雪腐镰刀菌烯醇产生菌株的筛选

本文对镰刀菌3个种的47个菌株用豌豆发芽抑制和鸽子呕吐试验筛选雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Nivalenol)的产生菌株。化学分析的结果表明雪腐镰刀菌M-24和禾谷镰刀菌M-46能够产生雪腐镰刀菌烯醇。菌株M-24适宜的产毒温度为25-30℃;25℃条件下,M-24的产毒高峰出现在接种后的第三、四周,雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的含量分别达到447.9mg/kg和538.0mg/kg;五种培养基上产毒量也有所不同,在大麦和大米上产毒量最高(毒素含量分别为819.7mg/kg和780.5mg/kg),玉米和小麦上次之(521.9mg/kg,402.4mg/kg),绿豆上产毒量最低(167.6mg/kg)。菌株M-46在上述条件下产毒量均低于5mg/kg。     

玉米赤霉烯酮产生菌在我国的分布及其特性

从全国29个省、自治区和直辖市分离到的镰刀菌中,随机抽取335株分别接种到大米培养基上,进行变温培养。用薄层扫描法定量检测培养物在不同温度阶段的玉米赤霉烯酮含量。检测结果表明,50.7%的受检菌株具有产生玉米赤霉烯酮的能力,分布广泛,产量范围为0.3—5143.8mg/kg大米.玉米赤霉烯酮产量与低温无必然相关性。125株菌株(占产生菌的73.5%)在常温下即可产生玉米赤霉烯酮。经低温处理后,它们之中仅有41.6%的菌株显著增加了产量。产生菌分属7个种:禾谷镰刀菌(F.graminearum)大刀镰刀菌(F.culmorum),燕麦镰刀菌(F.avenaceum),半裸镰刀菌(F.semitectum),木贼镰刀菌(F.equiseti),紧密镰刀菌(F.compactum)和克地镰刀菌(F.crookwellense)。其中,禾谷镰刀菌占85.3%。     

小麦赤霉病镰孢菌毒素的生物合成及其分子调控

禾谷镰刀菌是小麦赤霉病的主要致病菌,其真菌次生代谢产生的单端孢霉烯类B型毒素,如雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(nivalenol,NIV)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)和其它乙酰化衍生物等污染小麦籽粒后对人畜健康构成威胁。综述了近年来国内外对小麦赤霉病镰孢菌单端孢霉烯类B型毒素生物合成的主要途径及分子调控研究进展,对毒素合成过程中的重要调控基因如TRI5、TRI7和TRI13在农业中的应用进行了阐述。     

安徽省居民家庭内即食状态谷类食物脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染调查和暴露评估

目的：调查安徽省居民家庭内即食状态谷类食物脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）污染情况并评估调查人群膳食DON暴露水平。方法：在安徽省阜阳市选择2个村庄作为调查点,通过称重法获得305名调查对象在整个调查日内食用的所有即食状态谷类食物克数,并分别采样检测其中DON、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（3-Ac-DON)、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（15-Ac-DON)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷（DON-3-G）含量。基于调查对象主要谷类食物个体消费量和各类食物DON平均含量,采用简单分布模型,计算每个个体膳食DON暴露量。结果：调查人群主要食用的谷类食物包括大米粥、馒头/花卷、面条、米饭、粑粑子。馒头/花卷和粑粑子中DON和DON-3-G均100%检出,总DON平均含量分别为454.9、457.7 μg/kg,最高污染水平来自馒头/花卷样品,总DON含量为2 067.8μg/kg。面条中DON和DON-3-G检出率分别为100%、71.6%,总DON平均含量为75.5μg/kg。米饭和大米粥中两种物质检出率和含量均相对较低。调查人群膳食DON平均暴露量为2.6μg/（kg·d）,高于每日耐受摄入量（TDI）（1μg/kg体重）,高端暴露水平（P90~P99）为4.0~6.2μg/（kg·d）,是TDI的4倍以上,调查人群中93.8%的个体DON暴露量超过TDI。各年龄组DON暴露量无显著差异（P=0.381）。以小麦为主要原料的食物对DON平均暴露量的总贡献率达94.1%,其中馒头/花卷贡献率最高,为65.4%。结论：安徽省调查人群膳食DON暴露量较高,存在一定的健康风险,馒头/花卷和面条等小麦制品是主要暴露来源。     

玉米赤霉烯酮产生菌在我国的分布及其特性*

从全国29个省、自治区和直辖市分离到的镰刀菌中,随机抽取335株分别接种到大米培养基上,进行变温培养。用薄层扫描法定量检测培养物在不同温度阶段的玉米赤霉烯酮含 量。检测结果表明,50.7％的受检菌株具有产生玉米赤霉烯酮的能力,分布广泛,产量范围为0.3—5143.8mg/kg大米．玉米赤霉烯酮产置与低温无必然相关性。 125株菌株(占产生菌的73.5％)在常温下即可产生玉米赤霉烯酮。经低温处理后,它们之中仅有41.6％的菌株显著增加了产量。产生菌分属7个种：禾谷镰刀菌(F．Grammearum)大刀镰刀菌(F．Culmorum),燕麦镰刀菌(F．Avenaceum),半裸镰刀菌(F．Semitectum),木贼镰刀菌(F. equiseti),紧密 镰刀菌(F．Compactum)和克地镰刀菌(F. crookwellense)。其中,禾谷镰刀菌占85.3％。     

小麦DON毒素研究进展

近年来,由于全球气候急剧变化以及栽培、耕作制度的转变,导致禾谷镰刀菌引起的赤霉病频繁发生,不仅使小麦大面积减产,严重影响其品质,也造成经济上的重大损失。受赤霉菌侵染的小麦会在籽粒中产生脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol, DON）毒素,该毒素广泛污染小麦及其制品、粮油食品和饲料等,是世界上污染面积最大、污染量最高,对小麦危害最严重的真菌毒素之一。DON可以产生广泛的毒性效应,具有很强的细胞毒性,有明显胚胎毒性和一定致畸作用,严重威胁食品安全、人和动物健康。因此,对DON毒素调控机理及防控的研究已成为当前高度关注的热点问题之一。通过综述DON的理化性质、毒性机理、污染特征、分布规律、检测方法以及小麦抗DON毒素积累机制等方面的进展,以期为小麦抗DON毒素育种提供参考依据。     

蛋白激酶FgBud32参与禾谷镰刀菌的生长发育、致病和胁迫应答

由禾谷镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病是一种毁灭性的小麦真菌病害,在世界范围内造成小麦产量和质量的巨大损失。实验室前期在禾谷镰刀菌中共鉴定到116个蛋白激酶,其中FgBUD32基因的缺失会造成营养生长和有性生殖方面的严重缺陷,但其在禾谷镰刀菌中的详细功能尚未报道。本研究通过系统比较Fgbud32突变体与野生型PH-1及互补菌株的表型差异,对FgBud32在禾谷镰刀菌中的生物学功能进行了解析。研究结果显示Fgbud32突变体在多个表型方面存在缺陷,与野生型菌株以及互补菌株相比,其生长速率急剧下降,菌丝弯曲且分支减少;分生孢子的产量显著降低,形态变短,隔膜减少,萌发率降低且萌发速率延迟;在有性生殖时期不能产生子囊壳或子囊壳前体;对小麦穗和胚芽鞘的致病力以及DON毒素的合成能力均显著下降。进一步胁迫试验表明,FgBUD32基因的缺失导致禾谷镰刀菌对氧化胁迫(H₂O₂)以及DNA损伤胁迫(羟基脲和甲磺甲酯)的敏感性增加。此外,我们还发现FgBud32在细胞核和细胞质中均有定位,且在一定时期或条件下会从细胞质向细胞核内聚集。综上所述,FgBUD32基因参与了禾谷镰刀菌的营养生长、极性生长、无性/有性生殖、DON毒素合成、致病以及对氧化胁迫和DNA损伤胁迫的应答等多种生命活动,但其具体的作用机制还有待深入研究。     

一株链霉菌21-1的分离鉴定及其对禾谷镰刀菌的抑菌活性

【背景】由禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)引起的小麦赤霉病严重威胁我国的小麦生产。【目的】筛选对禾谷镰刀菌具有拮抗能力的链霉菌菌株,为生防菌剂开发提供理论基础。【方法】利用平板对峙法筛选对禾谷镰刀菌具有拮抗能力的链霉菌;通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析对其进行鉴定;通过病原菌菌丝生长、孢子产生及萌发抑制试验分析其发酵液的抑菌活性;利用人工接种试验测定该菌株发酵液的防病效果。【结果】筛选到一株对禾谷镰刀菌具有较强拮抗活性的链霉菌21-1,抑菌率为59.5%。依据形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为黄三素链霉菌(Streptomycesflavotricini)。菌株21-1发酵液能够抑制禾谷镰刀菌的菌丝生长、孢子产生及萌发过程,而且可以降低禾谷镰刀菌菌丝中可溶性蛋白质的含量,并增加丙二醛的含量。菌株21-1可以产生蛋白酶及纤维素酶。菌株21-1菌液10倍稀释液对小麦赤霉病的防效最佳,为70.1%。此外,菌株21-1发酵液对其他8种植物病原菌均有较好的抑制作用。【结论】菌株21-1对禾谷镰刀菌有较好的抑菌活性,具...     

DON生物合成的亚细胞定位和精准外排研究进展

单端孢霉烯B族毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇（deoxinivalenol, DON）是产毒镰刀菌在侵染小麦等作物过程中的一类重要的致病因子,可以帮助产毒镰刀菌在麦穗间扩展。DON会抑制蛋白质合成,对动物、微生物和寄主具有毒性（cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity）,然而产毒镰刀菌自身借助何种保护机制免受DON毒害目前研究甚少。DON毒害机制的研究对于镰刀菌毒素的持续防控和粮食安全、人民生命健康保障具有重要意义。综述了产毒镰刀菌DON合成解毒机制的最新研究进展,主要包括DON合成的亚细胞定位、合成基因簇内的外排蛋白和解毒基因作用方式,以期为有针对性地破解其解毒机制,设计研发高效靶向控毒技术的相关研究提供参考。     

一株溶磷真菌筛选鉴定及其溶磷促生效果

【目的】从高产农田筛选高效溶磷微生物菌株,为溶磷微生物肥料开发提供高效菌种资源。【方法】利用菌株的形态学特性、培养特征和ITS rDNA序列分析方法进行菌株鉴定,结合液体培养和土壤培养方法研究菌株的溶磷能力,进而采用温室盆栽和田间小区试验,明确溶磷菌P83促进作物生长和提高作物产量的作用效果。【结果】溶磷菌株P83鉴定为斜卧青霉菌(Penicillium decumbens)。液体条件下培养10 d,菌株P83表现显著高效的溶磷能力,对Ca3(PO4)2(5g/L)的溶解效果,有效磷达956 mg/L,溶解率为42.68%,对湖南永和磷矿粉的溶液效果,有效磷达到152.8 mg/L;将P83菌株分别接种于施用Ca3(PO4)2、Zn3(PO4)2和磷矿粉(RP)3种磷源的盆栽试验土壤中,结果显示,菌株P83对玉米植株促生效果比对照显著提高,玉米植株鲜重提高9.5%-89.2%、干重增加35%-231%,土壤有效磷提高2.1-40.5 mg/kg。田间小区玉米产量结果显示,溶磷菌P83增产效果最好(P=0.05),玉米子粒产量达9.2t/hm2,比不接种菌剂的对照增加2.4 t/hm2,增产率为35.3%。【结论】获得了一株溶解难溶磷的斜卧青霉菌P83,它能够活化多种难溶磷、显著增加土壤有效磷水平,对玉米生长和增加作物产量具有显著作用,是一株展现良好应用前景的高效溶磷菌种。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.