藏羚羊与藏绵羊心肌、骨骼肌中肌红蛋白含量和乳酸脱氢酶活性的比较

为了探讨藏羚羊(Pantholops hodgsonii)对低氧环境的适应机制。以生活在同海拔(4 300 m)的藏绵羊(Tibetan Sheep)为对照,用分光光度法测定2种动物心肌、骨骼肌中肌红蛋白(myoglobin,Mb)含量、乳酸(lactic acid,LD)含量及乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活力。结果显示,藏羚羊心肌和骨骼肌中Mb含量明显高于藏绵羊(P0.05),但心肌和骨骼肌的Mb含量无差别(P0.05),而藏绵羊心肌Mb含量明显高于骨骼肌(P0.05);藏羚羊心肌和骨骼肌中LD含量及LDH活力明显低于藏绵羊(P0.05),且2种动物心肌中的LDH活力均明显低于其骨骼肌(P0.01)。结果表明,藏羚羊尽管生活在高寒缺氧地区,其心肌和骨骼肌细胞仍然能得到丰富的氧供应,并非处于缺氧状态,这可能是通过增加心肌和骨骼肌中Mb的含量,提高其在低氧环境获取和储存氧的能力,从而提高有氧获能水平。与之相反,藏绵羊尽管也生活在高寒缺氧地区,但其心肌和骨骼肌中Mb含量相对于藏羚羊较低,且LD含量和LDH活力较高,说明其心肌和骨骼肌细胞内氧供不如藏羚羊丰富,提示藏绵羊可能主要以糖酵解获能。我们推测这种差异可能与两种动物不同的运动习性密切相关,且认为藏羚羊较高的Mb含量可能是其适应高原缺氧条件的分子基础之一。     

藏羚羊肌红蛋白(MGB)基因编码区的克隆与分析

为了探讨藏羚羊低氧适应的分子生物学机制,从藏羚羊(Pantholops hodgsonii)骨骼肌组织中提取总RNA,通过逆转录聚合酶联反应(RT-PCR)技术扩增出MGB基因编码区cDNA片段,并与pGEM-T Easy载体连接构建重组质粒,转化DH5α菌。扩增培养后鉴定阳性质粒并进行序列测定,结果与NCBI数据库进行比较。结果显示,MGB基因编码区由465bp组成,编码154个氨基酸。其序列与绵羊、牛、猪、人、小鼠、大鼠的同源性分别是98%、97%、90%、86%、82%、81%。推测出的氨基酸序列与绵羊、牛有98%同源性,而与猪、人、小鼠及大鼠分别有89%、85%、80%、79%的同源性。与NCBI数据库登录的绵羊的MGB cDNA序列比较发现,藏羚羊MGB基因的21位和78位密码子分别发生了突变(GGT→GAT和GAA→AAG),其对应的氨基酸分别由甘氨酸变为天冬氨酸及谷氨酸变为赖氨酸。至此,成功克隆出藏羚羊MGB基因编码区,为进一步揭示藏羚羊低氧适应的分子机制打下基础。     

心肌肌红蛋白含量的生化测定方法

本文介绍了两种简便易行、定量测定心肌肌红蛋白含量的方法。利用其中一种方法测定了大鼠心肌肌红蛋白含量,并比较常氧和低氧大鼠心肌肌红蛋白含量的差异     

斯氏并殖吸虫乳酸脱氢酶,苹果酸脱氢酶及酯酶同工酶的研究

本文采用Disc-PAGE电泳,首次对我国独有的斯氏并殖吸虫(Paragonimus skrjabini Chen,1959)成虫、童虫、囊蚴的乳酸脱氢酶(以下简称LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(以下简称MDH)和酯酶(以下简称EST)同工酶进行了研究。 在成虫、童虫、囊蚴间,LDH、MDH、EST同工酶在酶带数、排列型式、Rf值、相对活性和优势酶带的位置都存在差异。 根据虫体和宿主组织同工酶谱的不同,可以认为是本虫本身所具有。 同工酶作为其分类指标时,不仅要比较不同虫种成虫稳定的同工酶谱,也要比较同工酶在个体发育型式间的差异。     

高原鼢鼠、鼠兔及大鼠心肌和骨骼肌乳酸脱氢酶活力及同工酶谱

为了探讨高原鼢鼠和鼠兔的低氧适应机理,用紫外分光光度法测定了高原鼢鼠、鼠兔及大鼠心肌和骨骼肌乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate Dehydrogenase,LDH)的活力,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离了LDH同工酶.结果显示:鼢鼠、鼠兔、大鼠心肌LDH活力分别为16.90±2.00 U/mg pro,20.55±2.46 U/mg pro,38.26±6.78 U/mg pm,鼢鼠和鼠兔差异不显著(P>0.05),大鼠与鼠兔差异显著(P<0.05),大鼠与鼢鼠差异极显著(P<0.01);骨骼肌LDH活力,鼢鼠、鼠兔、大鼠分别为39.34±3.74 U/mg pro,78.33±9.54 U/mg pro,67.80±10.89 u/mg pr0,大鼠和鼠兔差异不显著(P>0.05),二者均极显著高于鼢鼠(P<0.01).高原鼠兔与鼢鼠LDH同工酶M亚基的迁移率较为相近,而H亚基差别较大;鼢鼠和大鼠H亚基的迁移率较为相近,而M亚基差别较大.鼢鼠和鼠兔心肌LDH同工酶亚基组成以H亚基为主,M亚基含量较低,而骨骼肌LDH同工酶亚基组成以M业基为主,H业基含量较低.大鼠心肌和骨骼肌LDH同工酶H亚基和M亚基含量均很丰富.说明高原鼢鼠和鼠兔虽然生活在极其缺氧的环境中,但它们的组织并不缺氧;高原鼢鼠和鼠兔以不同的策略适应高原缺氧.     

藏羚羊PGC-1α基因编码区的克隆与分析

以藏羚羊(Pantholops hodgsonii)及同海拔分布的藏系绵羊(Tibetan Sheep)的心肌组织为材料,提取总RNA,利用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术扩增出过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体γ辅激活因子-1α(PGC-1α)的基因编码区cDNA片段,与载体连接构建重组质粒,经转化、扩增培养、鉴定后测序。利用生物信息学方法分析显示,藏羚羊和藏系绵羊的PGC-1α基因编码区长度均为2 349 bp,编码797个氨基酸(GenBank登录号分别为:JF449959和JF449960);与其他脊椎动物PGC-1α基因的核苷酸及氨基酸序列相似性达到90%以上;其包含RNA/DNA结合位点、RNA识别基序(RRM)、与核呼吸因子1(NRF-1)及肌细胞增强因子2C(MEF2C)相互作用的区域、富含丝氨酸/精氨酸的结构域、负调节功能结构域、LXXLL模体以及TPPTTPP和DHDYCQ两个保守序列,14个氨基酸差异性位点位于以上部分功能结构域中;此外,磷酸化位点的预测提示藏羚羊可能存在一个潜在的蛋白激酶G的磷酸化位点(第329位的苏氨酸)。本研究成功克隆出了藏羚羊PGC-1α基因的编码区序列,为从能量代谢角度深入探讨藏羚羊适应高原的分子生物学机制提供了新的思路。     

MSTN协调机体脂肪和骨骼肌细胞增殖分化及能量代谢平衡的研究

研究发现骨骼肌特异表达的分泌性蛋白MSTN除了调控骨骼肌的数量和大小,在脂肪发生以及糖、脂肪和蛋白质等的代谢调节中也具有重要作用。主要表现在MSTN使机体正常情况下肌卫星细胞和前体脂肪细胞维持基本静止状态,协调机体骨骼肌和脂肪的能量代谢平衡等方面。本文综述了MSTN协调机体脂肪和骨骼肌细胞增殖分化及能量代谢平衡的作用机制,并进一步分析了MSTN在这一过程中发挥作用的可能机制。     

几种罗非鱼乳酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶的电泳研究

用淀粉凝胶垂直平板电泳比较分析了三种口孵类型罗非鱼的6种组织的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)同工酶谱及其相对迁移特性,发现这两种同工酶在各个种内表现出组织的分布特异性,而在各个种间又具有明显的差异。利用LDH同工酶的F基因和MDH同工酶的A、B、C、D基因作为遗传标志,能够将亲缘关系相近的这三种罗非鱼区别开来,从而为形态分类学提供了新的生化证据,并且对于以育种为目的的亲本选择,具有一定的实用意义。     

麦洼牦牛乳酸脱氢酶-B基因多态性的PCR-RFLP分析

为了从分子水平上检测麦洼牦牛Bos grunniens乳酸脱氢酶-1(LDH1)的H亚基编码基因Ldhb的多态性,实验提取79头麦洼牦牛基因组DNA,采用PCR-RFLP技术分析Ldhb基因多态性,并测定牦牛背最长肌中肌红蛋白含量。实验建立的牦牛Ldhb的G896A突变位点的PCR-RFLP检测方法,在79头麦洼牦牛中检测到Ldhb-AA和Ldhb-AG两种基因型,其中AG基因型频率为16.46%,并且这些样品的乳酸脱氢酶-1的电泳迁移率快于Ldhb-AA样品。本实验未检测到Ldhb-GG基因型;麦洼牦牛Ldhb基因多态性与背最长肌中的肌红蛋白含量之间未见相关性。     

可可西里自然保护区藏羚羊的微卫星多态性研究

藏羚羊是我国特有的珍稀濒危动物,对其开展遗传多样性的研究具有非常重要的科学价值。为了获取足够的遗传信息并进一步研究藏羚羊在核基因水平上的遗传多样性,对来自可可西里地区的75个藏羚羊干皮张样本进行了微卫星遗传多样性研究。研究从来自牛和绵羊的25个微卫星基因座中筛选到9个具有高度多态性的微卫星基因座(MCM38,MNS64,IOBT395,MCMAI,TGLA68,BM1329,BMS1341,BM3501和MB066)。用非变性聚丙烯凝胶电泳检测微卫星的PCR扩增产物,计算了这9个微卫星基因座的等位基因频率、多态信息含量、基因杂合度等指标并估算了种群数量。结果在75只藏羚羊中共检测到85个等位基因,9个微卫星基因座的等位基因数为7~12个,平均每个基因座检测到9.4个等位基因,有效等位基因数为处于4.676~9.169之间,平均为6.519;基因频率分布在0.007~0.313之间,多态信息含量在0.753~0.881之间,平均为0.818;观察杂合度为0.791~0.897,平均为0.844,期望杂合度为0.786~0.891之间,平均为0.838±0.0132,各基因座观察杂合度与期望杂合度比较接近。固定指数为-0.269~-0.097,平均为-0.163。Shannon’s指数为1.660~2.315,平均为1.990。种群数量的估算结果显示这75个体均来自同一种群。结果表明该种群在核基因水平仍具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

Sepsis alters pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity in skeletal muscle

Chronic sepsis promotes a stable increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) activity in skeletal muscle. PDHK is found tightly bound to the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex and as free kinase. We investigated the ability of sepsis to modify the activity of the PDHK intrinsic to the PDH and free PDHK. Sepsis was induced by the intraabdominal introduction of a fecal-agar pellet infected with E. coli and B. fragilis. Five days later, mitochondria were isolated from skeletal muscle and PDHK measured in mitochondrial extracts. Sepsis caused an approximate 2-fold stimulation of PDHK. The mitochondrial extracts from control and septic rats were fractionated by gel chromatography on Sephacryl S-300 to separate PDHK intrinsic to PDH complex and free PDHK. PDH complex eluted at void volume and was assayed for PDHK intrinsic to the complex. The activity of PDHK intrinsic to PDH complex was a significantly increased 3 fold during sepsis. Free PDHK activity eluted after the PDH complex and its activity was enhanced by 70% during sepsis. Incubation of PDHK intrinsic to PDH with dichloroactate, an uncompetitive inhibitor of PDHK, showed the PDHK from septic rats relatively less sensitive to inhibition than controls. These results indicate that sepsis induces stable changes in PDHK in skeletal muscle.     

Facilitated diffusion of myoglobin and creatine kinase and reaction-diffusion constraints of aerobic metabolism under steady-state conditions in skeletal muscle

The roles of creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (Mb) on steady-state facilitated diffusion and temporal buffering of ATP and oxygen, respectively, are assessed within the context of a reaction-diffusion model of muscle energetics. Comparison of the reaction-diffusion model with experimental data from a wide range of muscle fibers shows that the experimentally observed skeletal muscle fibers are generally not limited by diffusion, and the model further indicates that while some muscle fibers operate near the edge of diffusion limitation, no detectable effects of Mb and CK on the effectiveness factor, a measure of diffusion constraints, are observed under steady-state conditions. However, CK had a significant effect on average ATP concentration over a wide range of rates and length scales within the reaction limited regime. The facilitated diffusion functions of Mb and CK become observable in the model for larger size cells with low mitochondrial volume fraction and for low boundary O(2) concentration and high ATP demand, where the fibers may be limited by diffusion. From the transient analysis it may be concluded that CK primarily functions to temporally buffer ATP as opposed to facilitating diffusion while Mb has a small temporal buffering effect on oxygen but does not play any significant role in steady-state facilitated diffusion in skeletal muscle fibers under most physiologically relevant regions.     

虾红素对小鼠肌肉组织和骨骼肌细胞中能量代谢相关基因mRNA表达的影响

本试验用高、低浓度虾红素日粮饲喂昆白系小鼠和处理原代培养小鼠骨骼肌细胞,提取总RNA,检测各时段UCP3、LXRα基因mRNA表达量,探讨虾红素对小鼠个体发育、肌肉能量代谢相关基因表达变化规律的影响。结果表明:高浓度组与对照组相比,小鼠体重增长明显减慢,肌肉组织第10天、30天以及骨骼肌细胞作用24h时UCP3mRNA表达量均显著下降(P<0.05),LXRα基因mRNA表达量均显著上升(P<0.05),72h达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。低浓度组与对照组相比,肌肉组织中UCP3、LXRα基因mRNA表达差异均不显著(P>0.05);虾红素作用骨骼肌细胞24hUCP3基因mRNA表达量显著下降(P<0.05),LXRα基因mRNA表达量显著上升(P<0.05)。结果提示虾红素对小鼠肌肉的能量利用有一定的调控作用。     

Purification and kinetic properties of skeletal muscle lactate dehydrogenase from the lizard Agama stellio stellio

Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme LDH-5 (M4) was purified to homogeneity from the skeletal muscle of lizard Agama stellio stellio as a poikilothermic animal, using colchicine-Sepharose chromatography and heat inactivation. The purified enzyme showed a single band after SDS-PAGE, corresponding to a molecular weight of 36 kD. The K _m values for pyruvate, NADH, lactate, and NAD⁺ were 0.020, 0.040, 8.1, and 0.02 mM, respectively. Pyruvate showed maximum activity at about 180 M, with a decline at higher concentrations. The enzyme was stable at 70°C for 30 min, but was rapidly inactivated at 90°C. The optimum pH for the forward reaction (pyruvate to lactate) was 7.5, and for the reverse reaction (lactate to pyruvate) was 9.2. Oxalate, glutamate, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Mg²⁺ were inhibitory in both forward and reverse reactions.     

骨骼肌的内分泌功能

长期以来,骨骼肌被认为是一种效应器官,接受神经和体液的调节。近年大量实验研究资料发现骨骼肌也具有分泌活性物质的功能,能表达、合成和分泌多种生物信号分子,包括调节肽、细胞因子和生长因子等,也是一种重要的内分泌器官。骨骼肌分泌的活性物质以旁分泌和／或自分泌方式调节骨骼肌的生长、代谢和运动功能;甚至以血液循环内分泌的方式调节机体远隔器官组织的功能。骨骼肌生成和分泌的活性物质在运动系统疾病和某些全身性疾病的发病中具有重要的作用。本文将对骨骼肌分泌的主要活性物质及其生理和病理生理学意义进行综述。     

藏羚羊mtDNA D-Loop区遗传多样性研究

该研究采用非损伤性DNA基因分型技术,对可可西里地区10个藏羚羊（Pantholops hodgsonii）个体的mtDNA非编码区部分片段（444~446bp）进行了序列分析,结果显示A、T%含量（61.8%）明显高于G、C%含量（38.2%）,共发现10种单倍型,包括48个多态位点,其中转换位点44个、颠换位点1个、插入位点1个、缺失位点2个。单倍型间平均遗传距离为0.031,单倍型多态性（h）为1.000,核苷酸多态性（π）为2.96%。说明藏羚羊线粒体控制区存在着丰富变异,最后从藏羚羊的生态习性及地理分布两方面对这一结果进行了分析探讨。      

Modifications by chronic intermittent hypoxia and drug treatment on skeletal muscle metabolism

The energy metabolism was evaluated in gastrocnemius muscle from 3-month-old rats subjected to either mild or severe 4-week intermittent normobaric hypoxia. Furthermore, 4-week treatment with CNS-acting drugs, namely, -adrenergic (-yohimbine), vasodilator (papaverine, pinacidil), or oxygen-increasing (almitrine) agents was performed. The muscular concentration of the following metabolites was evaluated: glycogen, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, lactateto-pyruvate ratio; citrate, -ketoglutarate, succinate, malate; aspartate, glutamate, alanine; ammonia; ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate. Furthermore the Vmax of the following muscular enzymes was evaluated: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase; citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase; total NADH cytochrome c reductase; cytochrome oxidase. The adaptation to chronic intermittent normobaric mild or severe hypoxia induced alterations of the components in the anaerobic glycolytic pathway [as supported by the increased activity of lactate dehydrogenase and/or hexokinase, resulting in the decreased glycolytic substrate concentration consistent with the increased lactate production and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio] and in the mitochondrial mechanism [as supported by the decreased activity of malate dehydrogenase and/or citrate synthase resulting in the decreased concentration of some key components in the tricarboxylic acid cycle]. The effect of the concomitant pharmacological treatment suggests that the action of CNS-acting drugs could be also related to their direct influence on the muscular biochemical mechanisms linked to energy transduction.     

Glucose transporter content and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle constructs engineered in vitro

Engineered muscle may eventually be used as a treatment option for patients suffering from loss of muscle function. The metabolic and contractile function of engineered muscle has not been well described; therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to study glucose transporter content and glucose uptake in engineered skeletal muscle constructs called myooids. Glucose uptake by way of 2-deoxyglucose and GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 transporter protein content was measured in basal and insulin-stimulated myooids that were engineered from soleus muscles of female Sprague-Dawley rats. There was a significant increase in the basal 2-deoxyglucose uptake of myooids compared with adult control (fivefold), contraction-stimulated (3.4-fold), and insulin-stimulated (threefold) soleus muscles (P = 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.0001, respectively). In addition, there was a significant increase in the insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake of myooids compared with adult control soleus muscles in basal conditions (6.5-fold) and adult contraction-stimulated (4.5-fold) and insulin- stimulated (3.9-fold) soleus muscles (P = 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.0001, respectively). There was a significant 30% increase in insulin-stimulated compared with basal 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the myooids. The myooid GLUT-1 protein content was 820% of the adult control soleus muscle, whereas the GLUT-4 protein content was 130% of the control soleus muscle. Myooid GLUT-1 protein content was 6.3-fold greater than GLUT-4 protein content, suggesting that the glucose transport of the engineered myooids is similar in several respects to that observed in both fetal and denervated skeletal muscle tissue.