阿特拉津和林丹对紫贻贝生长与繁殖净能的影响

本研究评估了亚致死浓度的林丹(1/2的60dLC50,0.935mg/L)和阿特拉津(1/2的60dLC50,3.585mg/L)对海洋性贝类影响的生理学反应。林丹和阿特拉津是已被公认的环境污染物质。56d的实验表明,这两种农药在贝类体内具有积累作用,而且在体内各器官的积累程度与其作用的靶器官相一致。林丹在体内的积累浓度(每克干重372μg)比阿特拉津(每克干重137μg)更高。该贝类在林丹中暴露56d,其氧的消耗比对照组降低10%,而在阿特拉津中则比对照组提高了29%。经林丹和阿特拉津暴露后,增加了氨排泄物。但是,两种农药均使贝类的取食率和吸收率下降。林丹会降低贝类的取食率、氧消耗、氨排泄、食物吸收率以及生长范围。在形式上,阿特拉津对贝类的影响与林丹的影响有不同之处,它会降低贝类的取食率和食物吸收率,但与林丹不同的是,它会提高贝类的氧消耗和氨排泄。总之,阿特拉津会明显地减小贝类繁殖净能。因此,阿特拉津暴露与林丹暴露的毒性症状是一致的。结合组织化学分析,贝类的生理学反应可作为一种理想的环境监测工具。研究结果表明,在二分之一的半致死浓度下暴露两个月,不仅能有效地证明林丹和阿特拉津在贝类组织内具有积累作用,而且对这些积累能产生生理反应。     

长期不同施肥制度下湖南红壤晚稻田CH4的排放

选取湖南双季稻田长期不同施肥制度为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻稻田甲烷排放进行观测.研究结果表明,不同施肥制度下的晚稻稻田甲烷排放的季节变化具有一定的规律,晚稻生育期内CH4的排放速率呈先升高后降低的变化趋势.施入秸秆的处理CH4平均排放通量和累积排放通量大于单施化肥的处理;单施化肥的各处理中由于养分缺失情况的不同,CH4平均排放通量和累积排放量具有一定的差异.秸秆区CH4平均排放通量和累积排放量都较大,全量化肥养分施肥区次之,偏施养分和无肥区较小.同时还研究了长期不同施肥制度条件下各环境因素包括土壤温度、灌溉水层深度和土壤Eh,对CH4排放的影响.结果表明,不同的施肥处理,晚稻田CH4排放的季节变化和土壤Eh呈显著负相关,与土壤温度呈显著正相关,与水层深度相关不明显.     

An environmental 1H NMR metabolomic study of the exposure of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis to atrazine, lindane, hypoxia and starvation

Marine mussels are useful, robust model organisms that have been widely used as biomonitors. In the natural environment they can be subjected simultaneously to a mixture of environmental stresses (hypoxia, starvation) and to pollutants. In this study Mytilus edulis was used to investigate the effects of two pesticides, atrazine and lindane, which have different modes of action but produce similar changes in behaviour (depression of ventilation and feeding) in the mussels, and can cause starvation and mild hypoxia. Acetonitrile/²H₂O (60/40% v/v) extracts of foot muscle from animals subjected to hypoxia, or starvation, or low or high doses of pesticide were analysed using ¹H NMR spectroscopy to produce metabolic fingerprints associated with these treatments. Discriminant analysis based on metabolites that showed significant differences between treated and control animals gave a clear separation between all treatment groups. The fingerprints of atrazine treated animals were clearly separated from those of animals that were starved or subjected to hypoxia. The high and low doses of atrazine were also well separated. Lindane treatment was separated from control animals in a dose dependent way, and was associated with an increase in the concentration of alanine, and a decrease in all of the other identified metabolites (including osmolytes). This is consistent with a general depression of activity. This limited study demonstrates the potential of the metabolomic approach to provide a separation of the effects of poisoning from those of environmental stress. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

An electron microscope study of the circulating leucocytes of the marine mussel,Mytilus edulis

Circulating leucocytes of the mussel, Mytilus edulis, were studied by electron microscopy. Based on morphological criteria, the leucocytes were classified as agranular and granular leucocytes, dependent upon the presence or absence of specific granules in their cytoplasm. Furthermore, the existing literature is being critically revised, and it is suggested that agranular and granular leucocytes might belong to the same cell line.     

对高粱抗蚜植株形态及组织结构的观察

以BTAM428（高抗）和ICS-12B（高感）及二者杂交的F2代为试材,对其形态及组织结构进行研究。结果表明：抗感品种形态及组织结构上均有差异。在抗蚜高粱品系的气孔数目多于感蚜品系;其下表皮的表皮蜡质比感蚜的致密;维管束的直径则小于感性的。     

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of DOPA-containing peptides related to adhesive protein of marine mussel, Mytilus edulis

The common blue marine mussel adheres to underwater surfaces using an adhesive protein (Mefp-1) extruded from its foot. This highly hydroxylated protein contains a number of unusual amino acids, including 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), which is thought to contribute to the crosslinking of the extruded threads and adhesion to the substratum. Mefp-1 adheres to a wide variety of surfaces and is ultimately biodegradable. In this study we use surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to characterize the adsorption of DOPA-containing peptides on colloidal gold. The peptides are simplified fragments of the Mefp-1 consensus decapeptide repeat, Ala-Lys-Pro-Ser-Tyr-DHP-Hyp-Thr-DOPA-Lys. Our results show that the peptides TDeltaKA, PTDeltaKA, and PPTDeltaKA (where Delta represents DOPA) coordinate to the gold surface through the catechol oxygens of the DOPA residue and through primary amine groups. The diproline sequence introduces conformational constraints that influence the conformations of the adsorbed peptides. These findings lay the groundwork for developing synthetic adhesives for underwater and medical applications.     

Differential binding of lectins to haemocytes of the mussel Mytilus edulis

Summary Pre- and post-embedding techniques were used to investigate the ultrastructural binding of a range of lectins to the haemocytes of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Direct and indirect labelling procedures were employed using colloidal gold and ferritin-labelled lectins, or biotinylated lectins followed by gold-labelled streptavidin. Cell surface receptors were present for lectins from Helix pomatia (HPA), Helix aspersa (HAA), Triticum vulgaris (WGA) and Tetragonolobus purpureas (TPA). Double labelling of haemocytes with HPA and WGA demonstrated binding sites for both lectins on the plasma membrane of the majority of haemocytes. Endocytosis of colloidal gold-labelled HPA was observed for unfixed haemocytes. Three classes of haemocyte were identified by use of morphological criteria: hyalinocytes; granulocytes containing small granules; and granulocytes containing large granules. Lectin binding showed the small granules of the granulocytes to be HPA-positive and the large granules of the granulocytes to be WGA-positive. The WGA-positive granules demonstrated a differential pattern of binding according to granule size. Binding sites for the lectin from Arachis hypogaea (PNA) were not demonstrated on the cell surface, but did show an affinity for the heterochromatin region of the nucleus in post-embedding protocols.     

Identification and characterization of highly expressed proteins in sperm cells of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis

Proteomic analysis on sperm has been restricted to only a few model organisms. We present here a 2DE PAGE proteome map of sperm cells from a nonmodel organism, the marine mussel Mytilus edulis, a free-spawning marine invertebrate with external fertilization. Ninety-six protein spots showing high expression were selected and of these 77 were successfully identified by nESI-MS analysis. Many of the identifications are relevant to sperm cell physiology and mtDNA functioning. The results and proteomics approach used are discussed in relation to their potential for advancing understanding of the unusual system of mtDNA inheritance described in Mytilus spp., and for the testing of evolutionary hypotheses pertaining to the role of fertilization in the speciation process.     

Identification of proteomic signatures of exposure to marine pollutants in mussels (Mytilus edulis)

Bivalves and especially mussels are very good indicators of marine and estuarine pollution, and so they have been widely used in biomonitoring programs all around the world. However, traditional single parameter biomarkers face the problem of high sensitivity to biotic and abiotic factors. In our study, digestive gland peroxisome-enriched fractions of Mytilus edulis (L., 1758) were analyzed by DIGE and MS. We identified several proteomic signatures associated with the exposure to several marine pollutants (diallyl phthalate, PBDE-47, and bisphenol-A). Animals collected from North Atlantic Sea were exposed to the contaminants independently under controlled laboratory conditions. One hundred and eleven spots showed a significant increase or decrease in protein abundance in the two-dimensional electrophoresis maps from the groups exposed to pollutants. We obtained a unique protein expression signature of exposure to each of those chemical compounds. Moreover a set of proteins composed a proteomic signature in common to the three independent exposures. It is remarkable that the principal component analysis of these spots showed a discernible separation between groups, and so did the hierarchical clustering into four classes. The 14 proteins identified by MS participate in alpha- and beta-oxidation pathways, xenobiotic and amino acid metabolism, cell signaling, oxyradical metabolism, peroxisomal assembly, respiration, and the cytoskeleton. Our results suggest that proteomic signatures could become a valuable tool to monitor the presence of pollutants in field experiments where a mixture of pollutants is often present. Further studies on the identified proteins could provide crucial information to understand possible mechanisms of toxicity of single xenobiotics or mixtures of them in marine ecosystems.     

Kinetic characteristics and binding process of substrate analogs to the adenosine deaminase in the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis

1. The purified mussel enzyme deaminated several adenosine analogs with different Km and relative Vmax values. Affinity for adenine was similar to that for adenosine but the deamination rate was extremely slow. 2. Purine riboside was competitive, coformycin was a tight, slow binding inhibitor, and inhibition by both these compounds was pH-dependent. 3. Inosine, hypoxanthine, guanosine and 6-mercapto-purine riboside were slightly inhibitory. 4. The results suggested that initial binding of the substrate was guided by the adenine moiety followed by a stereospecific steering due to a ribose-dependent distortion in the complex to facilitate nucleophilic attack at C-6.