Parametric excitation of surface waves at the boundary between a magnetized plasma and a metal

A study is made of the parametric excitation of potential surface waves propagating in a planar plasma-metal waveguide structure in a magnetic field perpendicular to the plasma-metal boundary. An external, spatially uniform, alternating electric field at the second harmonic of the excited wave is used as the source of parametric excitation. A set of equations is derived that describes the excitation of surface waves due to the onset of decay instability. Expressions for the growth rates in the linear stage of instability are obtained, and the threshold amplitudes of the external electric field above which the parametric instability can occur are found. Analytic expressions for the saturation amplitudes are derived with allowance for the self-interaction of each of the excited waves and the interaction between them. The effect of the plasma parameters and the strength of the external magnetic field on the saturation amplitude, growth rates, and the threshold amplitudes of the pump electric field are analyzed.     

Resonant excitation of the magnetosphere by stochastic and unsteady hydromagnetic waves

The effect of the magnetospheric MHD cavity on the excitation of the magnetosphere by stochastic and unsteady hydromagnetic waves incident from the solar wind is investigated theoretically by using a one-dimensional nonuniform model of the medium. It is shown that most of the energy of stochastic waves is reflected from the magnetopause and that the only waves that penetrate into the magnetosphere are those with frequencies in narrow spectral ranges near the eigenfrequencies of the cavity. These waves lead to steadystate excitation of the eigenmodes of the cavity, the energy of which is determined by the spectral density of the energy flux of the incident waves at the corresponding eigenfrequencies. The energy of the eigenmodes penetrates through the opacity barrier in the vicinity of the Alfvén resonance points (each corresponding to a particular mode), where the perturbation amplitude is sharply amplified, so the total energy localized close to the Alfvén resonance point is much higher than the total energy of the corresponding eigenmode. In the vicinities, the perturbation energy is dissipated by the finite conductivity of the ionosphere, the dissipation power being equal to the energy flux of the incident waves that penetrates into the magnetosphere. The case of unsteady waves is analyzed by considering a wave pulse as an example. It is shown that most of the energy of the wave pulse is reflected from the magnetopause. The portion of the incident perturbation that penetrates into the magnetosphere leads to unsteady excitation of the eigenmodes of the magnetospheric cavity, which are then slowly damped because part of the energy of the cavity is emitted through the magnetopause back to the solar wind while the other part penetrates into the vicinities of the Alfvén resonance points. In the vicinities, the perturbation is an Alfvén wave standing between magnetically conjugate ionospheres and its energy is dissipated by the finite conductivity of the ionosphere at a rate slower than the damping rate of the eigenmodes of the cavity.     

Nonresonant excitation of surface waves by a normal electric field

A study is made of nonresonant parametric excitation of surface waves by a spatially uniform, time-dependent electric pump field directed perpendicular to a plane plasma-dielectric interface. A set of equations is derived that describes the dynamics of surface wave excitation. Expression for the growth rate in the linear stage of instability is obtained, and the threshold amplitude of the external electric field above which the parametric instability can occur is found. The spectrum of the excited waves is analyzed. Published in Russian in Fizika Plazmy, 2006, Vol. 32, No. 11, pp. 994–998. The article was translated by the author.     

High-frequency surface waves at a plasma-metal interface: II. Dispersion of a nonlinear wave

A study is made of the dispersion properties of nonlinear surface waves propagating along a plasma-metal interface under conditions corresponding to the formation of a space charge sheath that equalizes the electron and ion fluxes to the wall. Oscillations of the plasma boundary under the action of the surface wave field are taken into account. It is shown that these oscillations are the main nonlinear mechanism for generating wave field harmonics and are analogous to the nonlinearity in the current-voltage characteristic of the space charge sheath. The effect of the nonlinearity on the dispersion properties of surface waves due to the relationship between the sheath thickness and wave amplitude is calculated with allowance for harmonic generation. The energy transported by surface waves under conditions typical of RF and microwave discharges is calculated.     

Escape of electron Langmuir waves from a magnetized plasma

A study is made of electromagnetic oscillations of a plasma in open field line geometry (open magnetic devices). The oscillations that propagate from the critical surface and are originally of the nature of the electron Langmuir waves are shown to continuously change their nature and to escape from the plasma into vacuum in the form of electromagnetic waves. This phenomenon may give rise to wave energy losses from a thermodynamically nonequilibrium (unstable) plasma, e.g., a plasma penetrated by charged particle beams.     

Thermal nonlinearity of potential surface waves at a plasma-metal interface

A study is made of the effect of the heating of plasma electrons in the field of a potential surface wave on the wave dispersion properties. The wave is assumed to propagate along the boundary between a metal and a finite-pressure plasma. Different mechanisms for electron energy losses are considered in the weak heating approximation. The spatial distribution of the plasma electron temperature under nonlocal heating conditions is derived on the basis of the electron energy balance equation. Expressions for the spatial damping rate and the nonlinear shift of the wavenumber are analyzed for different values of the plasma parameters. The results obtained are valid for both semiconductor and gaseous plasmas.     

Nonlinear theory of the excitation of azimuthal surface waves during dissipative instability

A theoretical study is made of the surface electromagnetic eigenmodes that are excited by an annular charged-particle beam due to dissipative instability and propagate across the external axial magnetic field in a cylindrical metal waveguide partially filled with plasma. A self-consistent set of differential equations for a cold low-density charged-particle beam moving above the plasma surface is constructed in the single-mode approximation and is solved numerically. It is shown that the larger the dissipation, the slower the instability growth rate and the larger the wave amplitude in the saturation stage of the instability. An increase in the transverse dimensions of a charged-particle beam results in a slower growth of the dissipative instability, in which case, however, the beam transfers a larger fraction of its kinetic energy to the wave.     

Excitation of surface waves at a plasma boundary by a short laser pulse

The excitation of surface waves by a laser pulse as it crosses a vacuum-plasma interface is considered. Surface waves are excited by a vortex electric current that is generated at the plasma boundary by the ponderomotive force of the pulse. The question is considered of how the duration and transverse dimensions of the pulse affect the spatiotemporal distribution and the spectral and energy parameters of the excited surface waves.     

Electron acceleration by Langmuir waves excited by a laser pulse in a semi-infinite plasma

Results are presented from a theoretical investigation of the acceleration of test electrons by a Langmuir wave excited by a short laser pulse at half the electron plasma frequency. Such a pulse penetrates into the plasma over a distance equal to the skin depth and efficiently excites Langmuir waves in the resonant interaction at the second harmonic of the laser frequency. It is shown that the beam of electrons accelerated by these waves is modulated into a train of electron bunches, but because of the initial thermal spread of the accelerated electrons, the bunches widen and begin to overlap, with the result that, at large distances, the electron beam becomes unmodulated.     

Evolution of a Langmuir wave in a weakly inhomogeneous plasma in a longitudinal electric field

The spatial evolution of a Langmuir wave excited by external sources in a weakly inhomogeneous electron plasma in a longitudinal electrostatic field is considered. It is shown that, in a longitudinal electrostatic field, a Langmuir wave can only be amplified in an inhomogeneous plasma provided that the current of trapped electrons exceeds that of untrapped electrons. In this case, as the wave propagates through the inhomogeneous region where its phase velocity increases, some untrapped electrons become trapped in the wave potential wells. As a result, the current of trapped electrons increases and the wave is amplified. Moreover, in the regions where the bulk electrons are localized, the minima of the wave are amplified to a greater extent than its maxima.     

Scattering of polarized radio waves by Langmuir turbulence in a plasma in a magnetic field

A study is made of radio-wave scattering by Langmuir turbulent pulsations in a plasma in a magnetic field. The effect of this process on the polarization of radio waves at frequencies far above or close to the electron plasma frequency is investigated. The wave scattering by Langmuir turbulence is shown to strongly affect the polarization characteristics. When the optical thickness typical of the scattering process is on the order of unity, the degree of wave polarization can change by 30% both at high frequencies and at frequencies close to the plasma frequency, in which case the circular polarization can reverse direction. It is shown that, as a result of wave scattering by Langmuir turbulence, the degree of circular polarization of radio waves depends on the wavelength even in a uniform magnetic field.     

High-frequency surface waves at a plasma-metal interface: I. Linear model

A study is made of the dispersion properties of surface waves at a plasma-metal interface under thermodynamically nonequilibrium conditions such that a space charge sheath forms at the plasma boundary. In the simplest model, the sheath is described as a dielectric with a given permittivity. The wave parameters in a highly collisional plasma are discussed. The effect of interaction between waves propagating near the opposite plasma boundaries is considered, in particular, for space charge sheaths of different thicknesses. Conditions are determined under which the parameters of surface waves are substantially altered by the plasma-sheath geometric resonance.     

Nonlinear relativistic quantum theory of Cherenkov emission of longitudinal Langmuir waves in a plasma

A nonlinear relativistic quantum theory of stimulated Cherenkov emission of longitudinal waves by a relativistic monoenergetic electron beam in a cold isotropic plasma is presented. The theory makes use of a quantum model based on the Klein-Gordon equation. The instability growth rates are obtained in the linear approximation and are shown to go over to the familiar growth rates in the classical limit. The mechanisms for the nonlinear saturation of relativistic Cherenkov beam instabilities are described with allowance for quantum effects, and the corresponding analytic solutions are derived.     

Circulation of excitation waves in a model medium containing unexcitable obstacles

Serial semithin optical sections were used for 3D reconstruction of rat ventricular tissue. At histological resolution, older animals (18 months) were found to have regions of fibrous connective tissue not observed in young animals (2 months). The 3D data were used in mathematical modeling of excitation wave propagation in a medium containing such obstacles. The values of conductance, medium excitation threshold, and pulse repetition rate were determined whereat the model predicts rhythm disorders caused by circulation of the excitation wave.     

Circulation of excitation waves in a model medium containing unexcitable obstacles

The 3D structure of the heart tissue of Wistar rats from different age groups has been reconstructed by light microscopy of consecutive series of semithin sections. At the histological resolution level, connective tissue segments in the myocardium of aged (18 months) animals were found, while in the myocardium of young (2 months) animals no connective tissue segments were observed. A mathematical model and the results of the 3D reconstruction were used to simulate the formation of excitation wave circulation in the myocardium. The values of conductivity and the excitability threshold, and the pulse frequency rates were found at which the disturbances of the heart rhythm resulting from the excitation wave circulation are predicted by the mathematical modeling.     

Parametric decay instability of an inhomogeneous plasma in a frequency-modulated pump wave

It is found experimentally that the broadening of the pump-wave spectrum affects the parametric instability in an inhomogeneous plasma more weakly than is predicted by theory. The suppression of the absolute instability is only observed for a pump-wave spectrum width of 2πΔf>100γ, which is much greater than the instability growth rate γ.     

Existence of excitation waves for a collection of cardiomyocytes electrically coupled to fibroblasts

We consider mathematical models of a collection of cardiomyocytes (myocardial tissue) coupled to a varying number of fibroblasts. Our aim is to understand how conductivity (δ) and fibroblast density (η) affect the stability of the collection. We provide mathematical and computational arguments indicating that there is a region of instability in the η-δ space. Mathematical arguments, based on a simplified model of the coupled myocyte-fibroblast system, show that for certain parameter choices, a stationary solution cannot exist. Numerical experiments (1D, 2D) are based on a recently developed model of electro-chemical coupling between a human atrial myocyte and a number of associated atrial fibroblasts. The numerical experiments demonstrate that there is a region of instability of the form observed in the simplified model analysis.     

Planar coil excitation of multifrequency shear wave transducers

A transducer format that replaces the electrode of an acoustic resonator with a planar spiral coil is used to extract multifrequency spectral information from adsorbed protein films. Both amorphous silica and crystalline piezoelectric resonators are driven to resonance by forces induced across an air gap by magnetic direct generation and piezoelectric excitation induced by the electromagnetic field of the coil. Inspection of the harmonic frequencies between 6 MHz and 0.6 GHz indicates that the response of these two resonator types is described by different families of shear acoustic standing waves, with similar acoustic features to the quartz crystal microbalance. Exposure of the devices to protein solutions results in reproducible shifts of their harmonic frequencies, up to a maximum of 15 kHz and increasing linearly with frequency and operating mode. The gradient, determined from the ratio of the frequency change to the operating frequency was determined as 21.5 x 10(-6) for the quartz device and 60.9 x 10(-6) for the silica device. Consistency with the Sauerbrey equation for the piezoelectric linear shear mode was comparable at a predicted value of 22.5 x 10(-6), but not for the radial shear mode of the silica device at 12.7 x 10(-6). Opportunities resulting from the wide bandwidth of the planar coil excitation and choice of acoustic mode are discussed with respect to acoustic fingerprinting of adsorbed proteins.