重离子射线局部照射技术在昆虫机能解析中的应用

为了探索重离子射线局部照射使昆虫体内某一特定的组织或器官失去活性这一放射线显微手术技术的有效性和可能性,用碳离子射线（¹²C⁵⁺,18.3MeV/u）对家蚕Bombyx mori幼虫进行了全体照射或局部照射。 研究结果表明： 与全体照射不同,局部照射后的个体与对照个体在存活率及茧质等性状上没有明显的差异,只是由于照射剂量及照射部位的不同,在照射部位出现局部的影响。对4龄第3天幼虫的造血器官进行局部照射后,其造血功能遭到破坏,血液中的游离血球数明显下降。因此利用重离子射线局部照射技术能够替代某些传统的外科手术,破坏昆虫体内特定的组织或器官,以便进行该器官或组织的机能研究。     

滞育和非滞育棉铃虫血淋巴中蛋白质含量及图谱的比较

昆虫在滞育期间和非滞育期间,由于某些器官的生理功能产生差异,致使血淋巴中的化学成份发生了量或质的变化,特别是蛋白质的变化,如在浦育的马铃薯叶甲Leptinotarsadecemlineata[1,2]及西南玉米杆草螟Diatraeagrandiosella[3,4]的血淋巴中,均发现了特殊蛋白质,即滞育蛋白。为了弄清滞育棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera的血淋巴中是否也出现滞育蛋白或与滞有相关联的蛋白,及注定滞育和非滞育棉铃虫在不同发育阶段中蛋白质含量的变化和谱带特征,以进一步探索棉铃虫滞育的生理生化机制,我们通过电泳等手段对不同时期的滞育和非滞育棉铃虫…     

高温对家蚕三品系血淋巴中糖水平的影响（英文）

家蚕Bombyx mori的两个二化性品系热耐受型NB4D2和热敏感型CSR2均适合于温带气候,而多化性的PM（Pure Mysore) 品系适合于热带气候,将这3种品系5龄幼虫分别置于32℃和36℃的高温下,观察高温对其5龄幼虫至蛹期血淋巴中糖含量及海藻糖酶活性的影响。结果表明： PM幼虫和蛹的死亡率均小于NB4D2和CSR2。在蜕皮期间血淋巴海藻糖水平较高,而葡萄糖水平及海藻糖酶活性较低。32℃和36℃的高温下,幼虫蜕皮期间血淋巴中糖含量及海藻糖酶活性仅在其各自的水平上表现为小幅度的增加。蜕皮后幼虫血淋巴中海藻糖含量显著下降,而葡萄糖含量和海藻糖酶活性显著上升。在较高温度下,蜕皮后幼虫血淋巴中海藻糖含量下降幅度更大,而葡萄糖含量及海藻糖酶活性上升水平也更加显著。25±1℃下取食幼虫血淋巴中葡萄糖含量显著下降,海藻糖含量显著上升;3℃和36℃下PM 和NB4D2取食幼虫血淋巴葡萄糖和海藻糖含量以及海藻糖酶活性增加,而CSR2均减少或降低。吐丝幼虫血淋巴中葡萄糖含量及海藻糖酶活性显著下降,海藻糖小幅度下降。而在较高温度下,耐热型PM 和NB4D2吐丝家蚕血淋巴糖含量含量和海藻糖酶活性明显增加,而热敏感型CSR2的则明显下降。这3种品系蛹发育期的血淋巴糖含量及海藻糖酶活性均下降。在两较高温度下,PM蛹期血淋巴糖和海藻糖酶活性增加,而NB4D2 36℃时增加幅度小于32℃时。对于CSR2,32℃时观察到其血淋巴葡萄糖含量增加,但当环境温度增加到36℃时其血淋巴葡萄糖含量降至正常水平下。然而,当CSR2的蛹置于32℃和36℃时血淋巴海藻糖含量及其酶活性下降,且36℃时下降幅度更大。因此,桑蚕对高温的适应取决于家蚕的品系及发育阶段,并可通过其血淋巴糖及海藻糖酶活性水平进行验证。     

家蚕感染蛹虫草后的生理生化变化

蛹虫草分生孢子侵染5龄家蚕Bombyx mori后,家蚕血淋巴中总糖、海藻糖、蛋白质和甘油酯含量均有不同程度的下降,其中甘油酯含量下降最为明显。海藻糖酶活性在侵染初期也明显降低。接种后家蚕体内的保护酶超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性也有较大变化,其中超氧化物歧化酶活性上升最为明显,在4日内由441.841 U/mL升至601.255 U/mL。     

亚洲玉米螟血淋巴中酚氧化酶的研究

酚氧化酶(Phenoloxidase,简称PO)大量存在于亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)幼虫的血浆中,血细胞中甚少.该酶的活力与幼虫的发育期相关,在蜕皮和化蛹前后活力达高峰.PO可以粘附在酵母菌细胞表面,但未发现具有调理作用.以Sephadex G-200层析,对PO进行了部分纯化,比活力可提高56倍.试虫感染酵母菌后,活体内血浆PO活力即刻下降;体外证明,感染血浆可抑制正常血浆PO活力,以胰蛋白酶和昆布多糖测试以及行耐温实验,表明该抑制物为蛋白质性质.对PO的防卫作用进行了简要的讨论.     

家蚕胚胎发育时期的蛋白质变化及构造分析

采用蛋白质双向电泳技术及蛋白质氨基酸序分析技术,从蛋白质水平研究了家蚕胚胎发育时期的基因表达情况。结果表明,从家蚕临界期胚胎直到点青期胚胎的较长一段时间内,蛋白质的双向电泳图变化不大,匹配蛋白质斑点率达６３．０％,卵特异性蛋白质,３０Ｋ蛋白质的含量很大。     

重离子射线照射对家蚕的生物影响

为解明重离子射线的生物影响,调查了氖、碳及氦(20Ne8+,LET=300keV/μm;12C5+,LET=116keV/μm和4He2+,LET=16.2keV/μm)等重离子射线照射家蚕(Bombyxmori)后的存活率及形态变化。重离子射线照射不同发育时期的幼虫后所引起的生物影响不同,幼虫的发育时期越早,照射后引起的生物影响越大;对同一时期的幼虫,随着剂量的增加,照射的生物影响加大;以化蛹率和羽化率为指标的放射线感受性在供试的3种射线间具有相似的变化倾向,只是射线的射程越长,照射的生物影响越大;对熟蚕卵巢存在部位的局部照射也显示相似的结果。同一射线的不同LET轨迹位置对家蚕的卵巢及真皮细胞的生物影响不同,用Mylar薄膜覆盖调节碳离子射线的射程,卵巢及真皮细胞越是接近射线高LET的Bragg峰,照射个体的鳞毛及卵的形成被强烈抑制。因此,重离子射线对家蚕的生物影响与细胞及植物种子等小个体不同,对于全体照射,重离子射线的射程长短所造成的生物影响比射线的LET大小所引起的生物影响要大;而对于局部照射,目的器官越是接近射线的高LET轨迹,照射的生物影响越大。     

棉铃虫被中华卵索线虫感染后血淋巴中还原糖、海藻糖和游离脂肪酸的变化

用3, 5 -二硝基水杨酸法和气相色谱法, 分别对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera) 感染中华卵索线虫(Ovomermis sinensis) 后不同时期血淋巴中还原糖、海藻糖和游离脂肪酸含量变化进行了分析。感染的1-3 d,棉铃虫血淋巴还原糖含量(mg/ ml) (分别为0. 551 ±0 .035、0 .505 ±0. 025、0. 852 ±0. 051) 显著低于对照组(分别为0. 655 ±0 .041、0 .878 ±0. 032、0 .964 ±0 .034); 4-5 d还原糖含量(分别为1. 016 ±0. 051、1. 016 ±0 .042) 显著高于对照组(分别为0. 767 ±0 .041、0. 853±0 .038), 第6 d 还原糖含量(0 .608 ±0. 031) 显著低于对照组(0. 698 ±0 .024)。感染组棉铃虫血淋巴中海藻糖的含量情况与还原糖的不同, 在感染的1-3 d, 棉铃虫血淋巴海藻糖的含量(分别为0 .349 ±0. 029、0.374 ±0. 027、0 .479 ±0. 046) 与对照组(分别为0. 383 ±0 .026、0 .374 ±0 .023、0 .483 ±0. 034) 的基本相同, 没有明显的变化; 4-6 d海藻糖含量(分别为0 .529 ±0. 045、0. 584 ±0 .041、0. 428 ±0. 041) 低于对照组(分别为0. 698 ±0 .042、0. 652 ±0 .032、0 .469 ±0 .038)。无论是感染组还是对照组, 棉铃虫血淋巴中软脂酸(16∶0)、棕榈油酸(16∶1)、硬脂酸(18∶0)、油酸(18∶1)、亚油酸(18∶2     

家蚕五龄幼虫血淋巴内维生素的研究

本实验对家蚕Bombyx mori五龄健康的雌雄幼虫、氟中毒的雌幼虫、细胞质多角体病毒(CPV)感染的雄幼虫血淋巴内的烟酸、烟酰胺、吡哆辛(VB₆)、硫胺素(VB₁)及核黄素(VB₂)含量,采用离子对反相色谱法进行了定量测定.在五龄幼虫发育阶段,血淋巴内每种维生素含量均是雌蚕高于雄蚕,健康者高于病态者,且病蚕含维生素的量持续下降;烟酸和烟酰胺浓度一直减少,可能是部分烟酸、烟酰胺在酶作用下与某些蛋白质结合,部分烟酸、烟酰胺形成NADP酶的缘故;VB₆、VB₁和VB₂浓度增加,是幼虫大量摄食、贮存能量和营养,供日后生命循环需要的结果.     

Antibacterial activity of silkworm hemolymph after hemopoietic organ being injured with radiosurgery

Abstract:  To study the effect of hemopoietic organs damage on hemocyte function and antibacterial activity of hemolymph, silkworm ( Bombyx mori ) larvae were locally irradiated with carbon ion beams (¹²C⁵⁺, 100 Gy), live and death ratio of hemocytes and antibacterial activity of hemolymph were investigated. For unirradiated controls, the ratio of died hemocytes hardly changed at the fifth instar, but for locally irradiated silkworms, with growth died hemocytes and low-functional hemocytes increased clearly, and reached an extremely significant level at the later stage of the fifth instar. For irradiated individuals, the phenolxidase activities and sterilization effect of hemolymph were clearly lower than those of controls. So it is considered that after irradiating hemopoietic organs with heavy ion beams, not only the number of hemocytes decreased but the function of hemocytes also dropped, and they at last lead to a decline in immunity.     

Effect of metamorphosis on the major hemolymph proteins of the silkworm

During the metamorphosis of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, three major hemolymph proteins (MHPs) (molecular weights 17,000, 25,000, 27,000) were detected and found to be distributed in the hemolymph and in the tissues of several organs, such as the fat body, midgut, ovary, testis, and even eggs. The MHPs in eggs gradually decreased and disappeared during embryogenesis. The formation, distribution, and utilization of MHPs in tissues other than the gonad, however, were not affected by sex. Radioisotope experiments in vivo revealed that the MHPs were synthesized at an early period of the fifth larval instar. The synthesis of at least two of them occurred in the fat body. MHPs in the hemolymph entered the tissues at the onset of the larval-pupal transformation. On the basis of their appearance, distribution, and depletion, the MHPs may be classified as reserve proteins which are synthesized in the larval stage and utilized later in the developmental stages.     

家蚕血液对BmE-SWU1细胞凋亡的抑制作用

以家蚕胚胎细胞系BmE-SWU1细胞为体外模型,用不同浓度的放线菌素D处理家蚕BmE-SWU1细胞进行家蚕细胞凋亡研究.结果表明:放线菌素D诱导家蚕细胞凋亡的作用呈时间、剂量依赖性.分别用浓度为0、50、100和200 ng/ml的放线菌素D处理BmE-SWU1细胞12 h后,凋亡峰所占比例分别为1.82%、1.26%、8.21%和12.31%.当放线菌素D的浓度为100 ng/ml时,诱导家蚕BmE-SWU1细胞凋亡的效果显著;家蚕血液对放线菌素D诱导的家蚕BmE-SWU1细胞凋亡具有明显的抑制作用.     

Proteomic profiling of the hemolymph at the fifth instar of the silkworm Bombyx mori

Abstract Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) followed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization – time‐of‐flight/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MS) analysis were used to charaterize the hemolymph proteomic profiles of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. At days 4 (V4) and 5 (V5) of the fifth (final) instar, when the larvae were at the fast‐growing stage, we found dramatic changes in spots representing proteins having an approximate molecular weight (MW) of 30 kDa. Of these spots, four 30K proteins were highly up‐regulated, implying a close association with the growth and development of B. mori larvae. To understand the molecular basis and underlying mechanisms involved in development and metamorphosis, the proteome of whole hemolymph at V5 was analyzed using shotgun liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with an LTQ‐Orbitrap. A total of 108 proteins were identified without any false discovery hits. These proteins were involved in a variety of cellular functions, including metabolism, development, nutrient transport and reserve, and defense response. Gene ontology analysis showed that 3.4% of these proteins had nutrient reservoir activities and 5.7% were involved in the response to stimulus. Pathway analysis revealed that 22 proteins with common targets were involved in various cellular processes such as immunity, differentiation, proliferation and metamorphosis. These results suggested that some key factors such as the 30K proteins in hemolymph play important roles in B. mori growth and development. Moreover, the multiple functions of hemolymph may be operated by a complex biological network.     

Evidences for a stage-specific juvenile hormone binding protein in the hemolymph of the silkworm,Bombyx mori L.: Identification and characterization by photoaffinity labeling and immunological analyses

Two molecular forms of juvenile hormone binding proteins were identified in the larval hemolymph of Bombyx mori by photoaffinity labeling. One form having an Mr of 33 kDa was present constantly in the hemolymph of the third to the fifth instar larvae while the other form having an Mr of 35 kDa was detected in the hemolymph until in the early fifth instar larvae but not in the prewandering larvae and prepupae. A 33 kDa binding protein was purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration, and native PAGE. Antiserum against 33 kDa binding protein cross-reacted with 35 kDa binding protein on Western blots, suggesting that these binding proteins shared the same epitopes. From the results of saturation binding assays, it was inferred that 33 and 35 kDa binding proteins had a similar binding affinity for JH 1. It was revealed that one of these binding proteins, 35 kDa binding protein, was produced in the fat body in a stage-specific manner: fat body of the early fifth instar larvae synthesized both 33 and 35 kDa binding proteins while that of prewandering larvae synthesized only 33 kDa binding protein. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Physiological functions of hemocytes newly emerged from the cultured hematopoietic organs in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Abstract  Cellular immunity is a very important part of insect innate immunity. It is not clear if hemocytes entering the hemolymph require a maturation process to become competent. The establishment of a tissue culture system for the insect hematopoietic organs would enable physiological function assays with hemocytes newly emerged from hematopoietic organs. To this end, we established a hematopoietic organ culture system for the purebred silkworm pnd pS and then studied the physiological functions of the newly emerged hemocytes. We found that Grace's medium supplemented with 10% heated silkworm larval plasma was better for culturing the hematopoietic organs of pnd pS . Newly emerged hemocytes phagocytosed propidium iodide-labeled bacteria and encapsulated the Iml-2 coated nickel beads as well as pupal tissue debris. This culture system is therefore capable of generating physiologically functional hemocytes. These hemocytes can be used to study the mechanisms of the hemocyte immune response among others.     

家蚕血液胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂的多态性分布

家蚕Bombyx mori的胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂（chymotrypsin inhibitor,CI）在家蚕发育过程中发挥着重要作用,具有丰富的多态性。为了进一步研究家蚕胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂在群体水平上的多态性分布,通过非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,调查了425个家蚕品系的血液胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂的分布情况。结果表明,基因Ict-A、Ict-D和Ict-E在所有家蚕品系中存在,暗示它们是家蚕正常生长发育必需的基因; 相反,至少在9个家蚕品系中发现基因Ict-B和Ict-H都没有表达,而这些品系没有明显的生理缺陷。在中国品系和日本品系家蚕之间,胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂分布规律基本一致。对52个纯品系家蚕的胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂分布进行的聚类分析结果表明,胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂分布与其系统、眠性和化性都没有明显的相关性。所以家蚕胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂广泛存在于不同家蚕品系中,同时多态性的分布特征也表明其生理功能在进化过程中发生了明显的分化。     

家蚕信息素结合蛋白BmPBP2和BmPBP3基因的初步鉴定及表达分析

嗅觉对昆虫的生存、繁殖等起着重要的作用。依据家蚕Bombyx mori全基因组序列设计特异引物,扩增得到了两个信息素结合蛋白BmPBP2和BmPBP3基因的cDNA片段。结合已报道的家蚕信息素结合蛋白BmPBP1和两个普通气味结合蛋白BmGOBP的信息,对其基因结构分析表明,这5个基因均由3个外显子组成,具有保守的外显子/内含子边界和典型的6个Cys残基,且3个PBP基因在基因组上串联分布。序列同源性分析表明,BmPBP2和BmPBP3与烟草天蛾的PBP2和PBP3的同源性高达69%和63%。半定量RT-PCR分析结果显示,BmPBP2和BmPBP3基因在成虫触角中特异表达,且雌雄表达水平相当。这些结果表明BmPBP2和BmPBP3可能起着性信息素识别的作用。