元红荔枝北移生物学习性变化和相应的栽培技术

元红荔枝从福建福州北移浙江他南,年共的候期缩短７天,不同基枝翌年抽穗结果有显著差异,培育一定数量的生长枝是丰产稳产的前提,以８月上旬抽发的秋梢母梢母枝翌年穗果是高。花芽生理分化适期在１０月底,形态分化期与福建比较只是时间上顺延。因此,浙南荔枝栽培强调前促后控秋梢母枝;培育壮,控制花量;保量壮果。     

不同时期土壤营养与空气营养对水稻器官生长发育的影响

1.本試驗采用大田竹筒栽培固定土壤因素,改变空間距离的方法,探討水稻在幼穗分化始期前后空气营养对水稻器官生育的影响。采用固定空間距离来控制空气因素,而以大田栽培和竹筒栽培来改变土壤因素的方法,探討水稻在幼穗分化始期前后土壤营养对水稻器官生育的影响。 2.試驗結果初步說明,水稻在幼穗分化始期以前加强土壤营养,而后加强空气营养,对水稻器官的生长发育具有良好的效果。 3.幼穗分化始期加强通风透光处理試驗結果証明:在水稻幼穗分化始期进行放寬行距、缩小株距、稀疏等来加强通风透光处理,以增加生育后期的空气营养,能显著地提高水稻的抗倒伏性,促使稻穗发育良好。 4.从試驗中初步得到的結果,我們认为:水稻群体与外界环境条件的統一过程中,存在着两个基本的矛盾——空气营养和土壤营养,其轉折点可能在幼穗分化始期,在此以前土壤营养是主要的,而后空气营养是主要的,合理調节这两个矛盾(卽空气营养和土壤营养)是密植增产的重要关鍵。     

玻璃温室与田间栽培小麦幼穗分化的比较

以河南省大面积种植的弱春性品种"郑麦9023"及半冬性品种"周麦18"为材料,开展了玻璃温室和田间栽培条件下小麦幼穗分化进程的比较研究。结果表明,在小麦全生育期,玻璃温室内平均温度高于田间环境,小麦幼穗分化所需时间极显著低于田间环境(P < 0.01)。温度和0 ℃以上积温升高,小麦幼穗分化进程加快。与田间种植小麦相比,玻璃温室内小麦幼穗分化缩短的时期主要集中在分化前期(出苗-伸长期、单棱期、二棱期)。玻璃温室内小麦幼穗分化持续时间和总积温均随播期推迟而降低,幼穗分化各阶段出现时间亦随播期的推迟而后延。小麦幼穗分化进程存在品种间差异,其中"郑麦9023"幼穗分化持续时间小于"周麦18",各阶段出现的时间亦早于"周麦18"。温度对幼穗分化各时期的影响存在品种间差异。温度升高对"郑麦9023"幼穗分化中期(二棱期、护颖分化期、小花分化期)影响较大,对"周麦18"幼穗分化前期和后期(单棱期、二棱期、药隔分化期)影响较大。积温对"郑麦9023"护颖分化期和"周麦18"药隔分化期、二棱期影响较大。     

果梅不同成熟期品种花芽形态分化期的研究

用扫描电镜观察不同成熟期品种果梅芽生长,或,能获得清晰、完整的形态分化图象。广东连南县果梅在７月中下旬开始花芽分化,其中早熟品种（白粉梅）分化期较短,至１０月中下旬结束,约三个月;中、迟熟品种（软枝大粒梅和五月梅）分化期较长,至１２月中下旬,历时五个月。     

沙田柚花芽分化研究

沙田柚的花芽分化一般始于9月中下旬,至翌年2月下旬或迟到3月中下旬,历时5—6个月。分化程序及形态特征与柑橙一致。不同之处在于沙田柚花芽生理分化期提前,花瓣、雌雄蕊分化延后。分化部位主要集中在树冠中下部的一年或一年以上的无叶或有叶细弱枝的春梢上。温度影响花芽分化。     

赤霉素对水涨龙眼花芽分化的效应

赤霉素100—300ppm11月下旬处理水涨龙眼,对花芽分化有一定的影响,但大小年间的反应存在差异,小年各处理间的花穗抽生率呈现出随浓度降低而提高的趋势,低浓度(100ppm)有明显的促花效应,而大年处理的花穗抽生率无明显差异。所有处理对花穗及夏、秋梢结果母枝的生长发育均无不良影响。     

阜康荒漠植被灌木与半灌木种群生态位的研究

 通过测算三维生态因子梯度上阜康荒漠植被灌木与半灌木种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,结果表明;阜康荒漠植被灌木、半灌木按生态位宽度可分成4类,类群Ⅰ包括红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron);类群Ⅱ包括白刺(Nitraria sibirica)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)、囊果碱蓬(Suaeda physophora)、里海盐爪爪(K．caspicum);类群Ⅲ包括多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、长穗柽柳(T．elongata)、短穗柽柳(T．laxa)和无叶假木贼(Anabasis aphylla);类群Ⅳ包括黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)、粗枝猪毛菜(Salsola subcrassa)和盐节木(Halocnemum strobilaceum)。根据生态位重叠矩阵,红砂和梭梭间生态位重叠较大;盐爪爪、囊果碱蓬、里海盐爪爪、多枝柽柳、长穗柽柳间重叠较大;白刺、短穗柽柳、无叶假木贼、黑果枸杞、粗枝猪毛菜和盐节木与其它种的重叠值均较小。     

舞钢玉兰芽种类与成枝成花规律的研究

报道了舞钢玉兰芽的种类、分枝习性与成枝生长规律,拟花蕾、着生位置、解剖结构及其分化发育成花规律。从中发现：（1）当年生枝上有休眠芽、叶芽（侧叶芽和顶叶芽）、拟花蕾3种;（2）拟花蕾有缩台枝、芽鳞状托叶、雏枝、雏芽及雏蕾组成,因其外形似“花蕾“,称为“拟花蕾“;（3）缩台枝是枝与花着生的中间过滤枝变阶段,是由母枝顶端节间缩短、增粗的枝段和当年由雏枝生长的1次极短新枝所组成;（4）4-5月及7-8月前后两批形成的拟花蕾,均经过未分化发育期、花被分化发育期、雄蕊群分化发育期及离心皮雌蕊群分化发育期,各期均依次递后交错进行,但不逆转,也不能截然分开,直到翌春花分化发育全部结束,开花后才能结实;（5）芽鳞状托叶是托叶的变态,最外层薄革质,外面密被短柔毛,始落期6月中下旬,其余纸质--膜质,外面密被或疏被毛柔毛,翌春开花时脱落完毕;（6）雏蕾有雏梗、雏花及包被雏花的佛焰苞状托叶组成;（7）分枝习性与成枝生长规律与预生分枝及预生一同生分枝呈单阶无歧、单阶1歧生长规律,稀有单阶2歧生长规律。     

不同施肥水平对龙眼秋梢结果母枝和产量的影响

1983—1986年,作者开展了不同施肥水平对龙眼秋梢结果母枝及产量效应的研完。试验结果表明,适当增加施肥量可促进龙眼秋梢结果母枝的生长发育,且明显提高产量。研究结果还表明,不同品种对施肥的反应存在差异,水涨品种对肥料的效应较为明显,而赤壳品种则不明显。作者推荐,红壤丘陵地的水涨龙眼适宜的年株施肥量为:N1.24公斤,P_2O_50.63公斤,K_2O1.15公斤。上列施肥水平可供生产上参考应用。     

谷子穗分化的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对复合品种冀谷１１号的穗分化进行了系统观察,比较了夏谷和春谷穗分化的异同。提出了谷子穗分化划分为穗分化前期、生长锥伸长期、枝梗分化期、小穗和刚毛分化期以及小花分化期共５个时期,就谷子刚毛起源穗分化与栽培育种的关系等问题进行了讨论。     

妃子笑荔枝矮化密植栽培模式示范试验

1997~2000年,选用国内优良荔枝品种妃子笑进行矮化密植栽培模式示范试验,种植密度100株/667m² (2.2m×3.0m),实施适合福建漳州地区生态条件的整形修剪和促、控、保综合技术,实现早结、丰产、优质的目标,大苗种植后第2~3年产量达725及792(kg/667m²),果实品质优。     

Effects of Elevated CO(2) and Temperature on Yield and Fruit Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) at Two Levels of Nitrogen Application

We investigated if elevated CO(2) could alleviate the negative effect of high temperature on fruit yield of strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch. cv. Toyonoka) at different levels of nitrogen and also tested the combined effects of CO(2), temperature and nitrogen on fruit quality of plants cultivated in controlled growth chambers. Results show that elevated CO(2) and high temperature caused a further 12% and 35% decrease in fruit yield at low and high nitrogen, respectively. The fewer inflorescences and smaller umbel size during flower induction caused the reduction of fruit yield at elevated CO(2) and high temperature. Interestingly, nitrogen application has no beneficial effect on fruit yield, and this may be because of decreased sucrose export to the shoot apical meristem at floral transition. Moreover, elevated CO(2) increased the levels of dry matter-content, fructose, glucose, total sugar and sweetness index per dry matter, but decreased fruit nitrogen content, total antioxidant capacity and all antioxidant compounds per dry matter in strawberry fruit. The reduction of fruit nitrogen content and antioxidant activity was mainly caused by the dilution effect of accumulated non-structural carbohydrates sourced from the increased net photosynthetic rate at elevated CO(2). Thus, the quality of strawberry fruit would increase because of the increased sweetness and the similar amount of fruit nitrogen content, antioxidant activity per fresh matter at elevated CO(2). Overall, we found that elevated CO(2) improved the production of strawberry (including yield and quality) at low temperature, but decreased it at high temperature. The dramatic fluctuation in strawberry yield between low and high temperature at elevated CO(2) implies that more attention should be paid to the process of flower induction under climate change, especially in fruits that require winter chilling for reproductive growth.     

Flower bud differentiation and development in fruiting and non-fruiting shoots in relation to fruit set in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Situations of high flower bud drop and low fruit set without apparent causes are common in fruit trees. The term flower quality has been coined to explain differences among flowers in their capacity to set fruit, but the causes underpinning these differences are largely unknown. This lack of knowledge is based on the fact that these differences are established a posteriori and there are no criteria to determine a priori what will make a flower to set a fruit or to drop. In this work, we profit from the empirical knowledge that there are fruiting and non-fruiting shoots to explore to which extent flower bud differentiation and bud development will affect the subsequent fruit set. For this purpose, the processes from flower bud differentiation to fruit set were sequentially analyzed in both types of shoots, over 2 years. More than half of the buds from long shoots aborted development and dropped before flowering. At anthesis, most of the remaining flowers showed underdeveloped pistils that failed to sustain pollen germination or pollen tube growth along the pistil. This unsuccessful development resulted in clear differences in fruit set between both types of branches. These results highlight that flower bud differentiation and development play an important role for fruit set and that developmental timing appears critical to reach anthesis with a fully developed pistil.     

文冠果人工种群的果实发育与落花落果特性研究

以甘肃定西生长的文冠果为对象,探讨了文冠果果实发育特征及落花落果规律。结果表明：（1）文冠果果实生长发育历经约2.5个月,生长发育主要在花期后的40 d内。果实发育特点为：在花期过后的10 d内生长最快,增长率达193%,此后一月仍保持较快的生长速度,月增长率达120%,而最后一月生长比较缓慢,月增长率仅为7%,整个发育期内横径发育速度一直大于纵径;（2）文冠果落花落果主要发生在果实生长发育的初期,且落花落果率高,达94.65%(落花率5.74%,落果率88.91%）,坐果率低,只有5.35%。其落果特点为：落果是一个持续的过程,自花期过后果实膨大到成熟一直在落果,但也存在一个落果的高峰期,即花期过后的10 d内,落果最严重,落果率约达40%。研究认为,从保花保果的角度考虑,开花末期是文冠果水肥管理的重点时期。但从文冠果开花过于繁茂和可孕花分布过于集中而大量消耗树体和顶花序养分,从而造成严重的落花落果的现实考虑,应在开花末期和幼果期疏花疏果或任其自然落花落果,但均应加强果实发育中后期的水肥管理,从而提高坐果率。     

氯氰菊酯在荔枝和土壤中的消解动态

为揭示氯氰菊酯在荔枝中的消解动力学进行了荔枝田间试验.运用气相色谱仪测定了氯氰菊酯在荔枝土壤和荔枝中的残留量.两年的试验结果表明,氯氰菊酯在土壤和荔枝中消解迅速,在土壤和荔枝中的半衰期分别为8.6~9.60.0044~0.0165mg·kg^-1(荔枝肉),均小于0.5mg·kg^-1.     

Phytotoxicity to blackcurrants of sprays containing sulphur

Studies in 1963–65 of the phytotoxic effects, on leaves, flowers and yields of blackcurrants, of sprays containing sulphur, particularly lime sulphur, showed that there was considerable variation in degree of effect between years and between experiments in the same year. It was difficult to damage flowers except at low temperatures, but if fruit set was affected then yield was depressed. Leaf scorching has to be very severe before yields are depressed. There was no evidence from preliminary experiments that sprays of seaweed extract reduced sulphur shock if used up to 3 days before lime sulphur application. The growth rate of shoots was reduced by 1/4–4% lime sulphur for short periods, dependent on concentration, but total bud numbers, flower/ vegetative bud ratios and yield were unaffected. It was found that no adverse effects of lime sulphur were carried over into the following year.     

Identification of polysaccharides from pericarp tissues of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit in relation to their antioxidant activities

A large number of polysaccharides are present in the pericarp tissues of harvested litchi fruits. A DEAE Sepharose fast-flow anion-exchange column and a Sephadex G-50 gel-permeation column were used to isolate and purify the major polysaccharides from litchi fruit pericarp tissues. Antioxidant activities of these major polysaccharide components were also evaluated. An aqueous extract of the polysaccharides from litchi fruit pericarp tissues was chromatographed on a DEAE anion-exchange column to yield two fractions. The largest amount of the polysaccharide fraction was subjected to further purification by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. The purified product was a neutral polysaccharide, with a molecular weight of 14 kDa, comprised mainly of 65.6% mannose, 33.0% galactose and 1.4% arabinose. Analysis by Smith degradation indicated that there were 8.7% of (1-->2)-glycosidic linkages, 83.3% of (1-->3)-glycosidic linkages and 8.0% of (1-->6)-glycosidic linkages in the polysaccharide. Furthermore, different polysaccharide fractions extracted and purified from litchi fruit pericarp tissues exhibited strong antioxidant activities. Among these fractions, the purified polysaccharide had the highest antioxidant activity and should be explored as a novel potential antioxidant.     

荔龙宝叶面肥对荔枝果实产量及品质的影响

1998年和1999年连续两年的田间试验表明,喷施荔龙宝可显著提高妃子笑和糯米糍荔枝的产量,显著增加两品种的单果重和可溶性固形物含量。按1999年数据计算,在妃子笑和糯米糍上应用荔龙宝的投入产出比分别是1:35和1:57。