幼虫密度对桑螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】本研究旨在了解桑螟Diaphania pyloalis幼虫不同饲养密度对其生长发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】本研究测定了室内同一条件下5个幼虫密度(130, 650, 1 300, 1 950和2 600头/m²)下桑螟生长发育和繁殖指标,包括发育历期、幼虫存活率、化蛹率、成虫羽化率、蛹重、产卵期、单雌产卵量等。【结果】幼虫密度对桑螟的生长发育和繁殖均产生不同程度影响,幼虫密度偏低或偏高都不利于桑螟生长发育和繁殖。其中以1 300和1 950头/m² 2种幼虫密度下的桑螟幼虫生长发育和成虫繁殖状态均最佳且两密度下各项指标无明显差异,1 300头/m²密度下,桑螟的幼虫历期、蛹历期和成虫历期分别为11.32, 6.33和5.31 d; 1 950头/m²密度下,桑螟的幼虫历期、蛹历期和成虫历期分别为11.50, 6.00和5.47 d。1 300头/m²幼虫密度下,桑螟化蛹率、成虫羽化率和幼虫存活率分别为86.67%, 100%和86.67%, 1 950头/m^2<...     

幼虫期染镉对棕尾别麻蝇繁殖力及生殖腺发育的影响

通过在饲料中添加重金属镉(Cd)饲喂棕尾别麻蝇Boettcherisca peregrine的幼虫,研究镉对其成虫繁殖能力和生殖腺发育的影响.结果表明,棕尾别麻蝇幼虫在取食含100 μg/g、200 μg/g、400 μg/g和800 μg／g Cd2的人工饲料后,成虫的羽化率和寿命都明显下降;但镉处理对成虫的交配率无...     

Cu2+和阿维菌素及其复合胁迫对亚洲玉米螟生长发育和繁殖行为的影响

【目的】探究农田重金属Cu²⁺和农药阿维菌素(avermectin)及其复合胁迫对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis的生长发育和繁殖行为的影响。【方法】在人工饲料中分别和同时添加50 mg/kg Cu²⁺和0.039 mg/L阿维菌素(对亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫的LC₁₀浓度),得到含Cu²⁺(Cu)、阿维菌素(Av)和同时含二者(Av+Cu)的3种处理的饲料,以正常人工饲料为空白对照组。实验室条件下用这4种饲料饲养亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫,系统调查和记录其生长发育参数(幼虫历期、蛹历期、蛹重、成虫体重、生长速率、成虫羽化率和成虫寿命)、求偶行为参数(求偶率和平均求偶持续时间)、定向行为参数(起飞率、定向率、平均反应时间、飞过半程率和降落至信息素源率)以及繁殖参数(单雌产卵量和卵孵化率)。【结果】Cu和Av及其复合胁迫(Av+Cu)对亚洲玉米螟的生长发育和繁殖均产生一定影响。一方面,Cu单独处理后亚洲玉米螟的雌雄虫胚后发育期(幼虫历期+蛹历期)较空白对照组显著缩短;而Av单独处理后,亚洲玉米螟雌雄...     

幼虫密度对马铃薯块茎蛾生殖的影响

[目的]为了研究马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)幼虫的饲养密度对生殖的影响。[方法]本实验研究并比较了两种幼虫密度(15头/130 g块茎、45头/130 g块茎)的马铃薯块茎蛾成虫按照1:5和1:1比例交配后代的产卵量、畸形卵率、孵化率、化蛹率、羽化率、性比等生物学参数。[结果]高幼虫密度饲养的马铃薯块茎蛾化蛹率、羽化率、存活率、性比均显著较低,而幼虫~蛹的历期显著短于正常幼虫密度的。两种密度成虫按1:5头配对产卵,若雄性亲本为高幼虫密度饲养则卵的孵化率显著较低,若雌性亲本为高幼虫密度饲养则产卵量较低,畸形卵率显著较高。两种密度雌雄虫均为5头进行配对时,正常幼虫密度雌虫其所产卵的畸形率显著较低,产卵量、卵孵化率均显著较高,后代幼虫历期、化蛹率显著较高。而高幼虫密度雌虫其所产卵则受雄虫影响,亲代为高密度雄虫则畸形率较低,孵化率较高。[结论]高幼虫密度饲养的雄、雌虫生殖活力均降低。高幼虫密度雌虫可受高幼虫密度雄虫的诱导提高生殖能力,并影响其后代性比从而调节其种群动态。     

幼虫密度对甜菜夜蛾生长发育与繁殖的影响

为了研究甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)幼虫的密度对其发育及繁殖的影响,本实验观察了5种幼虫密度下（1,5,10,20,30头/瓶）,幼虫发育和成虫繁殖情况。结果表明：幼虫和蛹历期、存活率和蛹重均差异显著。幼虫和蛹历期均以20头/瓶的最短,1头/瓶的最长,其余随幼虫密度增加而延长;幼虫至蛹存活率以10头/瓶的最高,其余随幼虫密度增加而降低;1头/瓶的蛹最重,显著高于其他密度的,其余随幼虫密度增加而下降。尽管密度间成虫羽化率和产卵前期均无显著差异,但成虫产卵量、寿命和畸形率差异显著。1头/瓶的产卵量最多,其次为10头/瓶的,其余随幼虫密度增加而减少,30头/瓶的产卵量显著少于其他密度的; 密度在1～20头/瓶范围内,雌蛾寿命均较短,显著短于30头/瓶的,而雄蛾寿命以5头/瓶的最短,显著短于其他密度的（10头/瓶除外）,10头/瓶的次之,其余密度间差异不显著;不同幼虫密度下羽化的成虫畸形率差异显著,10头/瓶的最低,其余随幼虫密度增加而升高; 生命表结果表明甜菜夜蛾在10头/瓶下世代存活率和种群增长指数均最高,幼虫密度过低或过高均不利于种群增长;世代存活率（S）和种群增长指数（I）与幼虫密度之间的关系均呈抛物线关系：S =－0.2087x²+2.5694x+211.52 (R²=0.88),I=－0.0552x²+0.9166x+54.168 (R²=0.95)。结果提示幼虫密度影响甜菜夜蛾种群动态的重要生态因子之一。     

几种因子对马尼拉侧沟茧蜂寄生效能的影响

马尼拉侧沟茧蜂Microplitis manilae是斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura的一种重要幼虫寄生蜂。本文以斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫为寄主,在26±1℃、RH 65%±5%、L：D=12:12的人工气候箱内,研究生殖方式、雌蜂日龄、寄生时间段、雄蜂出现与否以及雄蜂密度等因子对其寄生效能的影响。结果表明：马尼拉侧沟茧蜂可营产雄孤雌生殖和两性生殖两种生殖方式,两种方式在亲代寄生率、子代羽化率和发育历期均无显著差异。随着雌蜂日龄的增加,其寄生率和子代性比显著降低,但子代发育历期随雌蜂日龄的增加而延长。马尼拉侧沟茧蜂在12:00-18:00时间段的寄生率、子代羽化率和性比最高,子代发育历期最短。当寄生蜂密度一定时,子代性比随着寄主密度的增加而显著增加;当寄主密度一定时,子代性比随着寄生蜂密度的增加而显著下降;雄蜂在场时,子代性比显著高于无雄蜂在场时。子代性比随着亲代雄蜂密度的增加而显著降低,但雄蜂密度对亲代寄生率,子代羽化率、发育历期无显著影响。     

接种量对花绒寄甲繁殖的影响

释放花绒寄甲防治天牛已成为重要手段,而繁殖花绒寄甲时,接种花绒寄甲幼虫到大麦虫蛹体时,控制合适的接种量是提高花绒寄甲繁殖数量和质量的关键技术。本研究通过在替代寄主上人工接种不同数量的花绒寄甲幼虫,观察其发育情况及其子代数量、质量等指标,明确最佳接种量。结果表明：随着接种量的增加,花绒寄甲幼虫历期和蛹历期明显缩短,其中接种4头/个和6头/个,幼虫历期为13 d,蛹历期为33 d,而接种14头/个和16头/个时,幼虫历期短于12 d,蛹历期明显缩短为28~29 d。花绒寄甲结茧数随接种量增加而增加,接种数为16头/个时,结茧数最多,接近7个。花绒寄甲结茧率随着接种量增多而降低,4头/个时,结茧率最高为72.3%。接种量对花绒寄甲子代个体数量和大小均有显著影响,其中接种8头/个时,羽化数平均为4.3头,显著高于接种4头/个（羽化数平均为2.8头）,明显低于接种16头/个(羽化数平均为6.9头)。接种量为4头/个和6头/个时,子代成虫个体最大,单头重平均每头可达0.035 g,接种量为8头/个时,成虫单头重平均每头0.032 g左右,接种量达到16头/个时,单头重最轻,为0.023 g。对花绒寄甲羽化率无显著影响,7个处理下子代羽化率均较高,平均在94.4%~100%。接种量越少,更利于花绒寄甲的生长发育,当接种量为4头/个时,花绒寄甲成虫发育最好,其子代个体最大,但子代数较少。因此,利用大麦虫蛹繁育花绒寄甲种虫时,最佳接种量为4头/个,而需要规模化繁育花绒寄甲作为天敌使用时,综合考虑子代数量和质量以及经济成本,最佳接种量为8头/个。     

重金属镉与铜在棕尾别麻蝇体内的积累和排泄研究

为了研究镉(Cadmium,Cd)和铜(Copper,Cu)在棕尾别麻蝇Boettcherisca peregrina (Diptera:Sarcophagidae)生长发育过程中积累和排泄的动态变化,在室内给棕尾别麻蝇初产幼虫连续饲喂含不同浓度Cd2'或Cu2+的人工饲料,每隔24 h测定幼虫对Cd2+或Cu2+积累和排泄及变态过程中的变化.结果表明:棕尾别麻蝇幼虫取食含有Cd2+的饲料后,大部分Cd2+积累在体内,少部分通过排泄系统排出.Cd2+在幼虫体内的积累量随着取食时间的延长而增加,幼虫取食含200 μg/g Cd2+饲料后,体内Cd2+积累量高于取食含100 μg/g、400 μg/g和800 μg/g Cd2+饲料后体内Cd2+积累量,幼虫对Cd2+排泄量亦有相同的规律.Cd2+在幼虫、蛹和刚羽化成虫中的含量依次降低.棕尾别麻蝇幼虫取食含Cu2+的饲料后,其体内Cu2+积累量小于排泄量,而且体内积累量和排泄量随着取食时间的延长而增加,Cu2+积累量和排泄量与取食饲料中的Cu2+浓度均不成正比.在变态过程中,Cu2+也不断被排泄,体内Cu2+含量随之下降.     

六种昆虫生长调节剂对葱蝇生长发育和繁殖力的影响

用灭蝇胺、氟铃脲等6种昆虫生长调节剂和对比药剂辛硫磷LC_40-50浓度处理葱蝇1龄和3龄幼虫,观察对其生长发育和繁殖的影响;并且研究了葱蝇成虫取食药剂对其繁殖力的控制效应。结果表明：6种药剂中除虫酰肼外,其余都对葱蝇幼虫发育历期、化蛹率、成虫产卵前期、成虫寿命、产卵量有很大影响,对其生长发育和繁殖表现出显著不利性。其中灭蝇胺和氟铃脲处理1龄幼虫后,存活幼虫的历期和成虫产卵前期各延长3天,化蛹率降低26.7%～30.0％,成虫寿命缩短22.3～24.3天,产卵量降低35.5％～49.9％;处理3龄幼虫主要导致产生畸形蛹,且正常羽化的成虫寿命降低18.0～20.67天,产卵量降低45.7%～57.8％。成虫连续取食用牛奶稀释的２ 000倍的药液,能导致产卵前期延长、产卵量减少、卵孵化率降低,幼虫死亡率极高,达95%以上。结果提示,利用成虫补充营养的特性,将灭蝇胺和氟铃脲等混入牛奶或糖水中诱集成虫取食,可有效降低成虫的繁殖力,有助于实现对葱蝇的无公害治理。     

重金属Cd2+对棕尾别麻蝇血细胞数量、包囊作用和形态结构的影响

为了揭示重金属对昆虫细胞免疫的影响及其机理,本文采用血细胞计数、台盼蓝染色、延展与包囊率测定, 以及显微与超微结构观察等方法,以经重金属Cd²⁺（浓度为150 μg/g）处理的棕尾别麻蝇Boettcherisca peregrina及其对照为研究对象,分别测定了处理组与对照组血细胞的数量与存活率、延展与包囊率,观察其形态结构,并比较了两组间的差异。结果表明： 棕尾别麻蝇初产幼虫经连续喂饲含Cd²⁺的饲料24,48,72和96 h后,与对照相比其血细胞总数和存活率显著下降,而血细胞的延展率和包囊作用的显著下降则分别出现于取食72和48 h之内,此后则下降不显著;由Cd²⁺处理幼虫发育形成蛹的血细胞包囊作用也显著低于对照。形态结构观察结果表明,Cd²⁺处理对幼虫的原血细胞、浆血细胞、颗粒血细胞和类绛色血细胞的显微形态影响不大,但可导致部分浆血细胞不能产生伪足;但均能导致各类血细胞的超微结构发生不同程度的变化,其中主要变化包括：细胞膜受损或破裂,染色质呈现凝聚, 线粒体和内质网等细胞器明显减少,以及胞质内出现空囊泡。结果说明重金属Cd²⁺对棕尾别麻蝇的血细胞可具有毒害作用。     

Paramagnetics melanin and Mn<Superscript>2+</Superscript> in black soldier fly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hermetia illucens</Emphasis>

Larva, prepupa (last instar larva), pupa, and an empty shell of pupa after hatching of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens contain eumelanin, an active synthesis of which is observed at the prepupal stage, which is probably due to the release of prepupa from the feed substrate thickness to the open space for pupation. It was shown for the first time that prepupa contains high quantities of the magnetically active form of manganese Mn²⁺. This fact indicates that Mn²⁺ stimulates the copper-containing tyrosinase—the key enzyme in the synthesis of melanin in the period of migration and adaptation of the insect to the solar radiation.     

美洲斑潜蝇实验种群生命表的研究

在15、20、25、30和35℃五种温度下,观察了美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard实验种群的发育历期、存活率、产卵量、寿命等,组建了实验种群生命表,估测了种群参数。结果表明：随温度升高发育历期缩短,在试验的温度范围内,卵、幼虫、蛹的历期变化分别为7.6～2.0天,12.7～2.9天,34.3～6.8天;成虫寿命变化为17.3～6.5天。卵、幼虫、蛹的发育起点温度分别为7.5℃,9.8℃,11.5℃,10.9℃,有效积温为3.9,52.7,128.5,229.9日度。在五种温度下,卵的存活率均在84.2%以上。幼虫除在15℃时存活率为66.7%外,其它温度均在94.6%以上,蛹的存活率变化幅度最大,25℃时为80.3%,35℃时仅为10.0%。30℃时种群的内禀增长力r_m最大,加倍时间最短,净生殖率最高。在20～35℃四种温度下种群的稳定年龄组配中未成熟阶段所占比例均在97%以上。     

Cu2+-induced modification of the kinetics of A beta(1-42) channels

We found that the amyloid peptide A(1-42) is capable of interacting with membrane and forming heterogeneous ion channels in the absence of any added Cu²⁺ or biological redox agents that have been reported to mediate A(1-42) toxicity. The A(1-42)-formed cation channel was inhibited by Cu²⁺ in cis solution ([Cu²⁺]_cis) in a voltage- and concentration-dependent manner between 0 and 250 µM. The [Cu²⁺]_cis-induced channel inhibition is fully reversible at low concentrations between 50 and 100 µM [Cu²⁺]_cis and partially reversible at 250 µM [Cu²⁺]_cis. The inhibitory effects of [Cu²⁺]_cis between 50 and 250 µM on the channel could not be reversed with addition of Cu²⁺-chelating agent clioquinol (CQ) at concentrations between 64 and 384 µM applied to the cis chamber. The effects of 200-250 µM [Cu²⁺]_cis on the burst and intraburst kinetic parameters were not fully reversible with either wash or 128 µM [CQ]_cis. The kinetic analysis of the data indicate that Cu²⁺-induced inhibition was mediated via both desensitization and an open channel block mechanism and that Cu²⁺ binds to the histidine residues located at the mouth of the channel. It is proposed that the Cu²⁺-binding site of the A(1-42)-formed channels is modulated with Cu²⁺ in a similar way to those of channels formed with the prion protein fragment PrP(106-126), suggesting a possible common mechanism for Cu²⁺ modulation of A and PrP channel proteins linked to neurodegenerative diseases. neurodegenerative diseases; transitional metals; ion channel pathologies; membrane injuries; calcium homeostasis     

Sublethal effects of indoxacarb on the diamondback moth, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plutella xylostella</Emphasis> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)

The effects of sublethal concentrations of indoxacarb on Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) were examined. In comparison with the control, sublethal concentrations led to a significant decrease in adult emergence, the percentage of pupation and pupal weight of the parent generation, fecundity, and adult longevity. They also significantly decreased the net reproductive rate (R ₀), intrinsic rate of increase (r _m), finite rate of increase (λ), and gross reproduction rate (GRR), and had significantly increased egg developmental time and doubling time (Dt) of P. xylostella. However, sublethal concentrations of indoxacarb had no significant affect on adult emergence, percentage of pupation, larva, prepupa and pupa developmental periods, hatchability, and sex ratio of offspring. The results of this study indicated that sublethal concentrations can decrease the biological parameters of P. xylostella.     

不同温度下的甜菜夜蛾实验种群生命表研究

组建了甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua在5种温度下的实验种群生命表。结果表明：在20～32℃,甜菜夜蛾的发育速率随着温度的升高而加快,并符合Logistic模型;甜菜夜蛾卵、幼虫、蛹、产卵前期及世代的发育起点温度分别为13.73℃、15.68℃、15.09℃、12.83℃和15.06℃,有效积温分别为37.9、126.3、73.8、29.2和265.6日·度;甜菜夜蛾在26℃时世代存活率和种群增长指数最高,分别为55.2%和205.9,20℃时不利于种群增长;在26℃和29℃时,甜菜夜蛾的平均产卵量最高,分别为604.7和611.4粒/雌,26℃是甜菜夜蛾最适宜交配的温度,交配率为84.9%,平均精包数为2.46个/雌;高温条件下,甜菜夜蛾的成虫寿命、产卵前期和产卵期均缩短;甜菜夜蛾的世代存活率(S)和种群趋势指数(I)与温度（t）的关系均可用二次抛物线表示：S=-0.5056 t²+27.652 t-326.02 (r=0.91),I=-3.2532t²+178.45 t^-2 270.40 (r=0.94)。     

Native Cadmium-Metallothionein from the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Its Primary Structure and Function in Heavy-Metal Resistance

A Cd-resistant strain of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain30IN) accumulated Cd with the concomitant synthesis of a Cd-bindingprotein of low molecular weight when grown in Cd²⁺-containingmedium. Analysis of the amino acid composition, N-terminal sequenceand immunological properties of the protein revealed its structuralhomology to Cu-metallothionein (Cu-MT) in S. cerevisiae 2186,a Cu-resistant strain of yeast (Winge et al. 1985). The synthesisof MT in Cu-resistant strains of yeast is known to be underthe strict control of Cu²⁺ ions, while that in 301N was inducedboth by Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions. When 301N was precultured for 48h in the presence of 1 mM CuSO₄, its resistance to Cu²⁺ andthe synthesis of MT in response to Cu²⁺ were enhanced whileanalogous responses to Cd²⁺ were conversely reduced. These resultssuggest that the synthesis of MT is controlled by Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺in a counteractive manner in strain 301N and, therefore, theregulation of the synthesis of MT plays a role in the adaptationof this strain to conditions when either metal is present. (Received November 1, 1990; Accepted February 22, 1991)     

桑粉虱形态研究

研究描述了容易与杨梅粉虱混淆的重要害虫桑粉虱Pealius mori(Takahashi)成虫、卵、1～4龄若虫及蛹的形状、分类特征,包括成虫的体长、体色、触角、单眼、复眼、口器、翅、足及雌雄外生殖器;卵的形状、大小、卵色及卵柄;1～4龄若虫及蛹的形状、大小、体色、体周的刚毛、触角、口器、足、管状孔、盖瓣、舌状器及腹沟等。并比较桑粉虱与杨梅粉虱的主要分类特征。     

不同温度下白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂的实验种群生命表

在15、18、21、24、27和30℃恒温下,观察了温度对白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂Microterys ericeri发育、存活和繁殖力的影响,组建了相应温度下的实验种群生命表。白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂全代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.1℃和499.4日·度。27℃时发育历期最短,产卵量、产卵率和卵孵化率最高。24℃时雌虫怀卵量最多,3～5龄幼虫和蛹的存活率最高。6种温度下白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂种群的世代存活率分别为8.5%、25.2%、50.3%、68.2%、49.8%和38.1%。24℃时世代存活率、种群趋势指数、净增殖率和内禀增长力均高于其它温度处理。24℃和27℃时种群加倍时间只需12天。18℃时种群出现负增长,15℃时白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂不产卵,不能繁殖下一代。     

Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Cell Walls of Polygonum cuspidatum Roots from Metalliferous Habitats

The distribution and accumulation of Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ionsin the roots of Polygonum cuspidatum, collected from metalliferousand non-metalliferous habitats, were examined. About 90% ofthe metal ions was located in the cell wall fraction of rootsof plants grown in either type of habitat. The metal-ion exchangecapacity of the cell walls is not specific to the plants frommetalliferous habitats, and there were no significant differencesamong plants from the various habitats. The capacity for Cu²⁺ions was greater than that for Zn²⁺ or Cd²⁺ ions. Cu²⁺ ionshave a high affinity for the cell wall and, thus, it appearsthat the cell wall is a barrier for the transportation of Cu²⁺into the cytoplasm. (Received March 10, 1988; Accepted March 17, 1989)     

橘小实蝇幼虫液体人工饲料中pH值对其生长发育的影响

本文主要研究了橘小实蝇液体人工幼虫饲料中不同酸度对橘小实蝇生长发育的影响。继代饲养3代的结果表明：饲料酸度对橘小实蝇化蛹率和后代卵孵化率没有影响;对橘小实蝇蛹重、成虫羽化率和产卵量有显著影响。橘小实蝇液体人工幼虫饲料的pH值调节至3.6时仍可以获得质量较高的橘小实蝇。