Influence of electromagnetic radiation on molecular solitons

The soliton model of charge and energy transport in biological macromolecules is used to suggest one of the possible mechanisms for electromagnetic radiation influence on biological systems. The influence of the electromagnetic field (EMF) on molecular solitons is studied both analytically and numerically. Numerical simulations prove the stability of solitons for fields of large amplitude, and allow the study of emission of phonons. It is shown that in the spectra of biological effects of radiation there are two characteristic frequencies of EMFs, one of which is connected with the most intensive energy absorption and emission of sound waves by the soliton, and the other of which is connected with the soliton photodissociation into a delocalized state.     

Resonance Effects of Microwaves are Caused by their Interaction with Solitons in A-Helical Proteins

The frequency-dependent, resonance-type biological effects of electromagnetic radiation on a-helical protein macromolecules were treated in terms of Davydov soliton (DS) theory. We studied DS over the temperature range from 0 to 350 K. An important characteristic of the autolocalized state is the bond energy, which defines the soliton stability. As the DSs are stable, only a small probability exists of their energy dissipation into heat providing for the high efficiency of energy and charge transduction in bio-systems. However, under the influence of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), the DS decay (photodissociation) probability increases. This approach allows for the qualitative explanation of the resonant effects of low-intensity microwaves on living organisms found in a number of experiments. The dependence of resonance frequency on temperature was obtained this way. The direct charge transfer along the protein molecule may result from the capture of an extra electron by the moving acoustic soliton (electrosoliton). Decay of the electrosoliton under the influence of EMR (photodisintegration) is also examined.     

Nonlinear mechanism for weak photon emission from biosystems

The nonlinear mechanism for the origin of the weak biophoton emission from biological systems is suggested. The mechanism is based on the properties of solitons that provide energy transfer and charge transport in metabolic processes. Such soliton states are formed in alpha-helical proteins. Account of the electron-phonon interaction in macromolecules results in the self-trapping of electrons in a localized soliton-like state, known as Davydov's solitons. The important role of the helical symmetry of macromolecules is elucidated for the formation, stability and dynamical properties of solitons. It is shown that the soliton with the lowest energy has an inner structure with the many-hump envelope. The total probability of the excitation in the helix is characterized by interspine oscillations with the frequency of oscillations, proportional to the soliton velocity. The radiative life-time of a soliton is calculated and shown to exceed the life-time of an excitation on an isolated peptide group by several orders of magnitude.     

The properties of bio-energy transport and influence of structure nonuniformity and temperature of systems on energy transport along polypeptide chains

A new theory of bio-energy transport along protein molecules in living systems, where the energy is released by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is proposed based on some physical and biological reasons. In the new theory, the Davydov's Hamiltonian and wave function of the systems are simultaneously modified and extended. A new interaction has been added into Davydov's Hamiltonian. The wave function of the excitation state of single particles for the excitons in the Davydov model is replaced by a new wave function of two-quanta quasicoherent state. In such a case, the bio-energy is transported by the new soliton, which differs from the Davydov's soliton. The soliton is formed through self- trapping of two excitons interacting amino acid residues. The exciton is generated by vibrations of amide-I (CO stretching) arising from the energy of hydrolysis of ATP. The properties of the new soliton are extensively studied by analytical method and its lifetime is calculated using the nonlinear quantum perturbation theory and a wide ranges of parameter values relevant to protein molecules. The lifetime of the new soliton at the biological temperature 300 K is enough large and belongs to the order of 10?1? s, or τ/τ?≥700, in which the soliton can transports over several hundreds amino acid residues. These studied results show clearly that the new soliton is thermally stable and has so larger lifetime that it can play an important role in biological processes. Thus the new model is a candidate of the bio-energy transport mechanism in protein molecules. In the meanwhile, the influences of structure nonuniformity in protein molecules and temperature of the systems on the states and properties of the soliton transport of bio-energy are numerically simulated and studied by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The structure nonuniformity arises from the disorder distributions of masses of amino acid residues, side groups and impurities, which results also in the fluctuations of the spring constant of protein molecules, dipole-dipole interaction between the neighboring amides, exciton-phonon (vibration of amino acids)interaction, chain-chain interaction among the three channels and ground state energy of the systems. We investigated the behaviors and states of the new solitons in a single protein molecular chain and α-Helix protein molecules with three channels under influences of the structure nonuniformity. We prove first that the bio-energy is transported by a soliton, which can move without dispersion, retaining its shape, velocity and energy in a uniform and periodic protein molecule. When the structure nonuniformity exists, although the fluctuations of the spring constant, dipole-dipole interaction constant, exciton-phonon coupling constant and ground state energy and the nonuniformity distributions of masses of amino acid residues can change the states and properties of motion of new soliton, they are still quite stable and very robust against these structure nonuniformities, i.e., even there are a larger structure nonuniformity in the protein molecules, the new solitons cannot be still dispersed. If the effects of thermal perturbation of medium on the soliton in nonuniform proteins is considered again, the new soliton can transport also over a larger spacing of 400 amino acids and has a longer time period of 300 ps, it is still thermally stable up to 320 K under the influence of the above structure nonuniformities. However, the new soliton disperses in the case of a higher temperature of 325 K and in more large structure nonuniformity. Thus, we determine that the new soliton's lifetime and critical temperature are 300 ps and 320 K, respectively. These results are also consistent with analytical data obtained via quantum perturbed theory. For α-Helix protein molecules with three channels, the results obtained show that the structure nonuniformity and quantum fluctuation can change the states and features of the new solitons, for example, the amplitudes, energies and velocities of the new soliton are decreased, but the solitons have been not destroyed, they can still transport steadily along the molecular chains retaining energy and momentum. When the quantum fluctuations are larger, such as, structure disorders and quantum fluctuations of 0.67<α(K)<2, ΔW=±8%Wˉ, ΔJ=±1%Jˉ, Δ(χ?+χ?)=±3%(χˉ?+χˉ?) and ΔL=±1%Lˉ and Δ??=?|β(n)|, ?=0.1 meV, |β(n)|<0.5, the new soliton is still stable. Therefore, the new solitons are quite robust against these nonuniform effects. However, they will be dispersed or disrupted in cases of very large structure nonuniformity. When the influence of temperature on solitons is considered, we find that the new solitons can transport steadily over 333 amino acid residues in the case of a long time period of 120 ps, in which the soliton can retain its shape and energy to travel forward along protein molecules after their mutual collision at the biological temperature of 300 K. However, the soliton disperses in cases of higher temperatures 325 K under action of a larger structure disorder. Thus, its critical temperature is about 320 K. When the effects of structure nonuniformity and temperature are considered simultaneously, then the new soliton has still high thermal stability and can transport also along the protein molecular chains retaining its amplitude, energy and velocity, they will disperses in the larger fluctuations, for example, 0.67 Mˉ相似文献   

Slow electromagnetic solitons in electron-ion plasmas

A set of nonlinear differential equations that describe moving relativistic solitons is investigated analytically and solved numerically. The influence of the ion motion on the soliton structure is investigated. It is demonstrated that, depending on the propagation velocity, relativistic solitary waves can occur in the form of bright solitons, dark solitons, or collisionless electromagnetic shock waves. In the limit of a low propagation velocity, a dark soliton can trap the ions and accelerate them. In the case of a bright soliton, the effects of ion dynamics limit the soliton amplitude. The constraint on the maximum amplitude is related to either the breaking of ion motion or the intersection of electron trajectories. The soliton breaking provides a new mechanism for ion and electron acceleration in the interaction of high-intensity laser pulses with plasmas.     

Thermodynamic properties of bulk knitted structures

The mechanism of interaction of an external magnetic field with liquid was proposed. The statistical integral and configurational contributions for a free energy, entropy and specific heat for the soliton model of bulk knitted structures in a magnetic field were calculated. It was shown that the concentration of solitons depends on the effect of external fields. In the specific case of bulk knitted structures (liquid water without magnetic field), the theoretical data are consistent with experimental. The memory effects in systems with hydrogen bonds in magnetic field was explained in the framework of the continuum soliton concept.     

Nonlinearity,coherence and complexity: Biophysical aspects related to health and disease

Biological organisms are complex open dissipative systems whose dynamical stability is sustained due to the exchange of matter, energy and information. Dynamical stability occurs through a number of mechanisms that sustain efficient adaptive dynamics. Such properties of living matter can be the consequence of a self-consistent state of matter and electromagnetic field (EMF). Based on the soliton model of charge transport in redox processes, we describe a possible mechanism of the origin of endogenous EMF and coherence. Solitons are formed in polypeptides due to electron–lattice interaction. Solitons experience periodical potential barrier, as a result of which their velocity oscillates in time, and, hence, they emit electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Under the effect of such radiation from all other solitons, the synchronization of their dynamics takes place, which significantly increases the intensity of the general EMF. The complex structure of biological molecules, such as helical structure, is not only important for “structure-function” relations, but also the source of the stability of biophysical processes, e.g. effectiveness of energy and charge transport on macroscopic distances. Such a complex structure also provides the framework for the spatiotemporal structure of the endogenous EMF. The highly hierarchical organization of living organisms is a manifestation of their complexity, even at the level of simple unicellular organisms. This complexity increases the dynamical stability of open systems and enhances the possibility of information storage and processing. Our findings provide a qualitative overview of a possible biophysical mechanism that supports health and disease adaptive dynamics.     

Solitary fast magnetosonic waves propagating obliquely to the magnetic field in cold collisionless plasma

Solutions describing solitary fast magnetosonic (FMS) waves (FMS solitons) in cold magnetized plasma are obtained by numerically solving two-fluid hydrodynamic equations. The parameter domain within which steady-state solitary waves can propagate is determined. It is established that the Mach number for rarefaction FMS solitons is always less than unity. The restriction on the propagation velocity leads to the limitation on the amplitudes of the magnetic field components of rarefaction solitons. It is shown that, as the soliton propagates in plasma, the transverse component of its magnetic field rotates and makes a complete turn around the axis along which the soliton propagates.     

Model analysis of nonlinear modification of neutrophil calcium homeostasis under the influence of modulated electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequencies

The problem of resonance effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on biological objects remained unsolved till now. Previously we demonstrated that low-intensity amplitude-modulated EMR of extremely high frequencies (EHF) modified the activity of mouse neutrophils in the synergistic reaction of calcium ionophore A23187 and phorbol ester PMA. The EHF EMR influence on the neutrophils was significant at the carrier frequencies of radiation within a narrow range of 41.8–42.05 GHz and at the modulation frequency of 1 Hz. The purpose of the work was the analysis of frequency-dependent modification of intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) by modulated EHF EMR on the basis of a special model for [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations in the neutrophils. The calcium channels of plasma membrane were chosen as the action target of external modulation in the model. The computer simulation demonstrated the rise in [Ca²⁺]_i at the influence of the external field with a threshold dependence on the modulation amplitude. The effect depended heavily on a sequence of delivery of the chemical and electromagnetic stimuli. The narrow-band rise in [Ca²⁺]_i had a phase-frequency dependence. With the modulation amplitudes exceeding the threshold value, the rise in [Ca²⁺]_i of more than 50% of the initial level was observed at the frequency of about 1 Hz and in the phase range of 0.3–2.5 radians. The results of the model analysis are in good correspondence with the experimental data obtained before, namely, with the resonance modification of the neutrophil activity at the modulation frequency of 1 Hz and with the presence of the effect only at high concentrations of calcium ionophore.     

Short-duration exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation alters the chlorophyll fluorescence of duckweeds (Lemna minor)

Plants growing in natural environments are exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitted by various communication network base stations. The environmental concentration of this radiation is increasing rapidly with the congested deployment of base stations. Although numerous scientific studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of EMR on the physiology of humans and animals, there have been few attempts to investigate the effects of EMR on plants. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the effects of EMR on photosynthesis by investigating the chlorophyll fluorescence (ChF) parameters of duckweed fronds. During the experiment, the fronds were tested with 2, 2.5, 3.5, 5.5 and 8?GHz EMR frequencies, which are not widely studied even though there is a potentially large concentration of these frequencies in the environment. The duckweed fronds were exposed to EMR for 30?min, 1?h and 24?h durations with electric field strength of 45–50?V/m for each frequency. The results indicated that exposure to EMR causes a change in the non-photochemical quenching of the duckweeds. The changes varied with the frequency of the EMR and were time-varying within a particular frequency. The temperature remained unchanged in the duckweed fronds upon exposure to EMR, which confirms that the effect is non-thermal.     

Ion-acoustic soliton in a plasma with finite-temperature ions

The influence of the ion temperature on the properties of ion-acoustic solitons is considered. The critical parameters, the role of reflected ions, and the soliton profile are analyzed. The soliton evolution is studied using numerical simulations. The stability of stationary solutions is demonstrated. The results obtained are compared with the Korteweg-de Vries soliton and available experimental data.     

A study of absorption of energy of the extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation in the rat skin by various dosimetric methods and approaches

Using experimental and theoretical methods of dosimetry, the energy absorption of extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) in the skin of laboratory rats was analyzed. Specific absorption rate (SAR) in the skin was determined on the basis of both microthermometric measurements of initial rates of temperature rise in rat skin induced by the exposure and microcalorimetric measurements of specific heat of the skin. Theoretical calculations of SAR in the skin were performed with consideration for dielectric parameters of rat skin obtained from the measurements of the standing wave ratio upon reflection of electromagnetic waves from the skin surface and for the effective area of stationary overheating measured by infrared thermography. A numerical method was developed to determine electromagnetic wave energy reflected, absorbed, and transmitted in the model of flat layers. The algorithm of the method was realized in a computer program and used to calculate SAR in the skin on the basis of the complex dielectric constant of rat skin. The SAR values obtained from experimental measurements, theoretical calculations and numerical analysis are in good mutual correspondence and make about 220-280 W/kg at a frequency of 42.25 GHz and a power of 20 mW at the radiator output. The results obtained can be used for dosimetric supply of biomedical experiments on studying the physicochemical mechanisms of the biological effects of EHF EMR.     

Features of anti‐inflammatory effects of modulated extremely high‐frequency electromagnetic radiation

Using a model of acute zymosan‐induced paw edema in NMRI mice, we test the hypothesis that anti‐inflammatory effects of extremely high‐frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) can be essentially modified by application of pulse modulation with certain frequencies. It has been revealed that a single exposure of animals to continuous EHF EMR for 20 min reduced the exudative edema of inflamed paw on average by 19% at intensities of 0.1–0.7 mW/cm² and frequencies from the range of 42.2–42.6 GHz. At fixed effective carrier frequency of 42.2 GHz, the anti‐inflammatory effect of EHF EMR did not depend on modulation frequencies, that is, application of different modulation frequencies from the range of 0.03–100 Hz did not lead to considerable changes in the effect level. On the contrary, at “ineffective” carrier frequencies of 43.0 and 61.22 GHz, the use of modulation frequencies of 0.07–0.1 and 20–30 Hz has allowed us to restore the effect up to a maximal level. The results obtained show the critical dependence of anti‐inflammatory action of low‐intensity EHF EMR on carrier and modulation frequencies. Within the framework of this study, the possibility of changing the level of expected biological effect of modulated EMR by a special selection of combination of carrier and modulation frequencies is confirmed. Bioelectromagnetics 30:454–461, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Biological and ecological aspects of the effects combined electromagnetic rays on farm animals

The study of a biological effect of ultraviolet, ultrahigh frequency and gamma-radiation, as well as combinations of these, on the functional status of the sheep body systems has made it possible to evaluate the sensitivity of a body exposed to these factors and its adaptive potentials. The pattern of variations in the body systems when a combined EMR is applied depends on to which extent one or another factor dominates the others. It is however possible that the effect of the leading factor is modified by that of a less severe radiation, energy characteristics of which differ from those of the dominating factor.     

The nature of phonons and solitary waves in alpha-helical proteins.

A parametric study of the Davydov model of energy transduction in alpha-helical proteins is described. Previous investigations have shown that the Davydov model predicts that nonlinear interactions between phonons and amide-I excitations can stabilize the latter and produce a long-lived combined excitation (the so-called Davydov soliton), which propagates along the helix. The dynamics of this solitary wave are approximately those of solitons described using the nonlinear Schr?dinger equation. The present study extends these previous investigations by analyzing the effect of helix length and nonlinear coupling efficiency on the phonon spectrum in short and medium length alpha-helical segments. The phonon energy accompanying amide-I excitation shows periodic variation in time with fluctuations that follow three different time scales. The phonon spectrum is highly dependent upon chain length but a majority of the energy remains localized in normal mode vibrations even in the long chain alpha-helices. Variation of the phonon-exciton coupling coefficient changes the amplitudes but not the frequencies of the phonon spectrum. The computed spectra contain frequencies ranging from 200 GHz to 6 THz, and as the chain length is increased, the long period oscillations increase in amplitude. The most important prediction of this study, however, is that the dynamics predicted by the numerical calculations have more in common with dynamics described by using the Frohlich polaron model than by using the Davydov soliton. Accordingly, the relevance of the Davydov soliton model was applied to energy transduction in alpha-helical proteins is questionable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The lifetime of molecular (Davydov) solitons

The lifetime of Davydov solitons in a one-dimensional system is studied theoretically. The process of thermalization and the properties of solitons at finite temperature are investigated and the processes of soliton creation and disintegration are discussed.     

Bio-soliton model that predicts non-thermal electromagnetic frequency bands,that either stabilize or destabilize living cells

Solitons, as self-reinforcing solitary waves, interact with complex biological phenomena such as cellular self-organization. A soliton model is able to describe a spectrum of electromagnetism modalities that can be applied to understand the physical principles of biological effects in living cells, as caused by endogenous and exogenous electromagnetic fields and is compatible with quantum coherence. A bio-soliton model is proposed, that enables to predict which eigen-frequencies of non-thermal electromagnetic waves are life-sustaining and which are, in contrast, detrimental for living cells. The particular effects are exerted by a range of electromagnetic wave eigen-frequencies of one-tenth of a Hertz till Peta Hertz that show a pattern of 12 bands, and can be positioned on an acoustic reference frequency scale. The model was substantiated by a meta-analysis of 240 published articles of biological electromagnetic experiments, in which a spectrum of non-thermal electromagnetic waves were exposed to living cells and intact organisms. These data support the concept of coherent quantized electromagnetic states in living organisms and the theories of Fröhlich, Davydov and Pang. It is envisioned that a rational control of shape by soliton-waves and related to a morphogenetic field and parametric resonance provides positional information and cues to regulate organism-wide systems properties like anatomy, control of reproduction and repair.     

Air‐core fiber or photonic‐crystal rod,which is more suitable for energetic femtosecond pulse generation and three‐photon microscopy at the 1700‐nm window?

Energetic femtosecond pulses at the 1700‐nm window are a prerequisite for deep‐tissue three‐photon microscopy (3PM). Soliton self‐frequency shift (SSFS) in photonic‐crystal (PC) rod has been the only technique to generate such pulses suitable for 3PM. Here we demonstrate through SSFS in an air‐core fiber, we can generate most energetic femtosecond soliton pulses at the 1700‐nm window, 5.2 times higher than that from PC rod. However, the air‐core soliton pulse width is 5.9 times longer than that of PC rod soliton. Based on comparative 3PM excited with both air‐core and PC rod solitons, we propose the more suitable source for 3PM. We further elucidate the challenge of generating shorter soliton pulses from air‐core fibers through numerical simulation.     

Hydrogen peroxide induced by modulated electromagnetic radiation protects the cells from DNA damage

It is believed that non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and low-level hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) may change nonspecific resistance and modify DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation. To check this assumption, the combined effects of extremely high-frequency EMR (EHF EMR) and X-rays on induction of DNA damage in mouse whole blood leukocytes were studied. The cells were exposed to X-rays with or without preliminary treatment with EHF EMR or low-level H₂O₂. With the use of enhanced chemiluminescence, it was shown for the first time that pulse-modulated EHF EMR (42.2 GHz, incident power density of 0.1 mW/cm², exposure duration of 20 min, modulation frequency of 1 Hz) induced H₂O₂ at a concentration of 4.6 ± 0.3 nM L^?1 in physiological saline. With the use of an alkaline comet assay, it was found that the exposure of cells to the pulse-modulated EHF EMR, 25 min prior to treatment with X-rays at a dose of 4 Gy reduced the level of ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. Continuous EHF EMR was inefficient. In turn, it was shown that low-level H₂O₂ (30–500 nM L^?1) protected the cells against X-irradiation. Thus, the mechanisms of radiation protective effect of EHF EMR are connected with the induction of the adaptive response by nanomolar concentrations of reactive oxygen species formed by pulse-modulated EHF EMR.     

Energy transport mechanism in the form of proton soliton in a one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded polypeptide chain

The dynamics of protons in a one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded (HB) polypeptide chain (PC) is investigated theoretically. A new Hamiltonian is formulated with the inclusion of higher-order molecular interactions between peptide groups (PGs). The wave function of the excitation state of a single particle is replaced by a new wave function of a two-quanta quasi-coherent state. The dynamics is governed by a higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation and the energy transport is performed by the proton soliton. A nonlinear multiple-scale perturbation analysis has been performed and the evolution of soliton parameters such as velocity and amplitude is explored numerically. The proton soliton is thermally stable and very robust against these perturbations. The energy transport by the proton soliton is more appropriate to understand the mechanism of energy transfer in biological processes such as muscle contraction, DNA replication, and neuro-electric pulse transfer on biomembranes.