2017—2020年珠江口棘头梅童鱼的种群特征

为了掌握珠江口重要经济鱼类棘头梅童鱼的种群特征,根据2017—2020年春(3—4月)、秋(9—10月)两季在珠江口海域开展的底拖网调查及采集到的棘头梅童鱼样本,对其生物学特征和资源密度分布特征进行了初步分析。结果表明: 珠江口棘头梅童鱼体长、体重变化范围分别为22～168 mm、0.23～103.11 g,其中雌性个体的体长、体重均大于雄性个体,未见明显的小型化现象;性成熟体长集中在90～140 mm,未见性成熟提早现象。总体长体重关系式中的异速生长因子b值为2.9057,且年际变化小,而条件因子a值(3.029×10^-5)小于1988年该海域的调查结果,说明珠江口棘头梅童鱼整体生长发育良好,但栖息地环境质量(饵料供应、生长环境)下降。研究海域梅童鱼的开发率E为0.67,处于过度捕捞状态;梅童鱼资源密度平均值为77.73 kg·km^-2, 中西侧资源密度大于东侧,在纬度方向上总体分布均匀;根据4个资源密度高值区初步推测其产卵场在南沙港附近。2017—2020年的年平均资源密度比1980—1982年下降了93.5%,为持续利用该资源,建议条件成熟时可于春季在产卵场设立保护区,以保护补充群体与产卵群体。     

云南原缨口鳅属鱼类不同地理居群形态差异及分化

将采自中国云南的249尾原缨口鳅属鱼类标本以采集地分为13组,共测量20个常规性状,应用多变量形态度量学方法比较其形态差异。结果表明,全部标本可以水系分为3群,分别命名为澜沧江群、李仙江群和元江群。它们之间的差异系数均超过亚种水平的临界值(1.28),而且各群间的主成分分值散点间没有过渡中间类群。所以,3群应是3个不同的物种。根据原始文献描述的越南行政分区,推测李仙江分布的原缨口鳅属鱼类应为Vanmanenia tetraloba(Mai,1978),而元江分布的应为Vanmaneniastriata Chen(1980)。澜沧江中分布的原缨口鳅属鱼类标本以体型扁平、偶鳍宽大和头部骨骼小等特征组合区别于V.tetraloba和V.striata。经验证保存于中国科学院昆明动物研究所的唯一标本证实,采自禄劝掌鸠河的原缨口鳅属标本不是V.tetraloba,而应是平舟原缨口鳅V.pingchowensis。     

不同地理种群东方墨头鱼(Garra orientalis)的形态分化

为确认分布于闽江、珠江、红河水系和海南岛的东方墨头鱼居群间存在的形态差异是否达到亚种或种的水平,该文将采自上述4个水系共72尾标本根据水系分为四组,比较了10个外部形态特征,并运用多变量形态度量学方法,对13个框架结构特征和23个常规特征进行分析。主成分分析结果散点图显示,海南岛居群相对集中,但仍未能与其他3个水系居群完全区分,而其他3个水系居群则完全混杂在一起。该研究结果表明,形态特征比较和形态度量学分析难以区分东方墨头鱼的不同地理居群,其种或种下分化研究需借助于分子生物学方法。     

甘肃鼢鼠不同地理种群的形态变异分析

甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax cansus)隶属于啮齿目(Rodentia)、鼹形鼠科(Spalacidae)、鼢鼠亚科(Myospalacinae)、鼢鼠属(Myospalax)(Norris et al.,2004),主要分布于我国西北地区的黄土高原,为陕西、甘肃、宁夏及青海东部地区农田和草原的主要害鼠之一,对林业幼苗也有一定的损伤,同时亦是水土保持的主要破坏因素之一(江廷安等,1996).作为地下掘土类食草动物,由于地下积水和空气不流通,甘肃鼢鼠经受着食物匮乏等的环境压力,很可能促使甘肃鼢鼠身体结构向有利于适应洞道系统的方向变化,导致种群分化.     

高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)不同地理种群的形态变异

本文采用主成分分析和聚类分析两种方法,分析了高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)12 个地理种群17 项形态特征的变异。主成分分析结果显示,分析构建的雄性前3 个主成分累积贡献率为78.483% ,而雌性前4 个主成分累积贡献率为79.587% 。对种群间形态差异分析贡献最大的指标为颅全长、基长、后头宽等反映头骨大小性状,以及顶嵴、额嵴最小间距体现的颧弓扩张程度指标。主成分分析结果与聚类分析结果一致,12 个地理种群分化构成两个大的地域性群体:一个由甘肃种群构成的甘肃群体;另一个由四川种群和青海种群构成的混合群体。两个地域性群体实际上反映出两个不同的分化方向:一个方向表现为头骨较小,顶嵴、额嵴相对分开即颧弓扩张程度小,如甘肃群体;另一个则表现为头骨较大,顶嵴、额嵴相对靠拢即颧弓扩张程度大,如混合群体。这种地域群体的形态变异可以解释为,地下洞道系统中环境因子选择作用对高原鼢鼠形态变化产生了重要影响。     

四川裂腹鱼和重口裂腹鱼形态差异的多元分析

通过聚类分析、判别分析和主成分分析3种多元分析方法,对乌江总溪河89尾四川裂腹鱼(Schizothorax kozlovi)和岷江青衣江33尾重口裂腹鱼(S.davidi)的10个常规可量性状与20个框架性状进行了比较研究。聚类分析结果显示,3次采集的四川裂腹鱼聚为一支,而重口裂腹鱼单独为一支;主成分分析结果显示,提取的8个主成分对总方差的累计贡献率为73.762%,贡献率大的性状集中在吻端和躯干后侧;通过两次判别分析,最终建立四川裂腹鱼和重口裂腹鱼两个判别方程,综合判别率为100%。研究结果显示,四川裂腹鱼和重口裂腹鱼是独立的两个种,在形态上的主要差异体现在吻端和躯干后侧,运用多元分析方法能有效地将其区分开来,而3次采样的四川裂腹鱼为同一种群。     

天然红松种群形态特征地理变异的研究

在我国红松天然分布区内,根据纬度和海拔的差异,选取了凉水、小北湖和长白山３个地区具有典型代表性下的天然红松林,进行了形态结构的观测分析。分单株采样,测量了一级枝针叶的长度,球果长度、宽度、每球果含种子数目,种子的重量,树皮的形态。结果表明：红松平均针叶长度在我国分布区风呈现中间长、南北短的趋势。种群内针叶的变异幅度凉山地区最大（０．１４８６）,长白山地我最小（０．１０５６）;种群间针叶长度变异较大     

卷口鱼属鱼类一新种：鲤形目：鲤科

本文记述了2尾采自广西合山的卷口鱼属鱼类一新种,命名为长须卷口鱼,新种Ptychidio Jongibarbus sp. nov.。正模标本和副模标本各1尾。本新种与同属卷口鱼P.jordani Myers 和大眼卷口鱼P.macrops Fang均发现于广西西江水系,其差别在于本新种吻皮流苏特化为灌丛状长须;下唇腹面的乳突也特化为须状,有些还分叉;眼较小;上颌须与口角须也明显发达,表现在溶洞黑暗环境中觅食的适应性状。另外,本新种与它们之间的差异还表现于上颌的形状,前者为弧形而后两者为三角形。     

红皮沙拐枣种群间的形态变异分析

调查和测定了中国西北荒漠地区的红皮沙拐枣(Calligonum rubicundum)5个种群的形态变异特征,应用方差分析、主成分分析和聚类分析方法．分别对其形态因子进行了单元和多元分析。结果表明,种群间16个形态指标中的15个具有显著性差异．而多元方差分析的种群间形态变异的差异性较小。灌高、种子重量和灌幅指标具有很强的形态变异性分析意义。种群间的形态差异(欧式距离)与种群问基因流动(地理距离)间没有发现相关关系。来自宁夏的R5种群在形态聚类分析巾较为孤立,其它4个来自新疆的种群具有较近的相似关系。     

不同地理种群大豆蚜生长发育的形态指标

对采自广东、山东、河北和黑龙江4个省份大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura种群在不同温度条件下的生长发育形态指标进行测定。结果表明,在20、25和30℃,不同地理种群大豆蚜生长发育形态指标差异不显著;在15℃,不同地理种群大豆蚜生长发育形态指标差异显著。在15～30℃,单一大豆蚜地理种群形态指标有随温度降低而增大的趋势。试验结果也表明,单一地理种群大豆蚜的Q值也有随着温度降低而增大的趋势;而在相同温度下,不同种群间的Q值变化不明显,差异性不显著。     

Genetic analysis of ratmouth barbell (Ptychidio jordani Myers) from different geographic sub-populations in the Pearl River Basin using microsatellite markers

Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to study the genetic variation of Ptychidio jordani sampled from the three sites of Liuzhou, Guiping and Yunan in the Pearl River Basin with the help of local fishers. Allele numbers ranged from 2 to 19 and fragment sizes ranged from 108 to 288. Average polymorphism information content (PIC), average observed heterozygosity (Ho) and average expected heterozygosity (He) were 0.439917, 0.4147 and 0.4986, respectively, which indicate a comparatively high level of genetic diversity. The coefficient of genetic differentiation ( G _st) between the two sub-populations ranged from 0.0074 to 0.0156, which shows little differentiation between sub-populations. amova analysis also offered evidence of weak differentiation with 0.53% variation between sub-populations, 99.47% variation within sub-populations and the F _st = 0.00531. The morphological variation among geographic sub-populations might result from different habitats. The correlation between genotype and morphological characters was analyzed and a significant correlation found between the genotype of microsatellite locus Hlj038 and the ratio of body depth and body length. The results suggest a possible linkage between this locus and these morphological characters.     

Morphological variation in Plantago lanceolata L.: effects of light quality and growth regulators on sun and shade populations

The effects of different ratios of red to far-red light (R/FR-ratio) and of exogenously applied growth regulators on the morphology of plants from sun and shade populations were studied. Large differences in growth form were found between populations adapted to either sun or shaded habitats. Low R/FR-ratios, simulating vegetation shade, induced a growth form similar to that of plants from the shade population. High R/FR-ratios, simulating sunlight, had the opposite effect. Most morphological differences between shade and sun populations and effects of low R/FR-ratios on growth form could be mimicked by exogenously applied gibberellin (GA₃). In contrast, application of a gibberellin inhibitor (CCC) induced a growth form similar to that of the sun population and of plants grown under a high R/FR-ratio. Interactions between genetic background, the R/FR-ratio, and hormone treatment, were small and the factors exerted their action independently. The results are discussed in relation to the influence of developmental constraints on the evolvability of optimal phenotypes and the plastic responses therein.     

厚壳桂种群在不同群落中的分子生态研究

使用ＡＦＬＰ（Ａｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄ ｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔ ｌｅｎｇｔｈ ｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ）方法对南亚热带演替顶级种厚壳桂在２个不同群落,常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林中的遗传分化进行了研究,结果表明,种群的大部分遗传变异（８９．５５％）是由于个体与个体之间的差异造成的,有１０．４５％的遗传变异是由于群落的不同造成的,其显著性检测为极显著。这种结果是由于群落的微环境不同和种群生物学特性造成的。     

Population structure and skeletal variation in the Late Woodland of west-central Illinois

This paper analyzes nonmetric trait variation in 11 late Late Woodland (ca. AD 700-1000) and one Mississippian (AD 1000-1300) skeletal samples from west-central Illinois from a population-structure perspective. Most of the sites are of the Bluff phase of Late Woodland in the lower Illinois River valley; others are from a nearby, contemporary archaeological phase. Late Woodland as a whole era (ca. AD 250-1000) was a period of marked population growth and expansion into new regional environments, trends that accompanied horticultural intensification in the area. Overall variation between sites was low, but males, females, and the total sample exhibited a significant geographic component to variation due to interregional morphological differences. The Bluff sites tended to group together relative to the non-Bluff sites. However, there was no significant geographic component to variation among the Bluff sites. The results are only partially consistent with archaeological data suggesting population growth and expansion through fissioning. Previous studies have demonstrated significant heterogeneity for nonmetric trait frequencies among Middle Woodland (ca. 100 BC to AD 250) sites, suggesting a Middle to Late Woodland change in population structure that lowered levels of morphological variation. This supports a model of increased intra- and interregional interaction from Middle to Late Woodland times developed from ceramic data by Braun and by Braun and Plog.     

Evolutionary insights from studies of geographic variation: Contemporary variation and looking to the future

In an age of rapid global change, it is imperative that we continue to improve our understanding of factors that govern genetic differentiation in plants to inform biologically reasonable predictions for the future and enlighten conservation and restoration practices. In this special issue, we have assembled a set of original research and reviews that employ diverse approaches, both classic and contemporary, to illuminate patterns of phenotypic and genetic variation, probe the underlying evolutionary processes that have contributed to these patterns, build predictive models, and test evolutionary hypotheses. Our goal was to underscore the unique insights that can be obtained through the complementary and distinct studies of plant populations across species' geographic ranges.     

Allozyme differentiation of populations of the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus, (L.): the relative effects of geographic distance and variation in chromosome number

Geographic patterns of genie differentiation were compared with differentiation between karyotypes in the intertidal snail Nucella lapillus. Samples from 24 sites covering the species range in Europe and North America were analysed for allozyme variation at 16 soluble enzyme loci. Two homokaryotypes have been identified with diploid numbers 2n = 26 and 2n= 36 (variation is Robertsonian and hybrids have intermediate chromosome numbers) and samples were classified (on the basis of published data) according to karyotype. Group 1 consisted of samples from three English Channel populations of higher chromosome number (on average 2n > 32) and Group 2 consisted of the remaining 21 samples (presumed to be 2n= 26). Karyotype variation accounts for roughly the same amount of the absolute allozyme variance as geographic variation (46.3 °, and 53.7°, respectively). Yet the patterns of differentiation seen between karyotypes and with geographic separation are very different. In samples classified as 2n= 26 (Group 2), while there is a significant amount of heterogeneity (F_ST per locus averaged 0.128 for 10 polymorphic loci), allozyme variation occurs independently at different loci so mean genetic identity (Nei) is high: 0.972. There is only a slight decline in genetic identity with distance (genetic identity averaged 0.965 for amphi-atlantic comparisons) indicating that passive transport of juveniles or adults may contribute significantly to gene flow. Conversely, allozyme variation between karyotypes was concordant. High chromosome number populations possessed a suite of alleles at four allozyme loci (Esl-3, Lap-2, Mdh-1 and Pep-2) which were absent or rare in Group 2 samples resulting in high F_ST values for these loci (from 0.294 to 0.472) when karyotypic classes were combined. Consequently the mean genetic identity between these Robertsonian races is low, 0.856, and falls within the range more usually associated with congeneric comparisons than with con-specific comparisons. The mechanisms maintaining this genie difference are unclear. However the distribution of the karyotypes and physiological and morphological differences (in shell shape) between them strongly suggest that karyotypic variation in Nucella is adaptive.     

Early survival in roe deer: causes and consequences of cohort variation in two contrasted populations

Time- and sex-specific summer survival of roe deer fawns was estimated using capture-mark-recapture methods in two enclosed populations living in contrasting conditions. The population of Trois Fontaines (eastern France) was roughly constant in size throughout the study period, while in Chizé (western France), the population experienced frequent summer droughts and numbers decreased continuously during the study. Early survival of fawns was low and highly variable over the years at both Chizé and Trois Fontaines, and demonstrated marked variations between cohorts that need to be taken into account when modelling roe deer population dynamics. In Trois Fontaines, fawn survival was positively correlated with early body growth and total rainfall in May and June. In Chizé, fawn survival decreased with increasing density and tended to increase with increasing rainfall in May and June and adult female body mass. These factors explained more than 75% of the variability in early survival observed in both populations. Variation between cohorts had different consequences for the two populations. At Trois Fontaines, cohort variation was limited to a numerical effect on early survival. However at Chizé, cohort variation was long-lasting and affected the phenotypic quality of survivors at later ages, and thereby future survival and breeding abilities (both numerical and quality effects). Male and female fawns had similar survival over their first summer in both populations. This result contrasts with the lower survival of young males often observed in ungulates. Two ultimate causes can be proposed to account for the low and variable survival of roe deer fawns over the first summer: the high energy expenditures incurred by does during each breeding attempt and/or the low absolute body size of newborn roe deer fawns. Received: 28 April 1997 / Accepted: 14 July 1997     

Morphological and allozyme variation in a collection of Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin (Cucurbitaceae) from Côte d'Ivoire

To set up a rational collecting strategy for germplasm of the edible-seeded cucurbit Cucumeropsis mannii, a study was conducted using 24 morphological and seven putative enzyme markers to determine the intra-specific variability from 16 and 22 accessions (representing three cultivars), respectively. The analysis of variance, showed a significant difference between the three cultivars. Principal component analysis pointed out a variation among individuals, mainly on the basis of flower, fruit, and seed size. Dendrogram with UPGMA method allowed clustering of the cultivars. Genetic diversity indices estimated equalled: 9.96% for the proportion of polymorphic loci (P), 1.10 for the number of alleles (A) and 0.023 for observed heterozygosity (H_o). The level of the within accessions genetic diversity (H_S = 0.078) was higher than among accessions (D_ST = 0.042). Nei's genetic distances between the three cultivars were also low (0.079–0.147), indicating a high degree of similarity of the analysed cultivars.     

Allozyme and RAPD analysis of the genetic diversity and geographic variation in wild populations of the American chestnut (Fagaceae)

Genetic variation among 12 populations of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) was investigated. Population genetic parameters estimated from allozyme variation suggest that C. dentata at both the population and species level has narrow genetic diversity as compared to other species in the genus. Average expected heterozygosity was relatively low for the population collected in the Black Rock Mountain State Park, Georgia (He = 0.096 +/- 0.035), and high for the population in east central Alabama (He = 0.196 +/- 0.048). Partitioning of the genetic diversity based on 18 isozyme loci showed that ~10% of the allozyme diversity resided among populations. Cluster analysis using unweighted pair-group method using arithmetric averages of Rogers' genetic distance and principal components analysis based on allele frequencies of both isozyme and RAPD loci revealed four groups: the southernmost population, south-central Appalachian populations, north-central Appalachian populations, and northern Appalachian populations. Based on results presented in this study, a conservation strategy and several recommendations related to the backcross breeding aimed at restoring C. dentata are discussed.     

Intraspecific variation in the resistance to flooding and drought in populations of Paspalum dilatatum from different topographic positions

Many studies have analysed plant responses to flooding or drought separately, without addressing the relations between plant resistance to each of these factors. In this paper, we compare the responses to drought and flooding under glasshouse conditions of three populations of Paspalum dilatatum, a perennial C₄ grass dominant at different positions along a topographic gradient in the flooding pampa of Argentina. Our results showed that flooding effects on yield were negative on an upland, null on an intermediate, and positive on a lowland population, whereas drought reduced yield equally across populations, showing that resistance to flooding was not related to resistance to drought at a population level. Drought decreased height and aerenchyma, and increased the proportion of roots, while flooding had opposite effects on these traits. The responses of the single clones that made up each population showed a positive relation between the resistances to both factors: along the ecocline formed by 58 clones, those more resistant to drought were also more resistant to flooding. In addition, the combined resistance of each clone to both factors was negatively related to yield at field capacity, (i.e. the most resistant clones were less productive) and unrelated to the proportion of roots and aerenchyma. This result agrees with predictions of Grime's plant strategy theory and differs from a few previous studies, which showed negative relations between the resistances to flooding and drought among genera and species.