据集（Pathfinder AVHRR和SPOT VEGETATION）,以及1975、1990、2000和2008年4期遥感数据,通过GIS技术、人工目视解译和灰色关联分析方法,研究了雅鲁藏布江流域NDVI变化和风沙化土地演变的耦合关系,结合1957-2007年降水和气温逐日气象资料,探讨了气候变化对其耦合关系的影响。结果表明：（1）流域内1982-2010年NDVI的年际变化总体上呈波动式增长的趋势。NDVI空间分布呈现由下游向中上游逐渐降低的趋势,以米林宽谷最大、马泉河宽谷最小。（2）2008年流域内共有风沙化土地273 697.54hm²,呈现由江源区马泉河宽谷向中下游递减的趋势。1975-2008年流域内风沙化土地呈缓慢增长趋势,以1990-1999年增长率最高,2000-2008年的增长率最小。（3）对于NDVI年变化和植被生长季（7-9月份）的变化,马泉河宽谷受平均气温的影响最大,日喀则宽谷和山南宽谷受年降水量的影响最大;米林宽谷NDVI的年变化受风沙化土地扩展的影响最大,植被生长季变化受年降水量的影响最大。（4）不同宽谷段NDVI与风沙化土地年变化的关联度自下游向中上游呈总体减小的趋势。流域尺度NDVI植被生长季变化主要受平均气温和年降水量的影响,非植被生长季（10月-翌年6月）变化主要受风沙化土地扩展的影响。     

1930—2010年额济纳三角洲土地利用景观格局变化

干旱区内陆河流域下游的土地利用、景观格局对水资源调配具有重要意义.本文基于1930、1961、1990、2000、2010年土地利用数据,分析黑河流域下游额济纳三角洲土地利用和景观格局的变化.结果表明: 2010年,研究区沙漠化土地面积占总面积的73.4%,其次是草地,占20.8%.1930—2010年,土地利用变化最明显的特征是草地、农田和建设用地增加;各土地类型间转化突出表现为农田和建设用地的转入;土地利用景观破碎度和多样性增加,优势度降低,且具有明显水源依赖性和地域性差异;土地利用变化使景观趋于均匀、多样、破碎.基于其驱动因素及生态环境效应的探讨,针对人-水-生态协调问题,提出“有计划生态移民、限制农田面积、发展集约式精准农业、增加生态用水比例”的建议.     

The influence of catchment land use on stream integrity across multiple spatial scales

1. Despite wide recognition of the need for catchment-scale management to ensure the integrity of river ecosystems, the science and policy basis for joint management of land and water remains poorly understood. An interdisciplinary case study of a river basin in south-eastern Michigan is presented. 2. The River Raisin drains an area of 2776 km², of which some 70% is agricultural land. The upper basin consists of till and outwash, and both topography and land use/cover are diverse. The lower basin consists of fine textured lake deposits, is of low relief, and land use is primarily agricultural. 3. The River Raisin basin historically was a region of oak-savannah and wetlands. It was deforested, drained and converted to farmland during the mid-nineteenth century. Human population reached a plateau at about 1880, and then underwent a second period of growth after 1950, mainly in small urban areas. More recently, the amount of agricultural land has declined and forested land has increased, in accord with a general decline in farming activity. 4. It could be suggested that the influence of land use on stream integrity is scale-dependent. Instream habitat structure and organic matter inputs are determined primarily by local conditions such as vegetative cover at a site, whereas nutrient supply, sediment delivery, hydrology and channel characteristics are influenced by regional conditions, including landscape features and land use/cover at some distance upstream and lateral to stream sites. 5. Sediment concentrations measured during low flows were higher in areas of greater agriculture. In a comparison of two subcatchments, sediment yields were up to ten times greater in the more agricultural location, in response to similar storm events. A distributed parameter model linked to a geographical information system predicted that an increase in forested land cover would result in dramatic declines in runoff and sediment and nutrient yields. 6. Habitat quality and biotic integrity varied widely among individual stream sites in accord with patterns in land use/cover. Extent of agricultural land at the subcatchment scale was the best single predictor of local stream conditions. Local riparian vegetation was uncorrelated with overall land use and was a weak secondary predictor of habitat quality and biotic integrity. 7. Investigation of the regulatory agencies involved in land and water management in the basin revealed a complex web of overlapping political jurisdictions. Most land-use decision-making occurs at the local level of township, city or village. Unfortunately, local decision-making bodies typically lack the information and jurisdictional authority to influence up- and downstream events.     

滦河流域景观格局变化对水沙过程的影响

以滦河流域为研究区域,基于SWAT模型模拟1976—2012年滦河流域的水沙过程,分析2000年京津风沙源治理项目实施前后流域产水产沙时空格局变化;研究1980—2010年流域景观格局变化特征,揭示景观格局变化的水沙响应;应用Spearman相关分析法分析流域景观格局变化对水沙过程的影响。结果表明:与20世纪80年代相比,2010年流域林地和建设用地增加,其他用地类型减小;流域景观集中程度提高、连通性变优、优势斑块显著、形状趋于规则、多样性减少、破碎化程度降低、景观类型向非均衡方向发展;流域年均地表径流减少9mm,产水量增加5.44mm,产沙减小1.59t/hm~2;地表径流减少区域占全流域89.32%,产水量增加区域占76.71%,产沙量减少区域占93.89%;地表径流、产水、产沙与林地面积呈负相关,产水与草地面积呈正相关,地表径流、产沙与农业用地面积呈正相关;地表径流、产水、产沙与景观形状、Shannon′s均匀度、景观分离度呈正相关,与蔓延度、最大斑块指数呈负相关;产水、产沙与斑块密度和Shannon′s多样性指数呈正相关;工程治理后,流域年均径流量与产沙量显著下降,产水产沙高值区显著缩小,产沙关键区域仍需治理。