中国纵脊叶蜂属分类研究（膜翅目：叶蜂科）

厘订了中国纵脊叶蜂属Xenapatidea Malaise种类,并记述1个新种——方顶纵脊叶蜂Xenapatidea reticulata sp. nov.和1个中国新纪录种——红胸纵脊叶蜂 Xenapatidea rufoscutellata Koch, 1996。首次报道并描述了X. rufoscutellata Koch, 1996的雌性。编制了纵脊叶蜂属8个已知种分种检索表。新种模式标本保存于中南林业科技大学昆虫标本馆。     

中国菲寄蝇属分类研究(双翅目: 寄蝇科)

经研究发现中国菲寄蝇属现共有9种,其中包括4新种：金额菲寄蝇Phebellia aurifrons sp. nov.,褐粉菲寄蝇Ph. fulvipollinis sp. nov.,宽叶菲寄蝇Ph. latisurstyla sp. nov.和毛基节菲寄蝇Ph. setocoxa sp. nov.。我国新记录3种：叶蜂菲寄蝇Ph. clavellariae (Brauer & Bergenstamm),灰粉菲寄蝇Ph. glauca (Meigen)和拟灰粉菲寄蝇Ph. glaucoides Herting。本文除详细描述新种特征及绘制特征图外,还提供中国菲寄蝇属已知种类的分种检索表。     

家蚕核型多角体病毒egt基因的分子进化分析

过PCR方法获得家蚕核型多角体病毒（Bombyx mori nuclearpolyhedrosis virus,BmNPV）的蜕皮甾体尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖基转移酶基因（egt）片段,序列分析表明该片段带有EGT的完整ORF,推测的多肽可形成EGT结构域的高级结构。为了研究egt的起源,利用家蚕基因组数据库,电子克隆了多个家蚕尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶（UGT）基因,在此基础上进行了进化分析,表明BmNPV的EGT为antennal-enriched型UGT;推测核型多角体病毒（nucleopolyhedrivirus,NPV）和颗粒体病毒（granulovirus,GV）的egt基因在进化上来源于昆虫的UGT基因,但GV的egt基因在进化上的起源可能要早于NPV的egt基因;可能在昆虫祖先种进化形成不同昆虫目的某一时期,杆状病毒的祖先种从昆虫中获得了antennal-enriched型UGT基因,并进化为egt基因。家蚕的部分UGT基因与转座子元件连锁的基因组结构特点反映了杆状病毒的egt基因可能通过转座子的传递而获得。     

蜱类系统学研究进展

本文介绍了近年来蜱的编目和分类及系统发育和演化等方面的研究进展。对软蜱科(Argasidae)说明了属的变动;硬蜱科(Ixodidae)介绍了璃眼蜱亚科(Hyalomminae)和凹沟蜱亚科(Bothriocrotoninae)以及相应变动的属(新建的凹沟蜱属Bothriocroton和须角蜱属Cornupalpatum,合并的牛蜱属Boophilus、暗眼蜱属Anocentor和盲花蜱属Aponomma)。根据新的分类变更对已知种类进行了分析。至2006年,世界已知蜱类有3科18属897种,中国有2科10属119种。阐明了有关蜱类系统发育研究的主要观点,并讨论了其不足和有待深入研究的问题。目前,把形态学和分子生物学数据结合在一起的全证据方法,并结合蜱类和不同宿主之间的关系、动物地理学、古生物学以及比较寄生虫学的资料,成为解决蜱类系统发育问题的有效途径。     

棉铃虫性染色体两种分子标记的克隆及序列分析

为了建立棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera性染色体的特异性分子标记,利用RAPD-PCR技术对雌雄棉铃虫基因组DNA进行筛选,从500种随机引物中筛选到1 条引物（Operon编号为AF-18）,可扩增出1条约450 bp 的雌性特异片段。经克隆测序并合成特异引物进行验证,表明该片段为棉铃虫雌性特异分子标记,位于W染色体上。利用家蚕、果蝇等昆虫Kettin基因序列,克隆了棉铃虫的同源基因HaKettin片段,并采用荧光定量PCR技术,以棉铃虫的DH-PBAN基因为参照基因,检测棉铃虫雌雄不同个体间HaKettin基因与DH-PBAN基因的拷贝数之比,结果表明：雄体HaKettin∶DH-PBAN=1.0,雌体HaKettin∶DH-PBAN=0.5,据此推断HaKettin基因位于棉铃虫Z染色体上。     

中国副蟑跳小蜂属分类研究及两新种记述（膜翅目：跳小蜂科）

记述了分布于中国的副蟑跳小蜂属Parablatticida的6 种,其中有2 新种：P. orientalis sp. nov.和P. scapata sp. nov.;P. brevicornis (Dalman),P. magniclava Hayat和 P. terebrata (Trjapitzin) 为中国新记录种。文中提供了分种检索表、形态特征图。模式标本及其他研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

香港潜蝇科(双翅目)的分类研究

报道了香港22种潜蝇科昆虫,其中包括5新种、6个中国大陆新记录种。新种模式标本分藏于下列两处： Melanagromyza squamifera sp. nov., Ophiomyia imparispina sp. nov., Phytomyza redunca sp. nov.的模式标本保存于日本东京自然博物馆; Melanagromyza dipetala sp. nov., Ophiomyia vasta sp. nov.的模式标本保存于美国夏威夷比肖普博物馆。     

铃刺蛾属在中国的首次发现及七新种记述（鳞翅目：刺蛾科）

首次报道铃刺蛾属Kitanola Matsumura及环铃刺蛾K. uncula (Staudinger)在中国有分布,并记述7新种,即针铃刺蛾K. spina sp. nov.,小针铃刺蛾K. spinula sp. nov.,线铃刺蛾K. linea sp. nov.,灰白铃刺蛾K. albigrisea sp. nov.,蔡氏铃刺蛾K. caii sp. nov.,短颚铃刺蛾K. brachygnatha sp. nov.和宽颚铃刺蛾K. eurygnatha sp. nov.。编制了本属中国已知种的检索表,提供了成虫彩色照片和外生殖器特征图。新种模式标本均保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

中国小蠊属分类研究及一新种记述(蜚蠊亚目：姬蠊科)(英文)

本文对小蠊属Blattella Caudell分类研究进行了回顾, 并记述分布于中国的小蠊属9种, 其中含一新种B. singularis sp.nov., 对该种进行了描述并提供了形态特征图。编制了我国小蠊属种的检索表。     

NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF INSECT PATHOGENIC NEMATODES (STEINERNEMATIDAE AND HETERORHABDITIDAE) IN SOIL IN AUSTRALIA

Abstract
In a number of surveys using baiting techniques, entomogenous nematodes of the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae were detected in all states and territories of Australia. At least 4 Heterorhabditis species (3 previously unknown), 6 Steinernema species (4 previously unknown) and one species of an undescribed genus of Steinernematidae were found. In Tasmania, where collections were made over 10 years, the nematodes were detected more commonly in winter-spring than in summer-autumn; there was no significant difference in their occurrence in forest from that in grassland.     

Compatibility between Forficula auricularia and entomopathogenic nematodes to be used in pome fruit pest management

Use of predators, parasitoids and entomopathogens as biocontrol agents in pome fruit production can lead to more efficient and sustainable pest management programmes. The European earwig (Forficula auricularia Linnaeus [Dermaptera: Forficulidae]) is a major predator of key pests in pome fruit orchards, and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are obligate parasites of a large number of insect species. Therefore, the interaction between earwigs and EPNs can play an important role in pest management programmes. Susceptibility of the European earwig to Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae (Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Heterorhabditidae) was evaluated. S. carpocapsae was the only tested EPN capable of killing the European earwig. However, the European earwig can detect the presence of S. carpocapsae and therefore avoid nematode‐treated shelters. An earwig deterrent activity in EPN‐killed codling moth larvae that reduces the foraging of European earwig on insect cadavers containing nematodes and allows nematodes to complete their life cycle was also assessed with the three species of nematodes. These findings suggest a positive compatibility between the European earwig and EPNs.     

Assessment of establishment and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of western corn rootworm

Abstract:  The use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) is potentially one ecological approach to control the invasive alien western corn rootworm ( Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, Col., Chrysomelidae) in Europe. This study investigated the establishment and the short- and long-term persistence of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), Heterorhabditis megidis Poinar, Jackson and Klein (Rh., Heterorhabditidae) and Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Rh., Steinernematidae) in three maize fields in southern Hungary, using the insect-baiting technique. All three EPN species equally established and persisted in maize fields. The timing of application (April or June) did not influence the establishment of EPN species. EPNs persisted for 2–5 months, i.e. they survived up to and throughout D. v. virgifera larval occurrence in the soil. Results demonstrate that D. v. virgifera larvae can potentially be controlled by EPNs during the same year of EPN application but no long-term control effect is expected under intensive maize cultivation practices.     

Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes with fipronil

The survival and infectivity of infective juveniles (IJs) of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, S. arenarium (Artyukhovsky) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), were determined after exposure to different concentrations (250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) of fipronil, an insecticide acting on the GABA receptors to block the chloride channel. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was very tolerant to all concentrations of fipronil, with the highest mortality of 17% being observed at 2000 ppm of fipronil after 72 h exposure. Steinernema carpocapsae showed a similar response, with the highest mortality of 11.25% of IJs being observed after 72 h exposure to 2000 ppm of fipronil. Steinernema arenarium was, however, more sensitive to fipronil, and at 2000 ppm mortality rates of 94.6% and 100% were observed after 24 and 72 h, respectively. Fipronil had negligible effects on the infectivity of the three nematode species tested. The IJs which survive exposure to all concentrations of fipronil tested can infect and reproduce in Galleria larvae. The moderate effects on entomopathogenic nematodes of a lower fipronil concentration (250 ppm) and the field rates (12-60 ppm) of fipronil used as insecticide, suggest that direct mixing of entomopathogenic nematodes and fipronil at field rates is a viable integrated pest management option.     

Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Liaoning (Northeast China)

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) can provide effective biological control of pest. In order to contribute to knowledge on these organisms for regional biological control programs, we studied EPN distribution and ecological requirements in Liaoning Province, Northeast China. One hundred and forty-nine soil samples were taken from 36 locations. EPNs were recovered from 22 of the 36 locations (61.11%). Forty-four samples contained steinernematids (89.80%) and 5 samples contained heterorhabditids (10.20%). EPN recovery varied among the different soil and habitat type. Most EPNs were isolated from sandy loam, and most of the samples containing EPNs were collected from woodland and fruit crop habitats. The morphological characters of infective juveniles were used for preliminary species diagnosis. We preliminarily identified 15 species of Steinernematidae (Steinernema litorale, Steinernema silvaticum, Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema bicornutum, Steinernema robustispiculum, Steinernema affine, Steinernema riobrave, Steinernema yirgalemense, Steinernema kushidai, Steinernema scapterisci, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema ritteri, Steinernema tami, Steinernema rarum and Steinernema sasonense) and 4 species of Heterorhabditidae (Heterorhabditis megidis, Heterorhabditis zealandica, Heterorhabditis brevicaudis and Heterorhabditis bajardi).     

Spatial and temporal distribution of endemic entomopathogenic nematodes in a heterogeneous vegetable production landscape

Entomopathogenic nematodes within the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Order: Rhabditida) are potential biological control agents for many soil-dwelling vegetable pests. However, their low persistence and efficacy after field releases have resulted in limited use in pest management programs. Understanding the factors regulating natural populations of entomopathogenic nematodes may provide insight into practices to conserve populations within production systems. A series of investigations were conducted within a vegetable production area in Willard, Ohio during 2000–2003 to gain insight into the population ecology of endemic populations of entomopathogenic nematodes. A total of 440 sites across four habitats associated with the production landscape were sampled to ascertain the natural occurrence of these beneficial nematodes. Habitats included cultivated areas, grassy banks adjacent to cultivated areas, undisturbed shrub lands and forests. Twelve sites along grassy banks were monitored over a growing season to estimate associations between abiotic and biotic factors and endemic populations. Entomopathogenic nematodes were only detected along grassy banks adjacent to the cultivated areas; nematodes were recovered from 15 to 30% of sites sampled in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Two species of nematodes were isolated, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and Steinernema feltiae Filipjev. H. bacteriophora was the most prevalent nematode species and was recovered from 60% of positive samples. Nematode populations varied temporally and spatially along grassy banks; mean population density over the growing period was 1313 infective juveniles/m². Neither macro- nor microarthropod communities nor soil temperature differed between sites at which nematodes were detected and those at which nematodes were not detected. Soil moisture, however, was associated with the occurrence and persistence of nematodes along grassy banks; mean soil moisture at sites at which nematodes were detected and those sites at which nematodes were not detected was 37.3 and 26.8%, respectively. Water management is an important component of vegetable production and our results suggest that soil moisture manipulation would be important in the establishment and sustained presence of entomopathogenic nematode populations within cultivated areas over the growing season.     

Susceptibility of shore fly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scatella stagnalis</Emphasis> to five entomopathogenic nematode strains in bioassays

The shore fly, Scatella stagnalis (Fallén) (Diptera: Ephydridae) is an important insect pest of greenhouse crops. We evaluated two different Spanish isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Steinernema arenarium (Artyukhovsky) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), and two commercially available strains, Steinernema feltiae (Nemaplus^®) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) (Nematop^®) against shore flies. In tests conducted in 24-well plate filter paper applied at 5, 11, 22, 44 and 88 nematodes per larva, all nematodes produced significant shore fly larval mortality. The lowest concentration tested was enough to obtain high larval mortality (65.2–87.0%). The nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema arenarium, which parasitized the shore fly larvae faster, also penetrated in higher number in the shore fly larva (4.6–8.8% penetration rate). In bioassays conducted in algae, Steinernema feltiae, applied at 50 nematodes/cm², caused highest (100%) and Steinernema arenarium lowest shore fly mortality (94%). Our results suggest that entomopathogenic nematodes appear feasible for controlling shore flies but further tests are needed to determine their efficacy in the field.     

Effects of four nematode species on fitness costs of pink bollworm resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac

Evolution of resistance by pests can reduce the efficacy oftransgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt). In conjunction with refuges of non-Bt host plants, fitness costs can delay the evolution of resistance. Furthermore, fitness costs often vary with ecological conditions, suggesting that agricultural landscapes can be manipulated to magnify fitness costs and thereby prolong the efficacy of Bt crops. In the current study, we tested the effects of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) on the magnitude and dominance of fitness costs of resistance to Bt toxin CrylAc in pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). For more than a decade, field populations of pink bollworm in the United States have remained susceptible to Bt cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. producing CrylAc; however, we used laboratory strains that had a mixture of susceptible and resistant individuals. In laboratory experiments, dominant fitness costs were imposed by the nematode Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar, and Raulston but no fitness costs were imposed by Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, Steinernema sp. (ML18 strain), or Heterorhabditis sonorensis Stock, Rivera-Ordu?o, and Flores-Lara. In computer simulations, evolution of resistance to Cry1Ac by pink bollworm was substantially delayed by treating some non-Bt cotton refuge fields with nematodes that imposed a dominant fitness cost, similar to the cost observed in laboratory experiments with S. riobrave. Based on the results here and in related studies, we conclude that entomopathogenic nematodes could bolster insect resistance management, but the success of this approach will depend on selecting the appropriate species of nematode and environment, as fitness costs were magnified by only two of five species evaluated and also depended on environmental factors.     

Predation of entomopathogenic nematodes by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sancassania</Emphasis> sp. (Acari: Acaridae)

Predation of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), by Sancassania sp. (Acari: Acaridae) isolated from field-collected scarab larvae was examined under laboratory conditions. Adult female mites consumed more than 80% of the infective juvenile (IJ) stage of S. feltiae within 24 h. When S. feltiae IJs were exposed to the mites for 24 h and then exposed to Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae, the number of nematodes penetrating into the larvae was significantly lower compared to S. feltiae IJs that were not exposed to mites (control). Soil type significantly affected the predation rate of IJs by the mites. Mites preyed more on nematodes in sandy soil than in loamy soil. We also observed that the mites consumed more S. feltiae IJs than Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). No phoretic relationship was observed between mites and nematodes and the nematodes did not infect the mites.